범용유한요소프로그램인 Abaqus의 확장유한요소법(XFEM)의 사용성 검증을 위하여 2차원 모델에 적용하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 기존의 연구에 많이 사용되었던 응집요소(cohesive element) 모델은 균열 경로를 예측하고 요소를 삽입하여야 하는 단점 때문에 실제 균열을 모사하는데 한계가 있다. 이러한 이유로 응력의 방향성 및 특이성을 바탕으로 균열의 경로를 예측하는 확장유한요소법(XFEM)이 균열 해석에 있어서 더 발전된 방법으로 이용되어 왔다. 이번 연구에서는 균열의 경로가 자명한 2차원 모델에 사용하여 응집요소해석과 XFEM에 응집요소의 물성을 적용한 해석을 비교하고 XFEM 적용의 타당성을 확인하였다. 수치해석으로 균열 발생 직전의 응력분포 및 응력 특이성을 확인하고 실제 균열 발생경로와의 비교를 한다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 몇 가지의 한계를 극복하면 실제 복잡한 모델의 실제 균열진전해석을 수행하여 균열을 모사할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
The main function of the general hospital building is to provide medical facilities and service. However, damage to the non-structural elements such as architectural, medical, mechanical and other components will interrupt those functions after the earthquake. Especially, it is considered that, damage to the non-structural elements is a serious event because it is directly associated with the lives of patients. Therefore, this study evaluated whether the certain non-structural elements of general hospital building has the seismic performance to provide hospital medical services after the earthquake. The evaluation is conducted by selecting the non-structural elements used in general hospital which are sensitive to acceleration, such as cooling towers, air handler, MRI and CT. As a result, the non-structural elements located on the upper floor without suitable support method did not meet the performance objective. Therefore, adequate anchorage against the seismic event is required for such non-structural elements that are acceleration-sensitives.
During the 1950s, the North Koreans rebuilt their capital—Pyongyang—as a modern city under the principle of Soviet urban design. One North Korean architect, Kim Jung-hee, has been widely credited since the late 1980s as the master architect of the General Plan of the city’s reconstruction. While Kim Jung-hee played a crucial role in its reconstruction, his heroic image as the founding architect of Pyongyang is considerably attributed to North Korea’s mythical narratives rather than his historical activities. This paper argues that Pyongyang’s postwar urban design was not a work made by a single actor, Kim Jung-hee; rather, it was a long-term collaborative project in which a team of North Korean architects and Soviet technical advisors took their respective roles. Beginning in the late 1980s, North Korea, which had been struggling with economic decline and an increasing sense of lagging behind in its rivalry with its Southern counterpart, used heroic narratives during the 1950s’ postwar reconstruction period as an important propaganda tool for their regime. In this mythical narrative of Pyongyang’s reconstruction, massive economic and technical aid from other communist countries has often disappeared, and the memory of the architects who contributed greatly to the reconstruction but later purged in North Korea have also completely vanished. Kim Jung-hee, meanwhile, remained in this epic as the founding architect who rebuilt the city in faithful accordance with the leadership of Kim Il Sung.
목적 : 본 연구는 일반 대중들을 대상으로 작업치료에 대한 인지도 조사를 실시하여 국내 작업치료 인지도 현실을 파악하고 이에 따른 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 광주・전남지역의 인구 밀집지역에서 불특정 일반 대중을 무작위 선정하여 설문조사에 동의한 2,980명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 설문은 먼저 피설문자에게 작업치료에 대해 들어보았거나 알고 있다고 대답한 경우 다음 설문을 진행하고 모르겠다고 대답한 경우에는 설문자가 조사용지에 체크한 후 설문을 종료하였다. 설문내용은 작업치료에 대한 일반적인 인지도 4문항과 작업치료 필요성 4문항으로 구성하여 배포 및 회수하였다. 자료 분석은 설문에 불성실하게 응답한 13부를 제외한 최종 2,967부를 분석하였다. 결과 : 작업치료에 대해 들어보았거나 알고 있다는 응답은 252명(8.5%), 그렇지 않다는 2,715명(91.5%)이었다. 연령대와 직업에 따른 작업치료 인지유무는 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p<.001)를 보였으며 인지한다고 응답한 252명 중 20대(28.6%)와 학생(41.7%)의 인지도가 다른 군에 비해 높았다. 작업치료가 우리생활에 필요한지에 대해서는 215명(85.3%)이 필요하다고 응답하였으며 향후 작업치료의 전망에 대해서는 5점 척도에서 평균 3.73±.75점으로 상당히 높은 평가결과를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구결과 최근 작업치료분야가 예전에 비해 점차 확대되고 있는 상황이지만 아직까지는 인지도가 낮음을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과가 향후 작업치료 인지도 개선을 위한 방향설정과 인지도 제고를 위한 정책수립의 기초자료로 유용하게 활용될 것을 희망한다.
As the excavated costumes from the unknown tomb of the Joseon Dynasty were unearthed, estimating the age of the costumes became very important. This research investigat and estimates the age of the excavated costumes from Couple`s Tomb for Lee General in Seosan, Chung-nam. By inspecting and analyzing the costumes, the features can be compared with other similar costumes that have been excavated from other tombs. The result of this study is as follows: First, the period with dopo, cheolrik, jungchimak, and baji for females among the relics of General Lee can be estimated. For dopo, there are morphometric features such as the shape of moo; for cheolrik, there is a ratio of top and bottom; for jungchimak, there is a ratio of width of arm and skit and a ratio of side tim, total length, etc. By comparing relics of same period, it can be estimated to be from the late 16 century around the Japanese invasion of Korea to the early 17 century. Second, the period with jangui and jeogori among the relics of Couple's Tomb for General Lee can be estimated. By comparing jangui with the arm and width of sleeves, and by comparing jeogori and the shape of the collar, arm, length, etc., with other relics identical to the period, it can be estimated to be from the late 16 century around the Japanese invasion of Korea, which is a similar date to the one with the husband to the early 17 century.
Controversy has surrounded the potential impacts of phytoplankton on the tropical climate, since climate models produce diverse behaviors in terms of the equatorial mean state and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude. We explored biophysical impacts on the tropical ocean temperature using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a biogeochemistry model in which chlorophyll can modify solar attenuation and in turn feed back to ocean physics. Compared with a control model run excluding biophysical processes, our model with biogeochemistry showed that subsurface chlorophyll concentrations led to an increase in sea surface temperature (particularly in the western Pacific) via horizontal accumulation of heat contents. In the central Pacific, however, a mild cold anomaly appeared, accompanying the strengthened westward currents. The magnitude and skewness of ENSO were also modulated by biophysical feedbacks resulting from the chlorophyll affecting El Niño and La Niña in an asymmetric way. That is, El Niño conditions were intensified by the higher contribution of the second baroclinic mode to sea surface temperature anomalies, whereas La Niña conditions were slightly weakened by the absorption of shortwave radiation by phytoplankton. In our model experiments, the intensification of El Niño was more dominant than the dampening of La Niña, resulting in the amplification of ENSO and higher skewness.
This study, analyzed the general and minerals composition of kamut and investigated its effect on blood components in mice fed a high fat diet. The content of each general component of kamut was as follows: 11.02±0.75% water, 13.16 ±1.28% crude protein, 1.85±0.19% crude fat, and 1.97±0.13% ash. The leptin level was the highest in the HF group(30.00± 0.00 ng/mL) when compared to the control group. There was a significant decrease of 23.65±5.54 ng/mL in the HFK group when compared to the HF group (p<0.05). The blood LDL-cholesterol concentration was the lowest in the control group at 10.00±2.00 mg/dL. The level was highest in the HF group at 28.00±0.00 mg/dL when compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The aspartate transaminase (AST) level was significantly higher in the HFK group (179.33±173.88 U/L) than in the control (61.00±12.73 U/L) and HF groups (132.00±0.00 U/L). According to the results of this study, the consumption of kamut lowers the blood LDL-cholesterol level more than the consumption of wheat flour. Additionally, kamut contains antioxidant substances such as selenium and zinc, which are thought to contribute to vascular health and thus aid in maintaining good health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a variety of health foods using kamut; it should be used as a functional food for the maintenance of good health.
이 연구는 해결중심 집단상담이 일반 고등학교 학생의 스트레스 대처와 자아존중감에 미치는 효과를 알아보고 현장 적용가능성을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. D광역시 소재 일반 고등학교 학생 16명을 대상으 로 통제집단과 실험집단에 각각 8명씩 무선배치하고 해결중심 집단상담을 주 1회, 회기별로 90분씩, 총 6회기에 걸쳐 진행하였다. 통제집단과 실험집단에 각각 사전, 사후 스트레스 대처능력과 자아존중감 정도 를 측정하고 수집된 자료는 공변량분석(ANCOVA)을 실시하였으며, 참여자의 자기평가 기록지와 면담 및 연구자의 관찰결과를 종합적으로 분석하여 최종 결론을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 해결중심 집단상담에 참여한 학생들은 통제집단 학생들에 비해 스트레스 대처능력, 자아존중감이 모두 유의하게 향상되었다. 이 연구는 청소년기 신체적 변화는 물론, 입시 경쟁, 진로문제, 교우관계 및 가치관의 혼란 등 다양한 원인으로 인한 스트레스를 경험하고 있는 고등학생들에게 학교 현장에서 단기 해결중심 집단상담을 적용하여 학생들이 자신의 강점을 인식하고 이를 통해 문제를 해결하도록 도와줌으로써 바람직한 스트레스 대처와 자아존중감 향상을 극대화하도록 하는데 의의가 있다.
오늘날 새로운 지도 제작 기술을 도입하여 저비용으로 개인 용도에 맞는 촉지도를 제작할 수 있는 지도 제작 방식에 대한 연구가 증가하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 지도와 점역에 대한 지식이 없는 일반인이 촉지도를 제작할 수 있는 촉지도 자동제작 시스템의 구현 방안을 제안한다. 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 연속수치지도 기반의 지리정보 데이터베이스를 활용하여 지도용 자료를 구축한다. 그리고 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 촉지도 디자인 기능을 웹 환경에서 제공하는데, 지도 요소 및 지도 기호 디자인 규칙은 국내의 점자지도 제작규정을 준수한다. 마지막으로, 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 빠르고 쉽게 촉지도를 인쇄할 수 있는 장비를 채택하여 지도 제작자가 소량의 개인용 촉지도를 제작할 수 있도록 지원한다. 온라인 지도 서비스 기반의 지도 제작 방식이 개인용 지도 제작의 확산에 기여한 것처럼, 촉지도 자동 제작 시스템은 개인용 촉지도 제작에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.
The aim this study was to examine the effect of general squat and wall squat exercises on the muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL), and the muscle activity of the VMO and VL during squat exercises depending on the flexion angle of the knee joint. Thirty adults in their 20s participated in the study, and subjects were divided into the general squat group, and the wall squat group, and their electromyographic (EMG) was monitored and collected during squat exercises. The muscle activity of the VL during squat exercises was compared between the two groups, and that of the wall squat group was higher than that of the general squat group, indicate a statistically significant difference (p<.05). The muscle activity of the VMO of the wall squat group was also higher than that of the general squat group, indicate a statistically significant difference (p<.05). The muscle activity depending on the angle of the knee joint was compared between the two groups, and that of the VL showed a statistically significant difference between different angles of the knee joint (p<.05). That of the VMO also showed a statistically significant difference between different angles of the knee joint (p<.05). The findings of the present study suggest that wall squat is more effective in improving the muscular strength of the VL and VMO than general squat, and that maintaining the angle of the knee joint at 60° is more effective in improving the muscular strength than maintaining it at 15° or 45°
Pigs have been extensively used as mediators of xenotransplantation research. Specifically, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) miniature pig was developed to fix major histocompatibility antigens for use in xenotransplantation studies. We generated transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation using MGH pigs. However, it has not been studied yet whether these pigs show similarity of reproductive physiological characteristics to wild types of MGH miniature pig. In this study we analyzed the estrous cycles and pregnancy characteristics of wild type (WT) and transgenic MGH miniature pigs, which were α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) heterozygous and homozygous knock-out, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) inserted in its locus, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs. Estrous cycles of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 20.9±0.74, 20.1±1.26, and 17.3±0.87 days, respectively, and periods of estrous were 3.2±0.10, 3.1±0.12, and 3.1±0.11 days. The periods of gestation of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 114.2±0.37, 113.3±0.67, and 115.4±0.51 days, respectively. Litter sizes of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 4.8±0.35, 4.8±1.11 and 3.0±0.32 respectively. There were no significant differences on estrous cycle, periods of estrous and gestation, and litter size among WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs, meaning that GalT knock-out and additional expression MCP of the MGH miniature pig did not effect on reproduction traits. These results provide relevant information to establish breeding system for MGH transgenic pig, and for propagation of GalT-MCP/-MCP pig to supply for xenotransplantation research.
This study examined the relationship between reading and vocabulary within general and academic context. Forty-seven Korean EFL university students who participated in this research were given a reading comprehension test of general and academic topics. Also, vocabulary tests were conducted to measure the students’ size of vocabulary and their knowledge of general and academic words. The results revealed different findings for each type of vocabulary and reading. First, learners’ size of vocabulary significantly predicted reading comprehension, but the predictive power of academic vocabulary was stronger than vocabulary size. Second, general reading comprehension showed a similar result with the overall reading comprehension score in that academic vocabulary made a stronger contribution than vocabulary size. Finally, a different result was found for academic reading comprehension, and students’ size of vocabulary rather than academic vocabulary was the only significant predictor. The results indicate the different characteristics of general and academic reading, which implicates that each type of reading should be taught in a different manner.
The building which are essential for disaster recovery is classified as a special seismic use group. Especially, achievement of seismic performance is very important for the hospital, so the hospital should be able to maintain its function during and right after an earthquake without significant damage on both structural and non-structural elements. Therefore, this study aimed at checking the seismic performance of a hospital building, but which was limited to structural elements. For the goal, a plan with a configuration of general hospitals in Korea was selected and designed by two different seismic-force-resisting systems. In analytical modeling, the shear behavior of the wall was represented by three inelastic properties as well as elastic. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of structural members. The result showed that the performance of shear walls in the hospital buildings was not satisfied regardless of the seismic-force-resisting systems, while the demands on the beams and columns did not exceed the capacities. This is the result of only considering the shear of the wall as the force-controlled action. When the shear of the wall was modeled as inelastic, the walls were yielded in shear, and as the result, the demands for frames were increased. However, the increase did not exceed the capacities of the frames members. Consequently, since the performance of walls is significant to determine the seismic performance of a hospital building, it will be essential to establish a definite method of modeling shear behavior of walls and judging their performance.
Pig has been known to be one of the most feasible animals as a bioreactor to produce pharmaceuticals in milk and as a mediator in xenotransplantation research. Previously, we generated transgenic pigs for both purposes, which were expressing Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, and hEPO in milk, along with expression of MCP at GalT gene locus (GalT-MCP/-MCP) as well as expressing MCP at GalT gene loci with CD73 expression (GalT-MCP/+/CD73). In this study, we performed comparative analyses of sperm parameters between wild type male (WT) pig and those transgenic males to examine the effects of transgenes integrated into the pigs on motility, morphology, viability, and acrosome integrity of the spermatozoa. Our results showed that the rates of actively motile spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, GalT-MCP/+/CD73, and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 85.0%, 83.3%, 82.5%, 83.3%, 82.5%, 77.5%, and 78.7%, respectively. Whereas, the rates of morphologically normal spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, GalT-MCP/+/CD73, and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 90.0%, 80.0%, 80.0%, 83.3%, 85.0%, 91.8%, and 80.8%, respectively. In addition, the viability in spermatozoa of WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, GalT-MCP/+/CD73, and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 93.9%, 82.4%, 89.9%, 83.9%, 87.4%, 92.8%, and 83.6%, respectively. The rates of spermatozoa with normal acrosome integrity in WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, hEPO, GalT-MCP/+/CD73, and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 98.1%, 98.6%, 98.6%, 98.7%, 98.1%, 99.5%, and 95.1%, respectively. There were no significant differences in motility, morphology, viability, and acrosome integrity of the spermatozoa among WT, Factor 8, vWF, hTPA, and hEPO, GalT-MCP/+/CD73, and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs. These mean that neither random integration nor targeted integration of the transgene into chromosome of pig effect on characteristics of spermatozoa. Ultimately, the transgenic male pigs subjected in this study could apply to propagate their progenies for production of human therapeutic proteins and advancing the xenotransplantation research.