본 연구의 목적은 직무자원, 목표지향성, 그리고 공유리더십과 경력자본의 영향 관계를 파악을 통해 개인의 경력개발과 조직의 성과 향상을 도모하는 것이다. 나아가 직무자원과 경력자본의 관계에서 목표 지향성과 공유리더십의 매개효과를 확인하고자 한다. 특히 목표지향성은 성과목표지향성과 학습목표지 향성이라는 상반된 요소로 구성되어 있으므로, 본 연구에서는 두 요소를 각각의 변인으로 구분하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구를 검증하기 위하여 국내 기업에 종사하는 구성원을 대상으로 2017년 10월 25일부터 11월 8일까지 2주간 온라인, 오프라인 설문 조사를 시행하였다. 설문에는 총 422명이 응답했으며, 불성실 응답을 제외한 최종 403부의 설문응답을 분석에 사용하였다. 분석 도구는 SPSS 22.0과 AMOS 20.0을 활용 하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 직무자원은 경력자본, 학습목표지향성, 공유리더십에 각각 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 성과목표지향성에는 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 그리고 학습목표지향성과 성과목 표지향성은 경력자본에 정적인 영향을 미쳤으나, 공유리더십은 경력자본에 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 직무자원과 경력자본의 관계에서 학습목표지향성은 정적 매개효과를, 공유리더십은 부적 매개효과를 나타내는 것으로 확인되었지만 성과목표지향성은 매개효과가 없었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 경력자본 축적을 위하여 조직 차원에서는 개인의 목표지향성 차이를 고려한 학습 환경을 조성해야 하며, 개인 차원에서는 직무자원 활용을 극대화할 수 있도록 제도적, 실천적 노력이 필요하다는 시사점을 제시 하고자 한다.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) diagnosis using Kellgren-Lawrence scores is commonly used to help decision-making during assessment of the severity of OA with assessment of pain, function and muscle strength. The association between Kellgren-Lawrence scores and functional/clinical outcomes remains controversial in patients with knee OA. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between Kellgren-Lawrence scores and knee pain associated with OA, function during daily living and sports activities, quality of life, and knee muscle strength in patients with knee OA. Methods: We recruited 66 patients with tibiofemoral knee OA and determined knee joint Kellgren-Lawrence scores using standing anteroposterior radiographs. Self-reported knee pain, daily living function, sports/recreation function, and quality of life were measured using the knee injury and OA outcome score (KOOS). Knee extensors and flexors were assessed using a handheld dynamometer. We performed Spearman’s rank correlation analyses to evaluate the relationships between Kellgren-Lawrence and KOOS scores or muscle strength. Results: Kellgren-Lawrence scores were significantly negatively correlated with KOOS scores for knee pain, daily living function, sports/recreation function, and quality of life. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between Kellgren-Lawrence scores and knee extensor strength but not flexor strength. Conclusion: Higher Kellgren-Lawrence scores were associated with more severe knee pain and lower levels of function in daily living and sports/recreation, quality of life, and knee extensor strength in patients with knee OA. Therefore, we conclude that knee OA assessment via self-reported KOOS and knee extensor strength may be a cost-effective alternative to radiological exams.

The genus Aphidius is the most commercially available species in greenhouse control, especially for aphids. Although twelve species were recorded in Korea, we collected 7 species including 2 unrecorded and 1 unidentified species. We aligned 16 sequences, except for duplicates, from 31 individuals of 14 species including GenBank sequences, and made phylogenetic tree based on Neighbor-Joining method. Surprisingly, 3 species were clustered into a clade and some species was not monophyletic. In this study, we reconstructed phylogenetic tree of Korean Aphidius species using COI marker, and compared them with GenBank sequences. In addition, we try to experiment a new marker and check its ability of discrimination.

Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are known for a few deleterious pest species worldwide, yet the phylogeny of the group has been poorly understood. The goal of researching the Korean Psylloidea is to achieve a total overview of the group. The systematic study relies on three main pillars which are i) the taxonomic review of superfamily Psylloidea in the Korean Peninsula, ii) the correction of taxonomic confusions caused by phenetic plasticity and iii) the molecular phylogeny of Psylloidea to elucidate the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among the families and subfamilies of the superfamily Psylloidea. Discussions of the early diversification and evolution of Psylloidea will be presented together with comments on biogeography and host plant association.

본 연구는 기업의 고몰입HRM과 품질경쟁력, 제품수요, 매출액 변화율의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구의 초점은 세 가지이다. 첫째, 변수들의 변화율(slope)이 시간에 따라 유의하게 변화하는가. 둘째, 고몰입HRM과 각 변수의 변화율간의 인과관계는 종단적으로 유의한가. 셋째, 글로벌 금융위기를 기점으로 기업의 경영 관행과 성과요인들의 변화패턴은 유의하게 달라지는가에 대한 것이다. 분석을 위한 자료는 한국노동연구원이 2005년부터 2015년까지 조사한 사업체패널자료(WPS)를 이용하였다. 잠재성장모형을 활용한 분석 결과 고몰입HRM, 품질경쟁력, 제품수요, 매출액은 모두 시간에 따라 선형적으로 유의미하게 변화하였다는 것과 변수들의 변화율 간에도 유의한 효과성(고몰입HRM→품질경쟁력→제품수요→매출액)을 확인하였다. 그리고 글로벌 금융위기를 기점으로 1차-3차와 4차-6차 기간에 대한 분할함수 분석을 통해 금융위기 이후 기업들의 고몰입HRM과 경영성과 변수들의 변화기울기가 유의하게 낮아지는 것을 확인하였다.

This study examined the effects of the service quality of fine dining restaurants on the service value and customer satisfaction by targeting 310 customers with experience in using fine dining restaurants in Seoul. The results of this study are as follows. First, the quality of the physical environment and interactions and the result of fine dining restaurants had positive (+) effects on the service value. Second, the quality of the physical environment and interactions and the result of fine dining restaurants had positive (+) effects on customer satisfaction. Third, the service value had positive (+) effects on customer satisfaction. According to the result of this study, when customers visit fine dining restaurants, evaluations of the service quality, such as interior design, kindness, accessibility, pleasant environment, and good quality of food, are very important elements. The service quality has been verified to be a very important factor when evaluating fine dining restaurants. Overall, the result of this study can be used to develop measures for improving the service quality.

본 연구는 직무요구가 유형에 따라 직무관련 정서적 안녕에 미치는 차별적 영향을 규명하기 위해 중국은행산업의 사무 관리직 직장인 299명을 대상으로 실증조사를 하였다. 직무요구를 크게 방해적 스트레서와 도전적 스트레서로 구분하고 각각 표면연기와 양적 역할과부하를 사용하였다. 표면연기와 양적 역할 과부하가 수면을 통해 직무관련 정서적 안녕에 영향을 미치는 매개효과를 통제하고 표면연기와 양적 역할과부하의 직접효과를 실증하였다. 수면은 수면시간과 수면질로 구분하였다. 실증분석 결과, 표면연기-수면시간-직무관련 정서적 안녕으로 연결되는 매개효과와 표면연기-수면질-직무관련 정서적 안녕으로 이어지는 매개효과는 모두 유의한 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 표면연기는 직무관련 정서적 안녕에 유의한 부(-)의 직접효과를 보여주었다. 양적 역할과부하-수면시간-직무관련 정서적 안녕으로 연결되는 매개효과는 유의하지 않았고, 양적 역할과부하-수면질-직무관련 정서적 안녕으로 이어지는 매개효과만 유의한 부(-)의 관계를 보였다. 양적 역할과부하는 직무관련 정서적 안녕에 정(+)의 직접효과를 보였으나, 이 관계는 유의하지 않았다.

Although some factors, including season, age, type of estrus (natural estrus vs. induced estrus) and semen type (conventional vs. sexed), affect the conception rate following artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle, there is little information about the influence of ovarian characteristics, such as preovulatory follicle (PF) location at estrus, on fertility in dairy cattle. In most breeds of cattle the right ovary appears to function more actively than the left and about sixty percent of pregnancies in dairy cattle occur in the right horn of uterus (Reece and Tuner, 1938). Our study aimed to compare conception rates in dairy cattle between PFs that developed in the left ovary and those that developed in the right ovary at estrus. In this study, we examined the locational effect (left or right ovary) of the preovulatory follicle (PF) on fertility in dairy cattle. In total, 955 artificial inseminations (AI) were analyzed. At AI, PF locations were examined using rectal palpation, and dairy cattle were divided into two groups on their PF locations: (i) the PF located in the left ovary (L-PF); and (ii) the PF located in the right ovary (R-PF). Pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation or ultrasonographic examination 60 days after AI. The conception rate was 38.1% in all dairy cattle. Conception rate was higher in the R-PF (40.8%) than in the L-PF (33.2%). In summary, PF development in the right ovary was associated with increased conception rates in dairy cattle.

산업혁명 이후 화석연료의 사용 증가는 전 지구의 온도를 상승시켰다. 지난 100년간 전 세계에서 측정된 자료에 따르면 전 지구의 평균온도는 0.89℃ 상승하였으며, 같은 기간 우리나 전체 평균온도는 약 1.70℃가 상승하였다. 전 세계의 상승 온도보다 2배정도 빠른 것으로 관측되는 국내의 빠른 온난화는 국내 아고산대에서 자생하는 주요 침엽수의 생육을 위협하고 있다. 그 중 구상나무는 국제 자연보전연맹(IUCN)으로부터 2011년 멸종위기종(EN)으로 평가되었다. 분포면적이 10Km2이하로 줄어들 시 극심멸종위기종 (CR)으로 될 것으로 예상하고 있다. 이와 같이 기후변화로 인해 생육에 위협을 받는 수종들의 보전을 위해서는 기후요소와 수목생장과의 관계를 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 수목의 생장은 연륜폭(ring width)으로 대표되고 있으며 이는 생육기간 중에 형성층에서 지속적으로 발생하는 분열, 확대, 비후 과정을 거치면서 결정된다. 형성층 활동 시기는 수종, 생육조건, 환경조건 등에 따라 다르므로 수목이 자라기에 척박한 환경인 아고산대 침엽수들의 형성층 활동기간에 대한 기초자료 확보는 기후와의 연관성을 연구하는데 중요하다. 수종별 형성층 활동 시기를 비교하고자 덕유산 국립공원 아고산대에서 구상나무(Abies koreana), 잣나무(Pinus Koraiensis), 가문비나무(Picea jezoensis), 주목(Taxus cuspidata)을 5본씩을 선발하여 2017년도에 형성층 활동을 조사하였다. 금년에는 흉고직경별 형성층 활동 시기를 비교하기 위하여 구상나무와 주목을 흉고직경별로 나누어 조사를 실시하였다. 구상나무의 경우 흉고직경을 30cm이상(AKL), 20~25cm(AKM), 10~15cm(AKS)로 구분하여 수목을 선정 하였으며, 각 흉고직경 등급에서 5본씩을 선발하였다. 주목의 경우는 흉고직경을 50cm이상(TCL)과 20~40cm(TCS)로 구분하여 수목을 선정하였으며, 각 흉고직경 등급에서 5본씩을 선발하였다. 형성층 시료 채취 시 상해조직(callus) 발생을 고려하여 2.5cm간격을 두고 시료를 채취하였다. 현미경 관찰을 위한 박편 제작을 위해 모든 시료를 PEG(Polyethylene glycol)2000으로 임베딩 하였으며, 활주식 마이크로톰(sliding microtome)을 이용하여 7-12㎛ 두께의 박편으로 제작하였다. 형성층 활동 개시는 형성층대(cambial zone)에서 새로운 목부세포(xylem cell)가 관찰되었을때로 정의하였다. 적 산온도는 Sarvas(1972)모델을 이용하여 계산하였다. 이는 율리우스일(Julian day)을 기준으로 일일 평균온도가 처음으로 +5℃이상이 5일 이상 지속된 날부터 일일 평균온도를 합한 값이다. 2017년 형성층 활동 개시를 유도한 평균 적산온도는 구상 나무 78.4(±14.3), 잣나무 105.8(±25.9), 주목과 가문비나무는 127.6(±34.7)이었다. 2018년의 경우, AKL은 99.3(±14.1), AKM은 87.6(±5.2), AKS는 71.3(±34.4)의 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었으며, TCL은 161.5(±29.0), TCS는 135.5(±35.6)의 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었다. 수종별로 비교했을 경우 2017년, 2018년 모두 구상나무가 주목보다 낮은 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었다. 연도별로 비교해 보면, 구상나무의 경우 2017년 78.4(±14.3), 2018년 86.1(±23.3)의 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었고, 주목의 경우 2017년 127.6(±34.7), 2018년 148.5(±33.5)의 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었다. 전체적으로 2017년 보다 2018년에 모든 수목이 상대적으로 높은 적산온도에서 형성층 활동이 개시되었었다. 2018년에 실시한 흉고 직경별 형성층 활동 개시와 적산온도와의 관계를 보면, 흉고 직경이 클수록 높은 적산온도에서 형성층활동이 개시되는 것으로 확인되었다.

목적 : 학습코칭이 대학생의 자기주도학습 능력 및 학업성취에 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고, 자기주도학습이 학업성취에도 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 한다. 방법 : 조별 학습 및 팀기반 학습을 6개월 이상 경험한 전남 소재 안경광학과 전공학생 86명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 22를 이용하여 빈도분석, 기술통계량, 신뢰도분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 학업성취는 학습코칭과 자기주도학습에 양(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 학습코칭은 학업성취에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며(β=.503, p<.001), 전공만족도가 높을수록 학업성취도가 높은 것으로 나타났다(β=.351, p<.01). 학습코칭이 자기주도학습에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며(β=.325, p<.01), 남자인 경우(β=.259, p<.01), 학점이 높을수록(β =.222, p<.05) 자기주도학습 수준이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 자기주도학습이 학업성취에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 대학생의 자기주도학습은 학업성취에 영향을 미치고(β=.547, p<.001), 전공만족도가 높을수록(β=.404, p<.001) 학업성취에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 학습코칭은 대학생의 자기주도학습 및 학업성취에 큰 영향을 미쳤고, 전공만족도가 중요한 변인임을 확인하였다.

This paper investigates the adaptation of suppliers’ business models to the changing customers relationships, with a focus on the fashion industry. The analysis of business models represents an understudied topic in business to business marketing research (Ehret, Kashyap and Wirtz, 2013; La Rocca and Snehota, 2017). In this regard, the paper tries to propose an original contribution by addressing the issue of how suppliers adapt their business models to cope with the needs of their fast fashion customers. It is well known that the fast fashion formula has represented an innovative business model which has generated huge changes within the fashion industry (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood, 2006). While, the business models of global brands, such as those of Zara or H&M, have been deeply studied, minor attention has been given to the business models of the suppliers that interact with this kind of players. Consequently, the paper addresses a research gap that regards the suppliers' business model changes due to the interaction with fast fashion clients. The paper has an exploratory nature. Methodologically, it proposes two qualitative case studies of suppliers in interaction with fast fashion suppliers, pointing out the main features of the adaptation of their business models in the relationship with these clients. The paper contributes to theory and managerial practice pointing out some drivers of change for suppliers with respect to the most evident characteristics of the business model of the buyers. It describes these drivers and proposes some relevant evidences to support the study of business models in business markets.

Internet of Things (IoT) research is devoted to the idea that a wide array of devices, including appliances, vehicles, buildings, and cameras, can be interconnected to collect and share their abundant sensory information to use for intelligent purposes. IoT technologies are universally seen as transforming the manufacturing and services sectors. Service-Dominant (S-D) logic focuses on a dynamic, ongoing way to co-create value through resource integration and service exchange. Based on research data from business-to-business and business-to-government customers, as well as feedback from employees and managers of two different manufacturers, our study addresses four questions: (1) In the light of the IoT-does the second axiom of the S-D logic—value is co-created by multiple actors, always including the beneficiary—still hold true for B-to-B and Business-to-Government (B-to-G) customers? (2)With reference to the IoT—is there a difference in the acceptance of digital services between B-to-B and B-to-G groups? Does the age group of the customers have to be considered? (3) Are there digital customer services already perceived as being ―co-created‖ in the sense of the S-D logic? (4) Marketing management in the digital age—how to implement IoT projects in buyer-manufacturer relationships considering the abovementioned chances and challenges. Discussing a background of disruption management and S-D logic, we examine factors that influence IoT buyer–manufacturer project success in organizational networks, and compare the attitude of different customer groups towards these projects. Our findings show that in the IoT-driven digital projects even long term customers that trust in their manufacturers have very strong reservations with regards to data safety. We propose a modular concept of a relationship alignment model to enhance trust in manufacturer's credibility in the context of disruptive IoT projects. The evaluation of our empirical studies revealed serious reservations of managers and service employees towards an active integration of customers into digital product maintenance. If manufacturers are not willing to incorporate customers in digital platforms and networks and provide them with digital services they are interested in, this will hamper A-to-A co-creation of value in digital IoT projects.

Based on survey data from 160 importing firms from 33 countries/regions, this study examines the effects of firm-owned versus sales rep-owned commitment on firm performance across varying degrees of economic distance between import and export countries. Results reveal both firm- and rep-owned commitment have positive effects on the export firm’s financial outcomes including the current and predicted future purchase share. Moreover, findings show that the larger the economic distance, the stronger the effect of rep-owned commitment but the weaker the effect of firm-owned commitment on sales performance. We also find two important antecedents to rep-owned commitment: economic-based instruments and relationship-based instruments, whereas only economic-based instruments have positive effect on firm-owned commitment.

Numerous studies have explored the influence of Airbnb on the tourism and hospitality industry. However, relatively few studies have focused on customer engagement. Considering its crucial role of boosting customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions (Harrigan, Evers, Miles, & Daly, 2017; So, King, Sparks, & Wang, 2016), there is a great need for research into Airbnb in terms of customer engagement. Therefore, this study aims to investigate customer engagement, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions among Airbnb users. This study recruited a total of 374 US Airbnb users through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), which has been increasingly adopted to collect samples in tourism and hospitality studies. Data analysis for structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to determine the effects of customer engagement on satisfaction and behavioral intentions of Airbnb users. The results show that customer engagement plays a crucial role in Airbnb user experiences. This study contributes to tourism and hospitality research by applying a customer engagement scale previously developed by So et al. (2016) to examine the relationship between customer engagement and behavioral intention to use Airbnb. In addition to this relationship, satisfaction was included as a mediator to better grasp the importance of customer engagement and the role of satisfaction among U.S. Airbnb users. This research also extends the current literature of Airbnb by examining, through an empirical approach, how customer engagement with Airbnb impacts its users’ behavioral intentions.

Introduction In the context of online interactions, social media has becoming a crucial part of people‟s everyday lives, where they converge to exchange, debate, communicate and participate in any form of social interaction (Ryan & Jones, 2009). They post and share new content but also review and rate products/services and/or brands, share experiences and expertise and exchange opinions (Ryan & Jones, 2009). As a result, the growing popularity of social media, the competitors‟ presence on social networking sites and the cost reduction pressure derived from the financial crisis and consequent necessity to find cheaper solutions for brand promotion, motivated companies to use social media as part of their marketing and brand building activities (Tsimonis & Dimitriadis, 2014) and to create brand fan pages in different social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube, among others. Due to this attractiveness, social media is becoming the media channel of choice across the world (Dong-Hun, 2010). However, traditional media still plays an important role for both consumers and marketers, being a central component of brands‟ communication strategies. Yet, several questions still remain unanswered regarding social media effectiveness and influence on consumer engagement. In the current study we intend that we intend to contribute to fulfil the second. Thus, the objective of the current study is to explore how brands create and maintain online relationships with consumers through their Websites, Facebook and Instagram brand pages . Theoretical development The concept of engagement was originally employed in different fields of study including psychology, sociology and organizational behaviour. Now is attracting marketers‟ attention especially in the field of relationship marketing (e.g., Brodie et al., 2011; Hollebeek, 2011). Accordingly, two central concepts consumer engagement and online brand engagement need to be defined. First, consumer engagement, refers to the intensity of a person‟s participation and connection with company‟s offerings and activities that can be initiated by the consumer or the organization (Vivek, Beatty, & Morgan, 2012). Online brand engagement, on the other hand, can be defined as a consumer‟s cognitive and affective commitment to partake in an active relationship with a brand on a website or other computer-mediated platform designed to communicate brand value (Mollen & Wilson, 2010). Online brand engagement measures how much and how frequently users interact with a firm‟s page and its social media content. When consumers make the effort to like, favourite or comment a brand‟s post, they are vigorously engaging with that content. Engagement metrics display audience action, an important feature for social media health and growth (Dunham, 2014). As social media provides numerous ways for users to get involved with organizations (Waters, Burnett, Lamm, & Lucas, 2009), marketers must find rightful strategies to nurture relationships with the public. Dialogue has been one of the topics under research by several scholars. Including this two-way form of communication is crucial to “understand how organizations can build relationships that serve both organizational and public interests” (Kent & Taylor, 2002: 21), thus several studies use dialogic communication to investigate the influence of online strategies for relationship building (Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). Three crucial strategies have been used in numerous studies (Waters et al., 2009; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016; Men & Tsai, 2012) to build and maintain relationships online: disclosure or openness, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement. First, disclosure or openness refers to the companies‟ willingness to be transparent in their online communication activities. Waters et al. (2009) suggest that companies must provide information such as company‟s full description, its history and mission. Organizations should use hyperlinks connected to their websites and use logos and visual cues to enhance brand recognition. Information dissemination concerns posting photos and videos, announcements about products, as well as answering questions to address stakeholders‟ needs, concerns and interests (Men & Tsai, 2012; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). Posting links to external news content related to the company and its business and including press releases and campaign summaries can maximize the impact of a company‟s online presence (Waters et al., 2009). Finally, interactivity and involvement can be seen as the most important strategy, out of the three, since it is essential to foster relationships with the public and represents one of the main advantages of using different social media platforms (Haigh, 2014). This strategy is often analysed as a whole, with no distinction between the two terms (Men & Tsai, 2012; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016) however, interactivity can be analysed separately from involvement according to research done by Haigh (2014). Involvement regards connecting with consumers. Providing information such as organizational contacts, giving users the ability to stay in touch with the company is one way to involve them. Interactivity, on the other hand, is often defined as “the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of the mediated environment in real time.” (Steuer, 1992: 84). When considering computer-mediated environments, Liu (2003) also studied interactivity, developing a scale to measure interactivity on websites. According to the study, interactivity should be defined as "the degree to which two or more communication parties can act on each other, on the communication medium, and on the messages and the degree to which such influences are synchronized” (Liu & Shrum, 2002: 54) and three dimensions should be included when discussing this topic: active control, two-way communication and synchronicity. Active control regards users‟ capacity to voluntarily participate and usefully influence communications. Two-way communication concerns the bifacial flow of information. Synchronicity evaluates the speed of the interaction. This led to the definition of interactive communication: “communication that offers individuals active control and allows them to communicate both reciprocally and synchronously” (Liu, 2003: 208). Finally, human-to-content interactivity refers to the ability to contribute to the organizational online content by commenting on organizational posts and to reply to other users‟ posts. (Loureiro & Gomes, 2016; Men & Tsai, 2012). Thus, considering the above-mentioned, the following research question is proposed: RQ1: What strategies are Portuguese companies incorporating to create and maintain relationships with publics on their Websites, Facebook and Instagram pages? Research design We conducted an exploratory content analysis to investigate online relationship cultivation strategies by Portuguese brands (RQ1). Following Loureiro and Gomes (2016), first we retrieve a list of the 50 most valuable Portuguese brands of 2016 provided by Brand Finance, “…the world’s leading independent branded business valuation…” (The Brand Finance Group, 2016). This list is made with regards to the brand value (USD $ millions) and the brand rating in the year under analysis, therefore raking the top 50 Portuguese brands. Afterwards, from this initial sample of 50 companies, brands are analysed in terms of their presence in social media by verifying if they have an official website and brand fan Pages on Facebook Instagram. After examining their social media presence, the sample included 47 companies with a website, 28 companies with a Facebook page and 19 with an Instagram account. Pages without information or not maintained by the organisation were not considered. Coding categories used in this analysis are adapted from previous research (Waters et al., 2009; Men & Tsai, 2012; Haigh, 2014; Loureiro & Gomes, 2016). The categories coded are the same for Website, Facebook and Instagram pages. Based on Waters et al.‟s (2009) method for coding online relationship cultivation strategies, the website and social media pages are examined to identify the presence of items representing organizations‟ strategies of disclosure, information dissemination and involvement. The units of analysis are the website corporate profile page on Facebook and Instagram page. We evaluate whether each strategy and item occurred, hence categories are coded with „yes‟ or „no‟ depending if the information was present (Haigh, 2014). On websites, the first step is to go to the homepage and see if the website provided a site map to easily find the items belonging to each strategy. When site maps are not available, each tab inside the website would be inspected to look for the information needed for each strategy. Since websites are more complex, with information spread across them instead of reunited in one single page as in Facebook and Instagram the following analyses were simpler. On Facebook the first page of each corporate profile is studied. This is the page that users see after signing in and where they have access to all the main elements, including the photo album and the message board. The details examined on each page are items that are readily observable (Men & Tsai, 2012). On Instagram, the analysis is similar to Facebook. Here, most of the page is visually-based (photos and videos) with the exception of to the brief description below the profile picture or logo (where usually companies also insert the URL to the Website). Thus, we look to photos‟ descriptions to get more insights about the content shared and the cultivation strategies implemented. Users‟ comments are also considered to evaluate, whether or not companies reply to them and initiate conversations with consumers. Intercoder reliability was tested using Perreault & Leigh‟s (1989) formula. Main results and conclusions Websites perform better in the first two strategies (disclosure and information dissemination) by frequently displaying a brief description about the business as well as brand history, logo and visual cues, news links and information about achievements and awards. However, in what concerns the last strategy, interactivity and involvement, websites lack interactive features that allow firms to engage with consumers such as commenting and sharing opportunity. Generally, actions to foment online participation are not implemented. This could be explained by the fact that Websites‟ main purpose is, according to Keller (2009), to express ambitions, history, products as well as the firms‟ vision therefore they act more as sources of information than as sources of interaction. However they still have to be attractive enough to encourage repeated visits (Keller, 2009). By contract, brand fan pages on Facebook and Instagram disclose and disseminate less information about firms and their activities (more evident on Instagram) and perform better in the interactivity and involvement strategy. In accordance with (Jahn & Kunz, 2012), brand fan pages main goal is to promote a communicative and interactive channel that creates a bond between the user and the brand, therefore it is expected that the main strategy used to nurture relationships on these social networks is the one that enables interaction and encourages involvement. Finally, comparing the three SNS‟s, Facebook seems to be the more consistent channel to combine and implement the three strategies altogether, since it displays a better overall performance. However, each social networking site has its own role, therefore companies should consider which network works best for each strategy and for each type of consumer and build an overall plan that maximizes the potential to connect with consumers, remembering that the image they build online should present an accurate representation of the brand and should align with other marketing efforts to present consistent messages to customers. Regarding consumer engagement, brands should focus on creating interesting and captivating content instead of posting too regularly just to have an active online presence. Posting more often does not necessarily lead to online brand engagement. Moreover, having more followers is not necessarily good on its own. Fans need to feel connected to the brand and its content and usually, smaller audiences are more engaged with brands. Therefore, brands should work on strategies that allow them to grow their audience while keeping the perks of interacting with smaller audiences. Also, audience growth rate is a helpful measure to evaluate performance on each network, identify which one is generating the highest rates and investigate how to gain more followers on all networks. Additionally, it may be useful in tracking specific campaigns‟ success.

Eco-innovation is an important component of a firm's environmental sustainability strategy and provides both environmental benefits and competitiveness, resulting in a win-win situation. Although previous studies have examined the influence of organizational ambidexterity (exploration and exploitation) on the business performance, little is known about how organizational ambidexterity affects eco-innovation (i.e. eco-process, eco-product, and eco-organizational innovativeness). Building upon the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities perspective, I develop a model to explain how relational capital may moderate the relationship between inter-firm relational knowledge stores and organizational ambidexterity and how organizational ambidexterity enhance eco-innovation in the context of international buyer-supplier relationships. The results of a survey of 124 OEM suppliers in Taiwan show that the relational knowledge stores have a positive effect on organizational ambidexterity, and organizational ambidexterity has a positive effect on eco-innovation. Our findings also show that the direct relationship between relational knowledge stores and organizational ambidexterity was stronger when the relational capital was high as opposed to when it was low. This study contributes to a theoretical understanding of why some firms engage in organizational ambidexterity than others, analyzing relational knowledge stores as a predictor and relational capital as moderator. I discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings.

Despite the evidence of an association between foreign language (FL) reading anxiety and reading comprehension, only a few studies have investigated how FL reading anxiety interacts with the reading process. This study examined how people with different anxiety levels approach reading tasks differently; that is, the relationships among foreign language reading anxiety, cognitive interference, reading strategy use, and the effects of these constructs on actual reading comprehension. Participants (N=265) were Korean adolescent EFL learners. From analyses of their responses to FL reading anxiety scale, Cognitive Interference Questionnaire (CIQ), a strategy inventory for reading comprehension, and reading comprehension tasks, results suggested that anxiety played a critical role in the interplay of attention and reading strategy use, which were associated with comprehension. Highly anxious students who were occupied with off-task thoughts tended to use more local reading strategies while less anxious students were more focused on completing the reading tasks and employed more global reading strategies. Results also suggested that the significant predictors of reading comprehension were FL reading anxiety as well as the CIQ and Global strategies, which indicated that the less anxious students who were more focused during reading, and those who employed more Global strategy scored higher in reading comprehension.

범죄자가 유죄판결을 받고 교도소에 수감되면 그들의 가족관계는 큰 변화를 맞게 된다. 수형자가 가족과 원만한 관계를 유지하면 가정을 지킬 수 있고, 이들의 수형생활이 안정되며, 출소한 이후의 재범 가능성을 낮출 수 있을 것으로 기대됨으로써 연구의 필요성이 제기된다. 이 연구는 수감기간 중에 수형자가 경험하는 가족관계(가족접견, 편지수신, 구금 후 수형자가 느낀 가족관계 변화)가 어떠한 요인에 의해 영향을 받는지 연구하였다. 먼저 사회통제이론의 관점에서 수형자의 가족관계를 설명하고 경험적으로 검증하였다. 다음으로 관련 선행연구가 제한적인 점을 고려하여 수형자와 관련된 다른 변인들이 가족관계에 미치는 영향을 탐색적으로 조사하였다. 분석을 위해 6개의 교도소에서 수집된 한국형사정책연구원 자료를 사용하였다. 수형자와 가족 간 접촉정도(가족접견과 서신수신)를 검증하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 사용하고, 수형자가 구금 이후 느낀 가족관계 변화를 검증하기 위해 서열형 로짓회귀분석을 사용하였다. 분석결과, 사회통제이론에서 도출한 가족애착(아버지 애착, 부모애착)이 강할수록 각기 가족접견과 서신수신이 많았다. 또한 수형자의 가족애착이 강할수록 이 들은 구금 후 가족관계가 이전과 비슷하거나 더 좋아졌다고 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 탐색적 차원에서 수형자 관련 변인들을 분석한 결과, 가족의 서신수신횟수에 유의한 영향을 미친 요인은 성별, 교육, 가구 총 수입이었다. 가족접견 횟수에는 교육, 가구 총 수입과 이번 범죄로 복역한 기간이 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로 구금 후 수형자가 느낀 가족관계의 변화에는 성별, 나이, 이번 범죄로 복역한 기간과 구금 중 가족접촉 정도(가족접견과 서신수신횟수)가 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 분석결과에 대한 이론적 설명과 추론을 제시하였고, 사용한 자료와 연구의 한계와 더불어 정책적 함의와 앞으로의 연구방향을 제시하였다.

본 연구는 2006년부터 2016년 사이에 강원도 축산기술연구소에서 출생한 한우 송아지 1,069두로부터 조사된 이유시 체중과 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 및 이유시 체중을 이용하여 단순상관, 다중 회귀 및 경로분석 등을 통해 이유시 체중과 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 간의 상관 관계를 규명하였다. 통계분석은 조사된 원 성적을 이용하여 실시하는 동시에 조사된 원 성적을 송아지 출생 연도-계절, 송아지의 성, 어미의 산차 및 이유일령(포유기 일당증체량과 이유시 체중에만 해당) 등과 같은 환경효과에 대해 보정한 값인 잔차를 이용해서도 실시하였다. 조사된 형질들 간의 상관계수는 모두 양수였는데, 임신기간은 생시체중과의 잔차상관계수가 +0.315로서 중정도 크기였던 반면 포유 기 일당증체량이나 이유시 체중과의 잔차상관계수는 각각 +0.039와 +0.130으로서 작거나 0에 가까운 값이었다. 이유시 체중은 포유기 일당증체량과의 잔차상관계수가 +0.949로서 생시체중과의 상관계수인 +0.323보다 컸다. 잔차를 이용한 경로분석 결과 이유시 체중의 변이에 미치는 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량의 전체 기여도는 각각 0, 0.095 및 0.892로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 임신기간, 생시 체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 중에서 포유기 일당증체량이 이유시 체중의 변이에 가장 큰 영향력을 미치는 형질인 것으로 나타났다.