The objectives of this study were to assess plant growth of the flowering shrub species for adapting to growing on hanging baskets in the vertical greenery system with different cover materials and substrates for low maintenance effectively utilizing rainfall. Water amount taken up by the fabric cover was higher than that by the plastic film cover. Evaporated water amount from the fabric cover was much slower than that from the plastic cover. A higher ratio of hydrophilic polymer to the substrate resulted in higher substrate water content within the same cover material. The relative growth rates of plant height, leaf width and stem diameter were higher when the Cotoneaster horizontal was grown in the vertical greenery system with the fabric cover, whereas the leaf number and survival rate were higher with the plastic film cover. The relative growth rates of plant height, leaf width and leaf number and the survival rate was higher when the Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald n Gold’ was grown in the vertical greenery system with plastic film cover than those with both fabric cover and hydrophilic polymer treatment. In contrast, the stem diameter of Euonymus fortunei ‘Emerald n Gold’ was higher in the plants grown in the vertical greenery system with the fabric cover at a 1.0% ratio of hydrophilic polymer to substrate than that with plastic film cover. The highest stem diameter of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound’ was observed in the plant grown in the vertical greenery system with fabric cover and at a 1.0% ratio of hydrophilic polymer to substrate, while there was no significant difference in the plant height. The leaf number was decreased with increase in the ratio of hydrophilic polymer to substrate, while the leaf width was decreased. The survival rate of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound’ was higher than 80% regardless of treatments. In particular, the highest survival rate was observed in the plastic film cover treatment after overwintering.

Background : Ginseng is mainly grown as a break crop in paddy fields after rice has been cultured for approximately 4 - 5 years, because it reduces the negative effects of continuous rice cropping. However, physiological disorders, such as leaf discoloration, occur in ginseng grown in paddy fields with poor drainage and excessive levels of inorganic components. Methods and Results : This study investigated the effect of ridge height on the growth characteristics and yield of 6 year old Panax ginseng. Ridge height was varied by making 20, 30, and 40 ㎝ high ridges in a pooly drained paddy field. Soil moisture content decreased, while electrical conductivity (EC) as the ridge height increased. The NO3, K, Ca, Mg, and Na levels also rose as ridge height increased, but organic matter and P2O4 levels did not. The leaf discoloration ratio rose as the ridge height increased, and root yield reached a peak when the ridge height was 30 ㎝. Conclusion : A ridge height of 30 ㎝ in poorly drained paddy field improved ginseng growth by reducing leaf discoloration and increasing root survival, owing to more suitable soil moisture and EC levels.

Soil chemical properties in paddy fields were found to be varied depending upon different cultivation methods such as environmentally-friendly, conventional, and two-crop farming systems and different topographical regions, namely plain, middle mountainous, and reclaimed land regions. Overall soil pH was found to be in optimal range (pH 5.5~6.5) for rice cultivation, except with conventional cultiva-tion fields of the reclaimed lands in Jeonnam province. Electrical conductivity (EC) was relatively higher in the two-crop cultivation fields than in others. How-ever, the concentrations of available phosphate as P2O5 were exceptionally higher in the two-crop farming fields, thus in submerged paddy condition the phosphate could be released into streams and rivers. Soil organic matter (SOM) contents were mostly in optimal range (25~30 g kg-1) for paddy field in Jeonbuk province, but in Jeonnam province they were slightly higher values of the range. The concentra-tions of available silicate (SiO2) were mostly depended on the cultivation methods and the region, but some of paddy fields contained extremely high SiO2 concentra-tion. Statistical relationships among the soil chemical properties showed as follows: Correlations between EC values and exchangeable cation concentrations, between SOM contents and CEC values, and between available SIO2 concentrations and pH, EC, exchangeable cations, and CEC values were positively significant, whereas total nitrogen concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the concentrations of exchangeable K and Mg. These results might be very useful to establish benchmark paddy fields contained with certain levels of soil fertility.

Organic ginseng farming has rapidly increased in response to consumer demand for a safe product which improves health. Differences in soil nutrient concentration and ginsenoside content between organic and conventional ginseng farming have, however, not yet been properly studied. Therefore the aim of the present study was to compare soil nutrient concentration and ginsenoside content between these two farming systems. NO3-N, P2O5, and K were significantly different between organic and conventional ginseng farming. The total content of ginsenoside and individual ginsenoside components were higher in organically grown ginseng than in ginseng from conventional farming, although there is no significant difference. Particularly, protopanaxadiol saponins were higher than protopanaxatriol saponins in ginseng from organic farming compared to ginseng produced by conventional farming. NO3-N content in soils showed a negative correlation with the content of ginseno-sides Rb2 and Rd. In addition, P2O5 showed a negative correlation with ginseno-sides Rb1, Rc, and PD/PT ratio. Organic matter showed a positive crrelation with ginsenosides Re. To increase the ginsenoside content of ginseng, we recommend increasing organic matter and decreasing NO3-N and P2O5 contents in the soil.

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

This study firstly provides basic data for selection of cultivatable bioenergy grass in barren reclaimed lands applied with solidified sewage sludge. The experimental plots consisted of a plot containing reclaimed land mixed with solidified sewage sludge (MSS 50), a plot covered by solidified sewage sludge (CSS 100), and an original reclaimed soil plot (ORS). The growth, biomass production of bioenergy grasses and soil chemical properties were investigated in each experimental plot for 5 years. The organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (T-N) content in both MSS 50 and CSS 100 were considerably higher than those in ORS. In bioenergy grasses, M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 showed an excellent growth and adaptability on reclaimed land applied with solidified sewage sludge. The application of solidified sewage sludge may provided soil nutrition in the reclaimed land due to the fact that bioenergy crops grew better in soils applied with solidified sewage sludge than in untreated soils, and treated soils had higher OM and T-N content than untreated soils. This study suggests that M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 is the most suitable biomass feedstock crop for biomass production and that solidified sewage sludge may be used as a soil material

비소의 농도에 따른 봉의꼬리의 생육 반응 및 비소 축적능을 분석하기 위해 As(III)와 As(V)의 농도를 달리하여 봉의꼬리를 12주간 재배하였다. 연구의 결과 비소의 종류에 관계없이 50, 500mg·kg-1 처리구는 비소 무처리구와 생육이 비슷하였으나, 비소의 농도가 증가할수록 초장이 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 비소의 농도를 50, 500mg·kg-1 처리하여 재배한 봉의꼬리 지상부의 비소 축적능은 As(III) 처리구가 각 802.7, 2,956.0mg·kg-1 DW로, As(V) 처리구(622.6, 2,841mg·kg-1 DW)에 비해 높았다. 그러나 고농도 처리구인 1,000과 2,000mg·kg-1에서는 As(V) 처리구(3,883.3, 5,250.6mg·kg-1 DW)에서 As(III) 처리구(3,347.8, 4,272.7 mg·kg-1 DW)에 비해 비소 축적능이 더 우수하였다. 지하부의 축적능은 2,000mg·kg-1 농도 처리구를 제외한 모든 농도에서 sodium arsenate 처리구가 sodium arsenite 처리구에 비해 높았다.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of high temperature and deficit irrigation on growth and yield of hot pepper. Hot pepper was subjected to four irrigation treatments: fully irrigation (FI), 10, 20, and 30 days deficit irrigation (DI) combination with high temperature treatment. Control plants were grown natural environment and conventional culture methods. The plant height treated with high temperature was significantly higher than that of control plant. At FI combination with high temperature treatment, growth parameters such as stem diameter, leaf area, fresh and dry weight were the greatest. The yield was the greatest (2,036 kg/10a) under control, DI combination with high temperature treatment decreased by approximately 42% compare with FI combination with high temperature treatment. The number of abnormal fruits was approximately 38/plant under control, which was the smallest and that of 30 days DI combination with high temperature was higher 3.3 times compare with control. Flower abscission and calcium deficiency induced by DI treatments, especially those physiological disorder promoted by increasing DI treatments period. Results indicated that yield of hot pepper reduced by DI treatments, these results suggest that the growers should irrigate to proper soil moisture for preventing reduction of total fruit yield.

장군광산은 과거 갱도채굴한 폐금속광산으로 위치는 N36° 51'31.59", E129° 03'38.91"에 위치하고 있다. 산사면에 적치해 놓은 광미 적치장은 상부에 오염되지 않은 토양으로 약 20 cm 정도 복토한 후 아카시아를 식재해 놓은 상태이다. 광미 적치장에 식재해 놓은 아카시아는 대략 15년생 정도이다. 광미 적치장에서 채취한 토양시료의 중금속 농도는 As (66.43-9325.34 ㎎/㎏), Cd (0.96-1.09 ㎎/㎏), Cu (16.90-57.60 ㎎/㎏), Pb (57.33-945.67 ㎎/㎏), Zn (154.48-278.61 ㎎/㎏)으로 비오염 토양인 대조군의 As (38.98 ㎎/㎏), Cd (0.42 ㎎/㎏), Cu (10.26 ㎎/㎏), Pb (8.21 ㎎/㎏), Zn (46.74 ㎎/㎏) 보다 훨씬 높다. 가장 오염도가 높은 토양에 식재된 아카시아의 잎에서의 As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn의 농도는 각각 165.95, 0.04, 10.68, 3.18, 48.11 ㎎/㎏이다. 비오염 토양에 식재되어 있는 아카시아의 잎에서의 중금속 농도는 As 1.31㎎/㎏, Cu 3.90 ㎎/㎏, Pb 0.22 ㎎/㎏, Zn 11.01 ㎎/㎏이다. 아카시아에서의 중금속의 농집도는 껍질과 잎에서 높으며 심재와 변재에서 낮은 경향을 나타낸다.

농경지의 볏짚 수거량이 증가하면서 부족한 유기물을 공급하기 위하여 녹비작물을 이용하고 있다. 녹비작물은 유기물공급과 화학비료 대체가 가능한 우수한 유기물원이다. 그러나 농경지에서 분해되는 과정에 메탄을 발생시키기 때문에 메탄발생량을 줄이기 위한 노력이 요구된다. 따라서 논토양에서 녹비작물을 이용할 때 메탄발생량을 줄이기 위하여 경운깊이를 달리하여 시험하였다. 벼 생육기간 중 메탄 발생량은 이앙 후 63일, 74일에 가장 많았고 이앙 후 74일 이후부터 감소되었으며 이앙 후 106일에는 거의 발생되지 않았다. 녹비종류에 따른 메탄발생량은 보리환원구에서 가장 많았고, 그 다음은 헤어리베치, 화학비료 순이었다. 경운 깊이에 따른 메탄발생량은 10 cm경운보다 20 cm로 경운함으로써 화학비료는 22.5%, 헤어리베치 환원구는 12.4%, 보리환원구는 11.7% 감소되었다. 벼 재배기간 동안 대기온도는 30~40℃였고, 지온은 대기온도보다 약 2~10℃정도 낮았다. 산화환원전위(Eh)는 이앙 전 관개를 시작하면서 급격히 토양이 환원되어 (-)값을 나타냈다. 작물 재배기간 동안 산화환원전위차는 –300~-500 mV으로 낮았으며 관개가 중단된 이앙 후 106일 이후에는 다시 급격하게 증가되었다. 쌀 수량은 경운깊이에 따른 차이는 없었으나 녹비작물중에서는 헤어리베치 환원구에서 가장 많았다. 논토양에서 헤어리베치를 이용할 때 20 cm로 경운하여 메탄발생을 효과적으로 줄일 수 있었다.

본 논문은 빈고전주의 음악의 자율성, 보편성에 살진 토양을 마련해준 합스부르크 제국 황 제와 귀족의 음악문화 및 음악후원에 대해 탐구하며, 다음의 결론에 이른다. 합스부르크 제 국의 절대적이고 강력한 유력가들은 정치적, 종교적 목적을 음악후원의 한 기틀로 삼았으나, 동시에 수 세대에 걸쳐 음악을 중요한 정신적 덕목으로 삼으며 전문가적 관심과 방식으로써 다양한 장르의 음악예술을 보호했다. 아울러 ‘옛’ 양식과 ‘현대적’ 양식, ‘옛’ 언어와 ‘현대적’ 언어, 세속적 양식과 종교적 양식이 공존하는 음악, 혼합양식의 음악을 보호, 후원함으로써 보편주의적 음악 상(像)을 구현했다. 이러한 기조 가운데 18세기 중반 황제에서 귀족으로 음 악 문화 및 후원의 주체가 옮겨지고, 이때 귀족들은 후원자를 넘어 동료로서 동시대와 미래 를 주도할 음악에 발전의 동력을 마련해주었다. 과거 유산들의 시대 초월적 의미마저 발견해 내 독창적 작곡가들에게 알린 이들의 공적은 음악예술의 자율성과 보편적 가치 실현을 위한 중요한 밑거름이 되었다. 논문투고일자

현재 우리나라 인산제조시설에서 인산부산석고는 매년 150만 톤 정도 발생하는 것으로 추정되며, 발생량의 약 15% 정도는 시멘트 응결지연제, 석고보드, 기능성 비료 등 제한적으로 재활용되어 왔다. 그러나 대부분의 인산석고는 인산제조시설 인근에 있는 인산석고적치장에 장기 적치되어 시설관리비용만 연간 수십억 원이 들어가고 있으며, 강풍, 강우 등 자연재해가 발생할 경우 적치된 인산석고가 주변 토양, 바다, 지하수, 하천 등으로 유출될 수 있다. 또한 인산석고 적치장에서 근무하는 작업자의 건강에도 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 상향류 컬럼통수시험(Up-flow percolation test)을 이용하여 환경성 평가방법을 정립하고, 토양혼합비를 50%까지 증가했을 때 용출농도에 따른 환경영향 및 현장시공 시 문제점을 검토하고자 하였다. 폐인산석고는 인산석고 적치장에서 충분히 혼합하여 건조한 다음 컬럼에 토양과 폐인산석고를 50:50으로 혼합한 후, 일반토양 충진컬럼(대조시료)과 일반토양과의 층상혼합(50:50(w/w))과 균질혼합(50:50(w/w))하여 충진한 컬럼(대상시료)실험 2가지를 수행하였다. 증류수를 60 mL/h, 선속도 15±2 cm/d, 고액비 0.1~10 L/kg로 흘려 10 Cycles을 받아 시험액으로 조제하여 분석하였다. 조사항목은 pH, 전기전도도, 중금속류(칼슘, 마그네슘, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비소 등 유해물질), 이온물질 (불소이온, 질산성질소이온, 염소이온, 황산염이온 등)을 폐기물공정시험기준을 참고하여 토양 깊이별로 시료를 채취한 후 분석하였다. 폐인산석고 혼합비와 매립방식 관련 상향류 컬럼통수시험(Up-flow percolation test) 결과, 시간에 따라 pH는 약간 증가하고, 전기전도도는 감소하는 특성을 보였고, 중금속 용출농도는 시간에 따라 칼슘농도는 완전혼합방식이 층상혼합방식보다 농도증가가 더 높게 나타나는 경향을 보이며, 대부분 유해중금속 농도는 미량으로 검출되었다. 불소이온은 시간에 따라 증가하고 혼합방식에 따라 농도차이가 나타났으나 황산염이온은 감소하는 경향을 보이며 혼합방식에 따른 차이는 크지 않았다.