Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt mag es noch eine wissenschaftliche Fantasievorstellung sein, über die Reform des Strafvollzugs auf dem Gebiet Nordkoreas nach der koreanischen Wiedervereinigung zu sprechen, schliesslich ist die Herstellung der koreanischen Einheit ein politisch sehr komplizierter Prozess. Trotzdem muss man sich bereits jetzt auf die koreanische Einheit und die damit verbundenen rechtlichen Probleme vorbereiten. Diese Notwendigkeit wird besonders deutlich, wenn man die Nachwirkungen der deutschen Wiedervereinigung betrachtet. Ich denke, dass eine Untersuchung zur Reform des Strafvollzugs auf dem Gebiet Nordkoreas bereits heute dringend geboten ist und für die Zukunft des gesamten koreanischen Strafvollzugs von nicht zu unterschätzender Bedeutung. Natürlich unterscheidet sich die koreanische Situation von der deutschen im November des Jahres 1989 in wesentlichen Punkten. Dennoch denke ich, dass auch etliche politische und rechtliche Probleme nach der koreanischen Vereinigung den deutschen ähneln werden. So ist Korea in der glücklichen Lage, dass es bei der Lösung dieser Probleme von den deutschen Erfahrungen lernen kann. In diesem Aufsatz möchte ich zunächst analysieren, wie der Geltungsbereich des Strafvollzugsgesetzes auf das Gebiet der ehemaligen DDR ausgedehnt wurde und welche rechtlichen Probleme damit in der Praxis verbunden waren(II). Im Weiteren möchte ich die Festsetzung einer einheitlichen Bemessungsgrundlage für alle Gefangenen nach der koreanische Wiedervereinigung untersuchen sowie den Orientierungsrahmen zur Reform des Strafvollzugs auf dem Gebiet Nordkoreas diskutieren(III). Abschliessend soll aufgezeigt werden, welche Konsequenzen diese Änderungen für das koreanische Strafvollzugsgesetz haben wird(IV).

서 언 저자들은 1995년 12월부터 2개년간에 걸쳐 농림수산부가 지원하는 농수산 첨단 연구 과제로서 “안강망 어로 시스템 자동화에 관한 연구 개발을 수행하였다. 이 해설에서는 상기 연구의 초기 단계에 저자들의 조사한 안강망 어선 어로 시스템의 현황과 개선점에 대하여 기술함으로써 향후 안강망어업 관련 연구의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

이 연구는 미래사회가 요구하는 교원의 역량을 강화하고, 학령인구 감소로 인한 교원 양성의 구조적 변화에 대응하기 위한 교원양성체제 개편 논의의 양상을 파악하기 위해 관련 연구 동향 검토를 목적으로 하고 있다. 교원양성체제 개편과 관련된 연구 동향을 분석하기 위해 연구 주제와 연구 내용을 분석 기준으로 삼아 2000년 이후 현재까지 발표된 교원양성체제 관련 연구 중 13편을 검토 하였다. 검토 결과, 교원양성체제 개편 방식에 따라 대학원 과정 신설, 교원양성기관 통폐합, 교육 과정 내실화를 통한 체제 유지의 세 가지 방식이 제시되고 있다. 이를 바탕으로 각 연구의 핵심내용을 제시하였고, 교원양성체제 개편 방안별 장단점을 분석하여 제시하였다. 이를 통해 교원양성 체제 개편 관련 연구는 교육 규모의 효율성을 강조하고 있고, 교사 자격의 재구조화가 필요함을 제시하고 있으며, 교원양성기관 교육과정 운영의 정비가 필요함을 지적하고 있었다. 또한, 교원 양성 인원의 축소가 불가피함을 주장하고 있었고, 궁극적으로는 교원의 전문성 또는 미래 교원 역량에 체제 개편의 필요성을 제시하고 있었다.

The aim of this paper is to understand the nature of transformation of the Chinese economy. China’s approach to the process of economic development in the aftermath of the reforms in the late 1970’s has been a success story and a phenomenon of great significance. It helped millions of people move out of poverty and achieve an acceptable standard of life. The economic policy of China was more effective than India’s; we measured this effectiveness in terms of two fundamental approach: first, growth was fundamental for ensuring and increasing the wellbeing as it increases total output in China compare to India; second, growth was pro-poor in China, but not in India, during the period 2000-2011. In this paper, we seek to explain how China reduced extreme poverty through reforms, and this reform experience of China stands out for three reasons. The first is renewed thrust on the rural economy and private sector, second is decentralized planning, and third is investment in human resource development. This experience of China’s reform success offers a significant lesson for most of the developing countries, especially India, since India has more similarities with China. Therefore, this experience is particularly insightful for India.

본 논문은 『창세기 강해』에 초점을 맞춰 루터의 기도 개혁과 기도 신학을 살펴보았다. 개인적 및 대중적 경건 형성에서 기도가 차지하는 중요한 역할을 인식한 루터는 자신이 배우고 경험한 중세 로마 가톨릭교회의 기도 신학과 관행을 비판했고, 대안적인 기도 신학과 관행을 제시하면서 기도 개혁을 주도 했다. 루터의 기도 신학의 핵심은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기도에는 명령과 약속이 라는 하나님의 말씀이 주어져 있고, 이것이 기도의 출발점이요 근간이다. 둘째, 하나님의 약속은 믿음으로 받아들이고, 하나님의 명령은 사랑으로 순종해야 한다. 셋째, 참된 기도에는 인간의 절박한 필요가 있어야 한다. 특히 가슴속에서 솟아 나오는 성령의 말할 수 없는 탄식과 울음은 하나님이 보시기에 우리의 부르짖음을 완벽한 기도로 만든다. 넷째, 진실한 기도의 중요한 요소인 절박한 필요성은 소명에 충실할 때 나온다. 다섯째, 기도와 삼위일체 하나님의 관계를 강조한다. 『창세기 강해』에서 루터가 제시하는 기도 신학은 다른 글들에 나타나는 기도 신학과 맥을 같이 한다.

Suzhou Taohuawu Year Painting is one of the four major Year Paintings in China, which is a symbol of Jiangnan urban Year Painting. During the past years, it experienced fire in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Cultural Revolution and the impact when offset printing replaced traditional woodcut Year Painting, covered all over with scars. Trying to start from the history of Year Painting, this article analyzes the difficulties in inheritance and innovation of Taohuawu, interprets the evolution of Taohuawu Year Painting from style, theme, skills, etc. Taohuawu Year Painting is a development hi-story of Year Painting, also a reflection of cultural development in Suzhou.

On November 10, 2015, the CPC Central Committee proposed a supply-side structural reform. The structural problems of China's economic development are outstanding. There is a problem of supply and demand asymmetry between the total demand shortage and the demand spillover. There is also the problem of supply and demand asymmetry in which the supply side is insufficient and the relative surplus coexist. It can be seen that the focus of the supply-side structure reform is to focus on the optimization of the economic structure. To this end, the primary task in the supply-side structural reform is to de-capacity. At the same time of de-capacity, we must actively respond to the negative impact of de-capacity. An effective measure to deal with the negative impact of de-capacity is to actively seek a stable way to resolve excess capacity while accelerating the follow-up implementation of systematic supporting measures. Taking Hebei Province as an example, the specific measures are discussed.

This paper is to study the tendency of the development of the urban comprehensive park in the modern history of China, and take the urban comprehensive park of Wuhan as an example to study the local research through the literature.. In 1928, Wuhan Urban Comprehensive Park starting stage characteristics to the ideological education of the government as the center, in 1977 the policy of reform and opening to the outside world to entertainment center, ecology design point of view, the introduction of open space and urban plaza, to human centered design, application of science and technology. 2015 in Wuhan Urban Garden Expo theme can be seen in green life as the goal, through the design of urban comprehensive park ecology and human centered design, the application of science and technology development.

본 연구는 미국의 기독교 사회개혁운동을 초절주의 운동의 영향 아래서 분석한 것이다. 19세기 미국사회에서는 이상사회 실현을 위한 사회개혁운동이 활발하게 추진되었다. 이 개혁 운동에 가장 앞장선 것은 기독교 지도자들이었다. 특별히 기독교 사회개혁가들은 초절주의 사상가들로부터 영향을 주고받으면서 개혁운동을 이끌었다. 초절주의자들은 계몽주의적 자연주의와 유럽의 낭만주의로부터 영향을 받아 진보적 이상사회 건설에 대한 꿈을 가지고 사회개혁운동에 참여하였다. 이들은 직접적인 사회구조 개혁보다는 개인의 도덕개혁에 초점을 맞춘 사회개혁운동을 전개하였다. 이에 비해 기독교 사회개혁운동은 사회지향적 성격이 강했다. 기독교 사회개혁운동은 남북전쟁 이전에는 건강한 생활습관 정착을 위한 생활개혁운동, 노예제도 폐지와 인종평등과 같은 구조개혁 운동, 도덕적 자기개혁운동을 전개하였다. 남북전쟁 이후에는 노예제도가 폐지됨에 따라서 금주운동과 여권신장운동으로 방향이 전환되었다. 남북전쟁 이후에 기독교 사회개혁운동에 영향을 끼친 사상으로는 사회진화론, 사회복음주의, 전천년주의 등이 있었다. 특별히 초절주의 운동의 영향으로 도덕적 자기개혁을 강조한 것 또한 19세기 후반의 기독교 사회개혁운동의 방향으로 볼 수 있다. 이 연구를 통해 19세기 미국에서의 기독교 사회개혁운동의 성격과 방향을 초절주의와 연계하여 분석 평가할 수 있었다.

이 연구의 목적은 중학생의 기술·가정 교과 ‘친환경적 의생활과 옷 고쳐 입기’ 단원에서 활 용 할 수 있는 STEAM 교육을 위한 교수·학습 지도안을 개발하고, 개발된 STEAM 교육을 적 용한 수업이 학습자의 교과에 대한 흥미도와 문제해결능력에 미치는 효과를 알아보는데 있다. 연구를 위하여 2009 개정 중학교 STEAM 관련 교과 교육과정을 분석 후, STEAM 교육에 적 절한 주제를 추출하여 STEAM 교육을 위한 교수·학습 지도안을 개발한 후 충청북도 청주시 소재의 N 중학교 2학년 2개 학급 60명의 학생을 대상으로 총 5차시 수업을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 중학교 2∼3학년 기술·가정 교과 ‘친환경적 의생활과 옷 고쳐 입기’ 단원에서 사용할 수 있는 STEAM 교육 수업을 위한 교수·학습 과정안과 학습자료, 교사용 참고자료를 개발하였다. 수업후 효과를 확인한 결과 STEAM 교수·학습 지도안을 활용한 수업은 학생들의 흥미도와 문 제 해결력을 향상시키는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 1990년대 중반 이후 본격화된 신자유주의 교육개혁이 정부에 의한 강력한 행정적 통제와 수요자 중심 개혁 논리를 기반으로, 전문직으로서 교직의 정체성을 약화시키고 있다는 문제인식에서 교직의 전문성 강화를 위한 대안적 논의들을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 교직을 보는 전통적 관점과 전문직 기준에 대한 비판적 분석을 토대로 교사에 대 한 행정적 통제 강화에 따른 교직의 비전문화, 탈전문화, (감정)노동자로서 교사 개념의 발달 등 을 논의하였다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 교직의 전문성을 재정립, 강화하기 위한 대안적 논의들로 Lauglo(1995)의 신전문주의, Whitty(2000)의 협동적·민주적 전문성, Hargreaves와 Fullan(2012)의 전문적 자본 개념을 제시하였다.

Timothy Richard(1845-1919), a Welsh missionary, acted as the spearhead of the missionaries in China who were interested in the reform of the late Qing society. Being sent by the Baptist Missionary Society, he worked in the areas including North China and Shanghai from 1870 to 1916 and his works included relief, literature, education, and social reform as well as evangelism. Sublating the hagiographical writings on him published in the first decades following his death and the socialist historiography utterly criticizing him as the agent of imperialism from the other side, this study tries to take a look both at his missionary motivation for the reform of Chinese society and politics and at his problematic toleration of the imperialistic Western Powers that was implied in his suggestions. Richard was convinced that Western civilization was benefited from the discovery of “the workings of God in Nature.” Communicating with the highest Chinese officials like Zhang Zidong and Li Hongzhang of the Self-Strengthening Movement, which was started in the 1860s, he made an effort to provide the society with scientific education and reform ideas in many areas including agriculture, industry, commerce, transportation, education, and religious education. Serving as the general secretary of the Society for the Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge among the Chinese (SDK/SDCGK) since 1891, he had a great opportunity to help the Chinese society with writing essays, translating books, publishing books and periodicals. Especially, his translation of History of Nineteenth Century and the periodical titled The Review of the Times edited by Young J. Allen were very popular among the Chinese intellectuals seeking the ways to reform Chinese society. It is important to note that, in terms of the ideology of reform, he did not agree on the overriding Chinese motto of reform, ‘zhong-ti-si-yong,’ which meant ‘the Chinese in mindset and the Western in technology.’ Rather, his idea started from the Western Civilization, not Chinese traditional value system. His suggestion was based on his conviction that Western civilization, comprising of the materialistic development based on natural sciences and ‘the true Christian civilization,’ was superior to Chinese civilization. Thus, his suggestion tends to be a universal reform including modernization, opening of the nation to foreign nations, improvement in commerce and international trades, Western education in sciences, and toleration of Christian education. Even though he did not deny the classical education coming from Chinese tradition and only did ask adding Western subjects to the current education, his respect for Chinese tradition rather came from missiological considerations and his reform ideas came from Western and Christian influences. Furthermore, at the base of Richard’s political activism was his evangelical conviction that made him a missionary to China. In addition to his evangelical faith, through his experiences in China, he developed a type of social gospel emphasizing the Kingdom of God seeking for the salvation of both ‘body’ and ‘soul’ and both ‘individuals’ and ‘nation.’ His effort of reform was at its peak at the 1898 Reform Movement, in which the young rising reformers like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao co-operated with the Emperor Guangxu to drive forward more progressive reforms following after the Chinese’s defeat at the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). He was very influential to the top leaders of the movement in many directions. However, a series of foudroyant ideas that he suggested were not accepted or administered by the leaders and the Court. For example, he suggested 1) a protectorate by the Powers, 2) an annexation or union of China with Japan, the United States, and the British Empire at least in some areas including defence and diplomacy, and 3) a united cabinet with the same number of Chinese and foreign representatives. His ideas were shared by Chinese officials and, in fact, even some similar ideas were coined by Chinese themselves in the great crisis of the fall of the Empire in the encroachments by imperialist Western Powers. His ideas listed above, in spite of the consideration of the context, had implications of Western colonialism trespassing Chinese sovereignty. They especially show the lack of his understanding in the commercial expansion of the Western colonialists. However, despite this point, it does not seem that he was directly connected to the officials or colonialists of the Britain or other Western countries. His idea of protectorate, annexation, or united cabinet was foreign to the current British position in diplomacy. In conclusion, Richard’s reform idea, first, came from his revised evangelical faith including the idea of the Kingdom of God and missiological consideration seeking for cultural adaptation. second, he contributed to the late Qing reform movement in promoting the discourse of reform and educating the younger reformers. Third, his reform had limitations due to his own political and cultural identities as a British subject. He, in his imperialists-friendly suggestions, came to be in the line of supporting the Western colonialists and he never approached republican ideas, which some progressive Chinese already had in their mind by the end of the century.

The objective of this study is to analyze 1) the law system in relation with the development permissions 2) characteristics of the development permissions change 3) especially focusing on the development permissions changes in agricultural, forestry and fisheries facilities in light of socio - economic conditions in Korea Greenbelt. The following results were obtained: 1) The purpose of Greenbelt in Korea is to control the land use in order to protect the surrounding areas from urbanization. 2) During the 1990s, the number of formulated development regulations increased one and half times than that of the previous decades(1970s 1980s). The main reasons are advancements of local autonomy and democratization. 3) Three patterns were observed with respect to ease the regulations in agricultural, forestry and fisheries facilities those are: (1) increase in types of businesses ; (2) increase the maximum area permitted ; (3) decrease in qualification for establishing facilities. 4) There were few development permissions in a agricultural, forestry and fisheries facilities in consideration to the regional agricultural condition. The development permissions were only during the period of restricted to use (1979.12~1993.11). We propose that the authority of development permission should be given to the local autonomy government, because the local government has the knowledge of its individual agricultural conditions.