Microsatellite SSR markers were developed and utilized to reveal the genetic diversity of 32 strains of Flammulina velutipes collected in Korea, China, and Japan. From SSR-enriched library, 490 white colonies were randomly selected and sequenced. In the 490 sequenced clones, 85 clones (17.35%) were redundant. Among the remaining 405 unique clones, 201 clones (49.6%) contained microsatellite sequences. As a result, 12 primer pairs produced reproducible polymorphic bands within diverse 4 strains and these selected markers were further characterized in 32 Flammulina velutipes strains. A total of 34 alleles were detected using the 12 markers, with an average of 3.42 alleles and the number of alleles ranged from two to seven per locus. The major allele frequency ranged from 0.42 (GB-FV-127) to 0.98 (GB-FV-166), and values for observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.94 (mean = 0.18) and from 0.03 to 0.67 (mean = 0.32), respectively. SSR loci amplified with GB-FV-127 markers gave the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.61 and mean allele number of five, while for loci amplified with GB-FV-166 markers these values were the lowest, namely 0.03 and two. The mean PIC value (0.29) observed in the present study with average number of alleles (3.42). The genetic relationships among 32 Flammulina velutipes strains based on SSR data were generated by UPGMA cluster analysis. In conclusion, we succeeded in developing 12 polymorphic SSRs markers from SSR-enriched library of Flammulina velutipes. These SSRs are presently being used for phylogenic analysis and evaluation of genetic variations. In future, these SSR markers will be used in clarifying taxonomic relationships among the Flammulina velutipes.

The objective of this study is to propose a simple and accurate analytical model for HSS braces. For this purpose, a physical theory model is adopted. Rectangular hollow section steel (HSS) braces are considered in this study. To accurately simulate the cyclic behavior of braces using the physical theory model, empirical equations calculating constituent parameters are implemented on the analytical model, which were proposed in the companion paper. The constituent parameters are cyclic brace growth, cyclic buckling load, and the incidence of local buckling and fracture. The analytical model proposed in this study was verified by comparing actual and simulated cyclic curves of brace specimens. It is observed that the proposed model accurately simulates the cyclic behavior of the braces throughout whole response range.

Anthracene has been a motive molecule for the blue-emitting materials in OLED. Since the blue emission needs big band gap between HOMO and LUMO, the blue-emitting materials are rare. In this paper, some anthracene derivatives containing simple aryl groups are synthesized and characterized. Regardless of the substituents the absorption and the emission bands are similar to each other and similar to the derivatives with the bulky silyl groups. The thermal and the CIE tests imply that among the tested 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-phenylanthracene is most promising for the diode. The material for the emission layer has to be investigated, which is simple to be prepared as well as good in the electrical and the thermal properties.

현행 여신전문금융업법 제19조 제1항 및 제4항은, 신용카드가맹점으 로 하여금 ‘신용카드 결제를 거절하는 행위’, ‘신용카드회원을 불리하게 대우하는 행위’, ‘가맹점수수료를 신용카드회원에게 부담시키는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 동 조항은, 국민의 금융편의를 도모하고, 거래의 투명화 및 이를 통한 탈세방지를 위하여 도입된 것으로 그간 충분한 효과를 보 여주었으나, 동 조항의 남용을 통한 가맹점 피해, 신용카드를 발급받지 못하는 저신용자에게 비용이 전가되는 등 경제적 정의에 반한다는 점, 사회전체의 거래비용이 증가한다는 점 등의 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 이 러한 부작용을 최소화하며 입법목적을 달성할 수 있도록 입법적 보완작 업이 필요하다. 예를 들어, 거액 결제와 같은 경우에는 동 조항의 적용을 배제하는 방안, 가맹점수수료 정도의 합리적인 범위내의 차별을 허용하 는 방안, 현금결제와의 차별만 금지하고 다른 전자지급결제수단과의 차 별은 허용하는 방안 등을 논의해 볼 필요가 있다. IT산업의 발달과 더불어, 과거 전통적 결제수단이었던, 현금, 어음, 수 표, 계좌이체, 신용카드 외에, 계좌이체지급결제대행, 신용카드지급결제대 행, 직불카드(직불전자지급수단), 선불카드(선불전자지급수단), 전자화폐 의 방법이 등장하였다. 이들 결제수단 중 최근 서민을 위한 결제방식으 로 부상하고 있는 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우, 신용카드를 발급받을 수 없는 저신용자도 이용이 가능할 뿐 아니라, 탈세방지 목적에도 부합 하고, 간편결제 방식의 적용에 따라 그 이용도 매우 편리하게 되었다. 그 러나 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우에도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항을 적용 하게 되면, 신용카드(혹은 신용카드지급결제대행 방식)에 비하여 회원 유치 경쟁력이 떨어지게 되어, 그 확산에 어려움이 있다. 현금결제 고객 과는 달리 지급결제대행업체에 의한 별도의 용역제공 행위가 있음을 감 안하여 현행 여신전문금융업법 하에서도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항의 형식 적 적용을 배제하는 적극적 해석이 필요하다.

Simple sequence repeats (SSR), also referred to “microsatellites” consist of tandemly repeated short DNA sequence motifs and have been applied in various marker-based studies. SSRs were isolated and characterized from ‘Heuktari’ and ‘Miso’, which are major oyster mushroom cultivars in Korea, by genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. The genome sizes of ‘Heuktari’ and ‘Miso’ were estimated to be 40.8 and 40.3 Mb, respectively, which are larger than those of other P. ostreatus species (PC9 and PC10) and smaller than those of P. eryngii (KNR2312P5). In total, 949 and 968 SSRs were found in the ‘Heuktari’ and ‘Miso’ genomes, respectively. Comparative analysis of five mushrooms including P. ostreatus var. florida (PC9 and PC15) and P. eryngii revealed that the number of SSRs in ‘Heuktari’ and ‘Miso’ were the highest among them. All mushrooms studied showed similar SSR distribution patterns. Tri-, hexa-, and octanucleotide motifs accounted for the top three fractions of all SSRs.

To prepare Mn4+-activated K2TiF6 phosphor, a precipitation method without using hydrofluoric acid (HF) was designed. In the synthetic reaction, to prevent the decomposition of K2MnF6, which is used as a source of Mn4+ activator, NH5F2 solution was adopted in place of the HF solution. Single phase K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphors were successfully synthesized through the designed reaction at room temperature. To acquire high luminance of the phosphor, the reaction conditions such as the type and concentration of the reactants were optimized. Also, the optimum content of Mn4+ activator was evaluator based on the emission intensity. Photoluminescence properties such as excitation and emission spectrum, decay curve, and temperature dependence of PL intensity were investigated. In order to examine the applicability of this material to a white LED, the electroluminescence property of a pc-WLED fabricated by combining the K2TiF6:Mn4+ phosphor with a 450 nm blue-LED chip was measured.

Aquatic ecosystems are receiving various harmful effects due to anthropogenic chemical pollutions. To protect wildlife, risk assessments of the chemicals are conducted using reference indexes of toxicity estimated by species-level laboratory tests and/or micro-/mesocosm community-level studies. However, the existing micro-/mesocosm communities are structurally too complicated, and it is also difficult to compare the experimental results directly with those from species-level tests. Here, we developed a procedure of a simple bi-trophic microcosm experiment which contains the common species (a green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and a cladoceran, Daphnia magna) for testing chemical toxicities. For the proper operation of bitrophic microcosm experiment, the minimum required concentration of primary producer (P. subcapitata) is 5×105 cells mL-1. The microcosm system showed higher stability when the initially introduced D. magna population was composed of neonates (<24-h old) than adults and those mixture. This simple microcosm system would be an applicable tool to estimate the disturbing impacts of pollutants on plant-herbivore interactions, and linking the species- and population-/community level risk assessments in the future studies.

Differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii is laborious and time-consuming tasks especially in mycelial status. For development of a method for differentiation of P. eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotypes. PCR with the each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II comprised of 4 and 8 cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivar and strains with 21 allele with a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful to provide an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions. (This work was supported by a grant from the Golded Seed Project (213003-04-3-SBY20), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

Bond stress between cast-in-place ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites and CFRP plank were experimentally analyzed. As failure shape, the mixture of failure between CFRP plank and epoxy, and failure between concrete and epoxy was shown. In case of RFCON from the suggested simple bond slip relationship, the maximum average bond stress was 5.39MPa, the initial slope was 104.09MPa/mm, and the total slip length was 0.19mm. PPCON showed the maximum average bond stress of 4.31MPa, the initial slope of 126.67MPa/mm, and the total slip length of 0.26mm, while RFCON+ appeared to have 8.71MPa, 137.69MPa/mm, 0.16mm. PPCON+ had 6.19MPa maximum average bond stress, 121.56MPa/mm initial slope, and 0.34mm total slip length. To comprehend the behavior of composite structure of FRP and concrete, local bond slip relation is necessary, and thus a simple relation is suggested to be easily applied on hybrid composite system

The purpose of this study was to measure concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl－ by ionometer with check salt strip, simple salimeter and Ion-selective electrode (ISE) and compare the results of each mensuration; furthermore, the possibility of inferring the Na+ concentration from Cl－ concentration of urine and the impact of K+ on the concentration of each ion was examined. The results showed that ISE determined Na+ and Cl－ concentrations in the urine are highly interrelated (R=0.9039); in addition, concentrations of Cl－, measured with strip and ISE from urine are highly interrelated (R=0.9338). The concentration of Na+ in urine, inferred by measuring Cl－ concentration with strip, has a high relationship (R=0.8580) with the concentration of Na+ in urine, measured by ISE. The results of our study will increase awareness of Na+ intake and the utility of check salt strip, as well as the possibility of inferred Na+ concentration from measures of Cl－ concentration as a screening test for reducing sodium intake.

Pleurotus eryngii, an edible white-rot fungus, is widespread in Eurasia and northern Africa. It has become a major cultivated mushroom in Asia, with a current global production rate of approximately 3 × 10 5 metrictons/yr. To improve the quality or productivity through breeding, a genetic linkage map is an important component. In this study, genetic linkage map of the P. eryngii was constructed using 98 monokaryotic progeny derived from dikaryon of parental KNR2312 strain derived from haploid meiotic spores. The whole genome sequence of P5 monokaryon from P. eryngii KNR2312 strain by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) strategy was used to design the SSR markers. 484 primers pairs were identified by SSR Locator I and tested polymorphism via PCR. A total of 241 loci were mapped using Joinmap 4.0, comprising 222 SSR markers, 2 mating type factors, and the 13 INDEL markers. The map consisted of 14 linkage groups spanning 1003 cM at an average marker interval of 4.2 cM. The mating loci, A and B were mapped on linkage groups 4 and 11, respectively. The established linkage map and the genetic information based on NGS could be used for QTL mapping of agronomic traits, marker-assisted breeding that may ultimately lead to outstanding phenotypic characteristics. [Supported by a grant from the IPET (213003-04-3-SBY20), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

Differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii is laborious and time-consuming tasks especially in mycelial status. For development of a method for differentiation of P. eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotypes. PCR with the each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into 2 clusters. Cluster I and II comprised of 4 and 8 cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivar and strains with 21 allele with a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful to provide an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions. (This work was supported by a grant from the Gold Seed Project [Supported by a grant from the IPET (213003-04-3-WTI11), MIFAFF, Republic of Korea.]

Modeling is one approach to better understanding the complex interaction in the abstracted and simplified forms. Here I present the interaction of honeybee, Apis mellifera and ectoparasitic mites of Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps mercedesae. In the beginning, I provide the basic mechanism of ectoparasitic mite’s life cycle in association with the host insect life. Population behavior was analyzed as a single analytical population growth model. Then, since the carrying capacity of mite’s breeding resources are changing, I incorporated the damage function of mite to honeybee population. Incorporating the damage function into the honeybee-varroa interaction model provided more realistic behavior of both species. Simulation study showed that possible beneficial impact of hive-splitting on mite control. Also, varying the chemical spray timing and efficacies, the model simulation revealed that early spring acaricide treatment was essential for protection of honeybee from the varroa mites. At the last, this model has been expanded to include the other parasitic mite of Tropilaelaps mercedesae. For this, two species competition model was considered as well as incorporation of the host population behavior being added. Further discussion and call for collaboration were presented.

Twenty Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used to assess genetic diversity of 64 Agaricus strainsincluding 45 A. bisporus strains and other 19 Agaricus spp. ISSR primers, (GA)T, (AG)YC, (GA)C and (CTC) amplified PCRpolymorphic bands between the Agaricus species or within A. bisporus strains. PCR polymorphic bands were inputted forUPGMA cluster analysis. The varieties, Saea, Saedo, Saejeong and Saeyeon that have recently been developed in Korea wereinvolved in the same group with closely genetic relationship of coefficient similarity over 0.92, whereas, other Korean strains weregenetically related to A. bisporus strains that were introduced from USA, Eroupe and Chinese. Furthermore, ISSR-PCRpolymorphism could potentially be used to identify homokaryon isolates.

In the study for a differentiation and development of spermatogonial cells, the researchers should commonly require a simple, fast and reasonable method that could evaluate the developmental stage of male germ cells without any damage and also relentlessly culture them so far as a cell stage aiming at experimental applications. For developing the efficient method to identify the stage of sperm cells, the morphological characteristics of sperm cells were investigated by staining the cells with blue fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258, and a criterion for male germ cell classification was elicited from results of the previous investigation, then the efficiency of the criterion was verified by applying it to assort the germ cells recovered from male mice in age from 6 to 35 days. As morphological characteristics, spermatogonia significantly differed from spermatocytes in size, appearance and fluorescent patches of nucleus, and spermatids could also be distinguished from spermatozoa by making a difference in the volume and shape of nucleus and the shape and fluorescence of tail. Aforesaid criterion was applicable for classifying in vitro cultured sperm cells by verifying its efficiency and propriety for assorting the stages of testicular germ cells. However, the fluorescent staining showed that germ cells in mouse testis should be dramatically differentiated and developed at 21 days and 35 days of age, which were known as times of sexual puberty and maturity in male mice, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that this simple criterion for sperm cell classification using fluorescence staining with Hoechst 33258 may be highly efficient and reasonable for spermatogenesis study.

목 적 : 확산강조영상은 골격근 손상이 있을 때 조기에 근육의 신호강도 변화를 알 수 있고 양성과 악성 척추 압박골절의 감별 진단에 유용하다고 보고 되고 있지만 질환에 따른 현성확산계수(Apparent Diffusion Coefficient:ADC)의 연구는 많이 보고 되고 있지 않다. 이에 단순 압박 골절과 전이성 척추암이 b value에 따라서 어떠한 변화가 있는지를 알아보고자 본원에서 시행하고 있는 b value 0 400,1400(s/mm²)를 이용하여 각각의 Signal Intensity의 표준화된 값과 물 분자의 확산 정도를 수치화 하는 ADC, 그리고 신호대 잡음비(Signal to Noise:SNR)를 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2013년 3월부터 2013년 12월까지 MR판독에서 단순복합골절과 전이성 척추암을 의심하는 환자 중 전자의무기록상 확정된 환자로 두 질환 별로 11명씩 총 22명을 대상으로 하였고 평균연령은 각 질환 별로71.2, 56.6세다. 검사장비는 1.5 Tesla Achieva MRI시스템과 Syn-Spine Coil를 사용하였다. Sequence는 DWI SE-EPI Sagittal(Diffusion Weighted Imaging Spin Echo-Echo Planar Imaging Sagittal)영상으로 TR(ms) 1988, TE(ms) 68, FOV(mm) 300, Mat. 128×128, Thk.(mm) 4, Gap(mm) 0.4, Slice 13, b-factor(s/mm²) 0,400,1400의 Parameter를 이용하였다. 데이터 분석은 확산강조영상 b value 0(s/mm²) 영상에서 SI(Signal Intensity)가 높은 질환 부위에 ROI(Region of Interest)를 잡았고 정상부위는 질환부위 바로 위에서 측정하였다. MRIcro Program을 사용하여 b-value 0, 400, 1400(s/mm²)의 영상으로 각각의 SI를 구하였고 b-value의 각 영상을 가지고 Metlab Software를 이용하여 ADC map을 구하여 이 영상을 가지고 MRIcro Program을 사용해 동일한 위치에 ROI를 적용하여 ADC를 구하였다. 데이터 분석은 첫째 두 질환 별로 b value 0 기준으로 400, 1400(s/mm²)의 SI를 표준화하여 비교 분석하였고(SI400/SI0, SI400/SI0) 둘째 두 질환의 정상부위와 질환부위의 ADC와 SNR를 비교 분석하였다. 통계의 유의성은 MS Excel 의 T-Test를 이용하였다. 결 과 : 단순압박골절의 표준화 값(SI400/SI0, SI400/SI0)은 0.47±0.04, 0.23±0.03이고 전이성 척추암의 표준화 값 (SI400/SI0, SI400/SI0)은 0.57±0.07, 0.32±0.08로 나왔고 두 질환 별 표준화 값은 통계적으로 유의하게 나왔다 (p<0.05). 단순압박골절 질환부위의 b value 400(s/mm²)과1400(s/mm²)에 대한 ADC(mm²/s)는 1.70±0.16, 0.93±0.28이고 전이성 척추암은 1.24±0.21, 0.80±0.15로 측정되었다. 두 질환에서 b value 400(s/mm²)에 대한 ADC(mm²/s)는 통계적으로 유의하게 나왔으나(p<0.05) b value 1400(s/mm²)에 대한 ADC(mm²/s)는 유의하지 않았다(p>0.05). 단순압박골절과 전이성 척추암 질환부위의 b value(0/400/1400(s/mm²) 에 따른 SNR 보면 65.61±2.61/36.32±2.92/20.22±2.16, 48.40±2.72/39.27±7.51/23.02±6.25로 측정되었다. 결 론 : 위 연구는 본원에서 검사하고 있는 b value 0,400,1400(s/mm²)을 이용하여 연구를 하였으며 b value 400(s/mm²)에서 두 질환에서의 표준화 된 값과 현성확산계수의 확연한 차이가 있었다. 결론적으로 일반적인 척추 자기공명영상 검사와 병행하여 확산강조영상의 현성확산계수를 가지고 다양한 척추 질환에 적용시킨다면 보다 정확한 진단에 도움이 될 거라 사료된다. 본 연구의 제한점으로 다양한 b value를 적용하지 못했고 성별, 나이, 각 질환의 병기 및 시기, 전이암의 최초 발병 부위를 정립하지 않았으며 측정 부위를 조영제를 사용한 영상이 아닌 단순히 b value 0(s/mm²)에서 고신호 강도가 나오는 곳의 데이터로 결론을 도출한 점은 앞으로 보완해야 할 것이다.

In order to understand the contribution of seaweed aquaculture to nutrients and carbon cycles in coastal environments, we measured the nutrients & carbon uptake rates of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda sampled at Nakdong-River Estuary using a chamber incubation method from November 2011 to April 2012. It was observed that the production rate of dissolved oxygen by P. yezoensis (n=30~40) was about 68.8±46.0 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and uptake rate of nitrate, phosphate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was found to be 2.5±1.8 μmol gFW -1 h-1, 0.18±0.11 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and 87.1±57.3 μmol gFW -1 h-1, respectively. There was a positive linear correlation existed between the production rate of dissolved oxygen and the consumption rates of nitrate, phosphate and DIC, respectively, suggesting that these factors may serve as good indicators of P. yezoensis photosynthesis. Further, there was a negative logarithmic relationship between fresh weight of thallus and uptake rates of nutrients and CO2, which suggested that younger specimens (0.1~0.3 g) were much more efficient at nutrients and CO2 uptake than old specimens. It means that the early culturing stage than harvesting season might have more possibilities to be developed chlorosis by high rates of nitrogen uptake. However, N & C demanding rates of Busan and Jeollabuk-do, calculated by monthly mass production and culturing area, were much higher than those of Jeollanam-do, the highest harvesting area in Korea. Chlorosis events at Jeollabuk-do recently might have developed by the reason that heavily culture in narrow area and insufficient nutrients in maximum yield season (Dec.~Jan.) due mostly to shortage of land discharge and weak water circulation. The annual DIC uptake by P. yezoensis in Nakdong-River Estuary was estimated about 5.6×103 CO2 ton, which was about 0.03% of annual carbon dioxide emission of Busan City. Taken together, we suggest more research would be helpful to gain deep insight to evaluate the roles of seaweed aquacul-ture to the coastal nutrients cycles and global carbon cycle.

PURPOSES: Analysis and design of asphalt concrete (AC) and continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) composite pavements. METHODS: In this study, the service life of the AC/CRC composite pavements was determined based on the probabilistic method in the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide(MEPDG). Typical pavement design was provided with respect to heavy truck traffic volume of highways. RESULTS: The service life of the composite pavements based on IRI was shorter than that based on rutting at lower traffic volume, but this trend was switched at higher traffic volume. CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that the main distress affecting the service life of the composite pavements was longitudinal roughness and rutting. Roughness became lower, but rut depth became greater as the stiffness of the CRC increased.