In this study, we investigated and analyzed the registration, sales and regulatory management system of in vitro diagnostic veterinary medical reagents (IVDVMRs) in Korea. The registration of IVDVMRs has gradually increased since 2000, and total of 233 products from 58 companies were registered from 1975 to 2014. The market size of IVDVMRs is estimated to be approximately 12 billion Won per year from 2011 to 2013: the export sales and proportion was estimated to be 36.8% as 4.4 billion Won in 2013. Of these products, the ranking of the sales were canine heartworm, bovine tuberculosis, swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, canine distemper+adenovirus+parvovirus disease, foot and mouth disease, etc. In vitro diagnostic human medical reagents were diverted biological medicine from the medical devices by the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law Enforcement Regulations in 2014 in Korea. In contrast, in vitro diagnostic devices for animal were still managed as medical devices and biological medicines, respectively. The diagnostic reagents for infectious diseases have neither classification nor grade systems. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) requirements on IVDVMRs were also exempted from the current system. This study suggested that the registration of the IVDVMRs has increased since 2005, and regulations of these devices should be improved for the effective operating system.

Korea is a relative newcomer in the global medical tourism market. The reported success from of forerunners including Thailand and Singapore inspired Korea to consider medical tourism as a path toward economic development. In a time of economic recession, medical tourism presented opportunities to create jobs and generate revenue. After the Korean government designated medical tourism as a new growth engine in 2009, several actions including allocation of revenue, enactment of promotional law, and establishment of specialist committees were taken. In 2007, 16,000 foreign patients were treated in Korea, generating US$68 million in revenue. By 2013 this number had risen to over 210,000 patients, contributing revenue of US$390 million. The Korean government has set a target of treating over 1 million patients by 2020. Competitors including Thailand, Singapore, and India take a large fraction of the Asian medical tourism market and are continuously innovating medical tourism services and seeking to improve delivery. New entrants such as Japan are also attempting to achieve a share of the market. Furthermore, the rapid development of medical technology and changing customer generate market turbulence. In order to gain a competitive advantage in this highly turbulent market, countries need to differentiate their destination brand identity from others in the market. This involves medical tourism products providing unique values to the customers being developed and advertised. Such a context increasingly requires medical tourism industry competitors to consider marketing perspectives and skills. Marketing in the healthcare field has a relatively short history and was traditionally strictly regulated, emerging as an important tool for creating competitiveness in the healthcare field from the early 1980s (Thomas, 2010). The challenge is clear for the Korean medical tourism industry – ensuring a trajectory of growth in medical tourism requires innovative marketing campaigns. Many hospitals and clinics have developed medical tourism products and actively advertised them to target nations. The Korean government has sought to establish a favorable environment for promoting medical tourism, with actions ranging from de-regulation to allow medical institutions to undertake marketing activities targeted at foreign patients, to hosting global conferences and exhibitions. Korea also undertook a thorough review of the marketing activities of its competitors. This presentation aims to identify the marketing actions undertaken by both the Korean government and medical institutions within Korea, using it as a case to highlight the broader issues concerning the marketing of medical tourism within a regional and global marketplace. Medical tourism marketing within Korea is analyzed using the 7 Ps of marketing mix. The longstanding marketing mix framework consisting of 4 Ps was criticized as an inappropriate tool for healthcare field. The framework’s elaboration by Tracy (2014) suggested the 7 Ps – product, price, people, packaging, positioning, place, and promotion. The 7 Ps of marketing mix must be systematically reviewed, managed and coordinated. Without a vision and blueprint, marketing activities surrounding 7 Ps will be undertaken separately and sporadically. Attention to coordinating seven elements of marketing mix will ensure the most effective allocation of limited marketing resources. Marketing has the capacity to increase competitive edge. However such marketing can be a financial drain, providing a poor return on investment as measured by tourist spending per advertisement dollar. Inefficiencies, poor positioning, and misuse of channels can lead to poor returns of investment and these questions must be asked at the organizational level of providers as well as the state level and national approaches.

Through the inspector's real name to improve the quality of inspection is to show the design Radiological examination pursuant to the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare for patient safety in the Image. However, the use of existing and in EMR, equipment within the handwriting input, the individual initial use has a problem. In this study, increasing the stability of the patient and the precise inspection, In order to increase the efficiency and convenience than the real-name system for quality control inspectors of medical equipment, Using the EMR and PACS developed and applied to evaluate the usefulness of automatic enrollment. Enter your information in the EMR, which was developed markers that inspectors use to compare the before and after images PACS satisfaction. Convenience than using traditional, consistency, the entry of the missing were higher as a statistically significant difference. A test strip automatic enrollment programs are developed in this study. You can increase the stability of the patient by checking the image to show the real tester, we expect the quality of care would be improved.

목 적: 저시력자의 연령과 성별을 포함한 일반적인 특성과 의료이용에 관한 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 방 법: 한국의료패널 자료를 이용하여 2010년 17,885명과 2011년 17,035명을 대상자로 하였다. 저시력 자의 일반적인 특성은 성별, 연령, 결혼유무, 가구 소득수준, 교육수준, 의료보험의 종류와 경제활동 유무를 조사하였다. 의료이용 현황으로는 응급실과 입원 유무, 국공립 여부와 의료기관의 종류에 대해 파악하였다. 또한 저시력자들이 생각하는 의료서비스 체계에 대한 전반적인 만족도와 문제점을 분석하였다. 결 과: 저시력자는 남자가 44.7%, 여자가 55.3%였고(p=0.944), 연령대별로는 0~20세 미만이 22.2%, 20~29세가 5.2%, 30~39세가 4.7%, 40~49세가 4.1%, 50~59세가 21.6%, 60~69세가 17.5% 그리고 70세 이상이 24.7%를 보였다(p=0.022). 가구소득에 따른 저시력자는 하위 1분위수와 2분위수가 각각 31.3%와 30.1%로 가구소득이 낮을수록 저시력자가 많이 발생하였다(p=0.001). 저시력자들의 의료이용에 대한 현황은 1년에 평균 2.48번의 외래를 방문하였고, 10.9%가 응급실을 이용하였다. 의료서비스 체계에 대하여 저시력자들은 69.7%가 잘 작동하고 있다고 응답하였고, 국가전체의 의료비 지출과 긴 대기시간을 현재 보건의료 체계의 문제점으로 들었다. 결 론: 소득수준이 낮을 경우와 70세 이상의 노인층과 함께 젊은 연령층에서도 저시력의 발생이 높은 것 으로 나타났다. 따라서 이들의 의료접근성을 높이기 위해서 의료이용 양상의 결정요인에 대한 파악이 필요 할 것으로 생각된다.

With the rapid development of society, the additional requirements of life quality are progressively increasing. The world medical market is the world’s fastest growing with greatest potential and cause the attention of people. Especially South Korea is the world leader in Medical industry tourism in the world. Foreigners come to South Korea to do the various types of medical surgery are gradually increase, particularly in Chinese people. The subject of this study was the Chinese home page. The researcher collected Chinese translation problems in these sites and hope to improve the quality of related sites. So that To provide a good information environment for Chinese medical tourists, but also hope that Chinese websites can well play a role in outreach.

서론 : 본 연구는 국내 작업치료사의 인력현황, 작업치료사의 직무와 법적 영역간 차이, 작업치료 의료보험 수가 체계 현황, 국내외 작업치료 보험수가 현황 비교를 통해 국내 작업치료 수가 체계의 문제점을 분석 하고 작업치료 보험수가의 개정방향과 그 근거 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 본론 : 국내 작업치료사 인력 현황 조사를 통해 양적인 배출과 함께 질적인 관리 및 제도적 지원 체계가 필요하며 작업치료사의 직무와 법적 영역간 비교를 통해 작업치료 직무수행을 제한하는 보험체계 및 관 련법 개정이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. ‘작업치료’라는 학문명을 보험수가 행위명으로 사용함으로써 나타나는 문제, 업무범위 제한의 문제, 재활서비스 치료 전문 영역간 불균형, 상대가치수가 불균형 문제 등을 확인하였고 한국, 미국 그리고 일본의 작업치료 보험수가 현황 비교를 통해 국내만이 유일하게 작업치료사에게 재활치료 행위 자격을 엄격하게 제한하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 작업치료 보험수가는 작업치료사의 직무를 반영하지 못하고 있으므로 국제적인 행위 분류 기준에 따 른 수가체계 개정이 필요하다. 일부과로 한정되어 있는 작업치료 처방권은 작업 수행영역에 문제가 있는 다양한 질환 대상자로의 진료과 확대가 필요하다. 또한 물리치료 중심의 재활보험 수가 체계를 형평성 있게 개정하고 작업치료 보험수가의 상대 가치 점수의 현실화가 필요하다. 향후 국내 작업치료 보험수가 체계의 법률적·제도적 개정을 통해 국민의 건강 및 삶의 질 향상에 작업치료사의 기여를 기대하는 바이다.

The effective use of disinfection and sterilization is important in preventing healthcare associated infections. Especially, multi-drug resistant organism and spore-forming bacteria are serious pathogens. Therefore, control of a nosocomial infection is emerging as a big problem. It is efficiently necessary to eliminate the pathogen. In this study, the components of sterilant were optimized. The optimized sterilant was applied for efficiency of sterilization using G. stearothermophilus E. coli, S. aureus as a standard microorganism. Our results were shown as follows : The decomposition or loss of potency of sterilant in small containers did not appeared for one month at ambient temperature. All of hydrogen peroxide 0.5%, peracetic acid 0.01%, and IPA 60% was effective for sterilization of E. coli, S. aureus using dilution method. Two kinds of sterilants(hydrogen peroxide 2%+peracetic acid 0.1%+IPA 0.5%, hydrogen peroxide 4%+peracetic acid 0.06%+IPA 1%) were bacteriocidal(> 6 log reduction). Microorganisms(E. coli, S. aureus) which treated with these sterilants for 2min were not grown in LB broth at 7 days culture. The gas plasma system for sterilization was applied. The sterilant solution(hydrogen peroxide 20%+IPA 5%) was vaporized in the sterilization chamber. The vaporized sterilant was bacteriocidal and sporocidal(> 6 log reduction) using G. stearothermophilus E. coli, S. aureus as biological indicators

정보통신 기술과 건강관리에 대한 관심이 증대 됨에 따라 모바일 헬스 산업의 발전이 이루어지며 의료관련 모바일 앱들의 개발이 활발하게 이루어 지고 있다. 의료관련 모바일 앱의 규제방법을 알 리기 위해 미국의 식품의약품안정청과 우리나라 의 식품의약품안정처에서는 모바일 의료용 앱 지 침을 공개하였고, 미국의 경우, 지침에 대한 여러 논의와 개정제안이 이루어졌는데 의료관련 모바 일 앱의 규제 강화 혹은 완화에 초점이 맞추어져 있었다. 양국의 지침과, 의료관련 모바일 앱의 사 례를 통해 의료관련 모바일 앱의 시판후 감시 또 한 중요하고 개선이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 의료관련 모바일 앱을 위한 품질관리 기준이 마련 되어야 하며, 의료관련 모바일 앱을 위한 별도의 모바일 앱 스토어 개발과 모바일 앱 스토어의 리 뷰시스템을 활용한 감시가 도움이 될 것이다.

This study is performed to determine the priorites of the evaluation factors for the improvement of fire emergency medical service by increasing it’s efficiency to protect the people’s lives effectively, and by recognizing it’s mid-long term development. Based on the output of the analysis, the critical evaluation factors of the fire emergency medical services to be improved shall be identified, and shall be intended to use strategically for increasing the efficiency of all the activity in the EMT service, and also for providing the basic date to product and manage the good quality services. To calculate the priority of the evaluation factor for each level as shown on this study, AHP(anaysis hierarchy process) with pairwise comparison method is applied. According to the priority analysis for the evaluation factors in main category (evaluation zone), ‘medical service professional aspect’ is recognized as highest one, and ‘service infrastructure aspect, ‘service management aspect’ are indicated in order. According to the priority analysis for the evaluation factors in evaluation index, ‘professional personal arrangement’ in the service infrastructure aspect, ‘appropriateness and timeliness of emergency medical care’ in the medical service professional aspect, and ‘clinical training’ in the service management aspect are respectively recognized as most important factors.

검사자 실명제를 통하여 검사의 질적 수준을 높이기 위하여 보건복지부령 제 3조 1 항 중 [1. 운용인력기준-방사선사-전속 1인]으로 되어 있으며, 보건복지부령 제 5조 제 2항<개정 2011.6.27 > 중 [다. 유방촬영용 장치-촬영표지-9.촬영자 성명(기호)]에 검사 자인 방사선사를 표시하도록 되어 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 검사자 실명제를 효율성, 신뢰성, 편의성을 보다 높이기 위하여 EMR과 PACS를 이용하여 자동 등록 프로그램 을 개발하여 적용하였다. 2013년 3월~4월까지 특수의료장비를 운용하는 방사선사 총 55명을 대상으로 검사자의 영상 입력 방법에 대해 타당성 및만족도 조사를 시행하였 으며, 프로그램개발은 2013년 4월부터 12월까지 비쥬얼베이직 6.0 Version(VB6)을 이 용하여 의료영상정보시스템(PACS)과 병원정보시스템을 연동하는 프로그램을 구현하 였다. 프로그램 개발은 검사실 등록은 획득서버에서의 [Description Name]을 Text로 변환한 것이며, 방사선사 등록은 인사 D/B에서 ‘RT’로 등록되어 있는 사번과 한글이 름을 연동시켰으며, 검사 후 DICOM 파일을 획득 할 때 DICOM Tag 값인 [0x00081070]에 Value 값을 RIS에서 가지고 온 방사선사 사번이 입력되도록 획득서버 의 "Edit Value", Trim(Right(cmbGisa.Text, 6))]에 직접 입력시켰다. 사용 전후 만족 도를 시행한 결과 편의성, 일치성, 누락에서 모두 개발된 프로그램이 만족도가 통계적 으로 유의한 차이로 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발한 검사자 자동 등록 프로그램은 실제 검사자를 영상에 보여주게 함으로써 환자의 검사 안정성을 높일 수 있으며, 의료 의 질적 수준을 높일 수 있을 거라 기대한다.

We performed the quantitative analysis using MATLAB for slice thickness, spatial resolution, and low contrast resolution with the 50 received images which have suitable judgement by scanning AAPM phantom using GE, PHILIPS, SIEMENS, and TOSHIBA. Slice thickness and spatial resolution were measured by using full width at half maximum(below FWHM). Spatial resolution was confirmed that FWHM interval more than 1.0 mm size. Low contrast resolution was measured that how close by using Roundness Index(below RI) until 6.4 mm size. The spatial resolution 9 images and low contrast resolution 10 images which have disapproved judgement were also had the quantitative analysis. The statistic analysis was judged to have statistically significant differences when p-value is less than 0.05 through SPSS statistics 19.0 and T-test (paired t-test). For slice thickness 5 mm, the average qualitative evaluation group shows 4.98 mm and quantitative evaluation group shows 5.02. For slice thickness 10 mm, the average qualitative evaluation group shows 9.98 mm and quantitative evaluation group shows 9.86. No significant differences (p=0.07, p=0.06) with 5 mm and 10 mm. It confirmed the interval for all FWHM until 1.75, 1.50, 1.25, 1.00 mm as approved images on spatial resolution ,and the average distance was 0.102 mm and the minimum distance 0.054 mm. For disapproved images, all interval was not showed under 1.00 mm. For low contrast resolution, spproved image’s RI value shows average 0.81 and minimum 0.77. The disapproved image’s RI average shows 0.70. Statiscally significant differences were presented (all p<0.05) following hole size.

General end-mill is considered and chosen by kinds and properties of material before machining, but in case of orthopedic surgery, cutting performance of orthopedic end-mill must be always best because bone condition is checked after operative preparation including skin incision. Generally hard metal end-mill is used for high cutting performance in industrial fields. To apply hard metal end-mill to robotic orthopedic surgery, prototypes with STS are manufactured and tested for determining proper number of flutes and helix angle, additionally proper overhang length of end-mill from sleeve end was determined by checking deflection under cutting load and critical speed using FEM program. As a result helix angle, blade number and overhang length are determined as 45∘, 3, 7cm respectively.

The purpuse of this study is to find factors on the recognition by people involved in occupational safety and health of KOSHA 18001, the need of KOSHA 18001 certification, and the compliance by each medical institution with KOSHA 18001 review standards to help medical institutions introduce and use OSHMS. There was a survey of people involved in occupational safety and health at 300 local general hospitals with 100 or more beds that were registered with the Korean Hospital Association in 2012. The survey included the recognition of KOSHA 18001, the need of certification and the compliance by medical institutions of the occupational safety and health. A total of 132 people responded, of which an analysis of 126 cases was conducted except 6 cases poor in information.

As the number of medical tourist continues to increase over the last decade, there is an emergent need to manage the medical tourism market. However, there is a lack of hard evidence to support growth in future. Thus, this research is to investigate the effect of perceived risk on the actual service experiences of medical tourists. The data was collected from 153 foreign patients who were admitted to the hospital between August and November, 2013 at four tertiary general hospitals and one general hospital, in either Seoul or Incheon. For the statistical analysis of data, hierarchical multiple regression analysis were implemented. The major results of this study are as follows: First, foreign patients chose word-of-mouth as the major information source for the purchase decision and also as the main method to reduce risk. Second, a positive attitude toward medical tourism significantly influenced on the perceived service quality. Third, perceived risk on through all purchase stages negatively influenced on perceived risk. In "pre-visit" stage, patients perceived more risks for financing and making an uncertain decision. Meanwhile, in "during-stay" stage, culture related(food, cultural differences and communication) and finance related(additional cost) were indicated as the major factors. For "post-discharge" stage, the medical side(recovery pain, side effect & complication) and the financial side(whole time and money invested, cost for follow-up care) were ranked in the top groups. Fourth, the risk reduction in the "pre-visit" stage significantly influenced on perceived service quality compared to other stages. This indicates that foreign patients perceive a high quality of service if they do more risk reduction activities before visiting the destination. The major risk reduction methods included gathering advice of friends and family, consulting with expert, direct trial and collecting information through formal source. The implications as follows were drawn from the results of this study. First, hospitals participating in medical tourism services should use experienced patients as marketers and the stories of their experiences as marketing tools. Second, the hospitals or governments should advertise both the excellence of the medical service and the subsidiary benefits of medical tourism. Third, reducing perceived risk of medical tourists should be managed in advance. Fourth, risk reduction activities should be induced before the patients visit.

This study aims to explore the effect of three factors of Servicescape on customers’ emotion, perceived quality and image. The proposed model was tested in medical tourism context in Portugal, using a sample of 332 fully completed questionnaires. Findings reveal that ambient and design are the most important factors in formation Servicescape itself. Servicescape is an effective antecedent of customer image, perceived quality and pleasure-feeling. Finally, the article also provides managerial implications and suggests avenues for further research.

Research on medical tourism (MT) has focused more attention on the growing supply side of the market than the demand side (Gan & Frederick, 2013). There is a need therefore for more research to better understand the demand aspects of this growing industry. Most of the research on MT consumers focuses on two main factors for deciding to travel abroad for medical care: cost and quality of the service (Gan & Frederick, 2013; Lunt et al., 2011). Since both outcome and process healthcare service quality (SQ) remain a concern for medical tourists (Gan & Frederick, 2013; Lunt et al., 2011), it is important to understand medical tourists’ perceptions of their international patient experience. This study aims to investigate this topic, and address the demand side research gap, by content analyzing the online testimonials of medical tourists, who traveled to Thailand for medical care, through a SQ lens. By doing so, this research strives to provide a first-person perspective of Thailand’s MT SQ. No other studies in the MT literature have been identified that used this approach to investigate MT SQ.