Endocrine system of hormones is the critical factor for the development of testes. The levels of hormones are orchestrated by a positive or negative feedback system controlled by the hyphothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unbalanced endocrine system induced by the hemi-castration on testicular development in stallions. Four Thoroughbred stallions (age ranging from 3 to 5 yr) were used in this study. To disturb endocrine system, hemicastration has been performed on the stallions. Several parameters including testicular weight, volume, germ cell population on the cross-sections of round tubule, and the area of seminiferous tubules of stallion testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration and the 2nd hemi-castration (about 1 year after 1st hemi-castration) were compared. Testosterone levels were compared for 3 weeks before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure was conducted to compare germ cell populations between after 1st and 2nd castration using VASA antibody. The VASA positive cell population per a cross section of round seminiferous tubule was obtained by monitoring 100 tubules. Interestingly, the weight of testes obtained at 2nd hemi-castration (384±14 g) were significantly higher compared to that of testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration (288±34 g). The volume of testes (306±34 ml) collected at the 2nd hemi-castration was higher than that of testes (169±18 ml) collected at the 1st castration. In contrast, VASA positive germ cell population on the cross section of round tubule (124.9±12.4 vs 142.9±21.6) and the area of round tubule (124±9.7 vs 122.9±1.7 mm2) were not different after 1st castration and 2nd castration. the testosterone levels in the blood collected before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration were not significantly different. In conclusion, the hemi-castration induces testicular development to maintain the normal reproductive systems in stallions.

Due to the highly competitive nature of the apparel industry, fashion brands attempt to constantly engage consumers through various marketing strategies. Social media was found to drive female consumer purchases for apparel items. In shopping for fashion, consumers have used their personal connections on social media as an information source about different brands and products and to seek approval of their peers before making a purchase decision (Park & Cho, 2012). Cha (2009) found that female consumers look to their social media network connections for emotional connections, opinions, and approval on clothing, perfume, and accessories they are considering purchasing online. Ruane and Wilson (2013) found that female consumers use social media sites for information on where to shop and what merchandise to purchase. In studying the effect of blogs on corporate outcome, the role Millennials play is found to be significant. They are heavily reliant on word of mouth when up to 93% of Millennials has purchased a product after hearing about it from a family member or friend (Hoffmann, 2014). They not only usually read reviews prior to purchase, but also pass their recommendations via social media post-purchase (Hoffman, 2014). This age group constitutes 27% of the US population and in spite of their lower incomes, they spend more money on e-commerce than any other age group ($2,000 annually) (Smith, 2015). Therefore, this study aims to suggest strategies to fashion brands on effective blog campaign, which may eventually provide insights on how marketers can encourage engagement with female Millennial apparel consumers. The study’s objectives are 1) to examine the effect of brand awareness building customer’s brand credibility, brand similarity and blog engagement 2) to investigate the impact of brand responses on customer’s brand credibility, brand similarity and blog engagement, and 3) interaction effect between brand awareness and brand responses on customer engagement through cognitive evaluation in fashion blog context. A 3 (brand response: automated response, personalized response, no response) x2 (Brand awareness: well know, unknown) experimental design was developed through a pre-test of 139 participants. For main-test, experiment conditions and the following survey were completed by the convenience sample of 537 students in a large Southern university. Research findings revealed the significant impact of brand awareness on customer perceived brand credibility and brand similarity which were significant predictors of engagement intention. In contrast, the study indicated the insignificant relationship between brand responses and blog engagement intention. Study’s result not only suggested implications for marketers but also expanded further studies contributing on the body of knowledge.

This study investigated the impacts of two different health claim regulatory systems, FoSHU (Foods for Specified Health Uses) and FFC (Foods with Function Claims) systems, in Japan on consumer evaluations of food products in terms of healthfulness. The FoSHU system was introduced in 1991 as an individual product approval system to allow product-specific health claims, while the FFC system was introduced lately in 2015 as a notification system like NLEA (Nutrition Labeling and Education Act) in the US. The latter system seems advantageous over the former in terms of shortening the product development period. However, the FoSHU system awards brand with a symbolic logo designed for FoSHU foods, whereas the FFC system does not. Which system leads to higher consumers’ healthfulness perceptions? The results of ANOVA showed that, if the health functions of the food product are not attributed to the product category, but to a specific food product brand, health claims have a strong impact on healthfulness. In contrast, if the health functions are attributed to the entire product category, health claims do not have a strong impact on healthfulness perception. In the latter cases, the FoSHU symbolic logo helps consumers to identify functional foods. Thus, in this study, it is suggested that, in Japan, the new US style health claim regulatory system is affective in the limited product categories. Public policy makers should recognize the important role of the symbolic logo for the previous system and consider introducing another logo to the new system.

This conceptual paper is motivated by personal industry experience from over 100 customer-purchasing decisions from the machine tooling industry. The insights suggest that the customer’s ability to pay (ATP) constitutes a key deal-breaker criterion for value-based decision making that up to date has been overlooked in research. Customers may be willing, but unable to pay for the offering with the highest perceived value, simply because they lack the financial resources. The traditional view on value-based marketing strategies proposes that firms must provide offerings that create value for their customers (premise 1: customer need perspective) and that the value created must be superior to competition (premise 2: competitor perspective) while generating profits (premise 3: firm’s perspective). Customers will estimate which offering provides superior value, and they will choose the offering that delivers the highest value. I introduce the customer’s ability to pay as an additional foundational premise suggesting that the firm’s offering must also be within the customer’s budget (premise 4: customer budget perspective). I propose that frontline employees must not only develop a high degree of customer need knowledge, but they must also build-up a high level of customer budget knowledge. I conclude by deriving operative and strategic management implications supported with empirical evidence from the Australian machine tooling industry.

Recently, increased caffeine intake has led to an increase in caffeine addiction and withdrawal symptoms. Coffee is surreptitiously consumed in as an additive to milk and caramel. There are few studies on how coffee affects the health of modern people. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and side effects of coffee by awareness of coffee consumption patterns among college students, who are the principal consumers. A survey was conducted from May 11 to 17, 2015 and 302 questionnaires were analyzed. The respondents were 140 men (46.4%) and 162 women (53.6%). In terms of coffee additives, 151 (50.0%) respondents chose ‘americano’ and 111 (36.8%) ‘variation’. The frequency of coffee intake and sleep time for college students was negatively correlated, with the correlation coefficient of －0.145 and significance probability of 0.019. The group that was ‘positively’ aware of the principal ingredients of coffee had a higher level of academic training than those with ‘negative’ awareness (p=0.000). Women recognized a larger number of side effects than men: 1.99 and 1.36, respectively, on average (p=0.001). ‘Time for consumption’ had statistically significant effects on the side effects of coffee consumption: consumption before/after lunch, before/after supper and before going to bed led to 0.4 times (p=0.048) and 0.3 times (p=0.023) more side effects, respectively, than consuming coffee after getting up and before/ after breakfast. Excessive caffeine intake through coffee led to limited sleep time and poorer learning concentration. The guidelines for proper coffee consumption should be created to help students consume coffee properly so that it will not affect sleep, learning concentration or adversely affect health.

생물다양성은 어떤 지역에서 나타나는 종 다양성과 종 풍부성으로 대변할 수 있다(Lande, 1996). 이러한 종 다양 성과 종 풍부성을 판단하는 기준으로 종의 존재와 분포에 대한 데이터는 생물다양성의 보전을 위해 계획하고 평가하 는데 중요한 요인으로 작용한다. 백두대간은 한반도 핵심 생태축으로 멸종위기 야생생물을 포함한 다양한 동·식물 1,300여종 이상이 서식하고 있는 생태계의 보고로 알려져 있다. 그러나 도로 및 개발 등의 훼손행위에 의해 백두대간 을 비롯한 산림생태계가 단절되는 구간이 점차적으로 늘어 나고 있다. 더불어 국내 등산인구는 연간 1,800만명으로, 등산을 통해 삶의 활력과 건전한 여가생활을 즐기는 사람들 이 증가하고 있다. 이런 요인들은 야생동물과 인간이 산림 내 활동하는 중첩 공간과 마찰되는 공간을 증가시켜 야생동 물의 활동범위와 서식공간을 줄어들게 한다. 본 연구는 백두대간 보호지역(육십령∼덕치) 52.5㎞ 구 간을 대상으로 2015년 5월부터 12월까지 주요 능선부에 카 메라 트래핑(Camera trapping, CT)을 통해 백두대간에 서 식하는 육상 포유류와 조류의 모니터링과 등산객의 출현빈 도를 관찰하여 백두대간 핵심지역에서 등산객의 간섭이 야 생동물 출현현황에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 조사 기간 동안 카메라 트래핑을 통해 총 75,613컷의 사진이 촬 영되었으며, 포유류, 조류, 인간으로 구분된 유효사진 4,679 컷을 추출(포유류 992컷, 조류 439컷, 등산객 3,248컷)하였 다. 사진자료 분석시 인간을 제외한 포유류, 조류는 5분 이 내에 동일한 종이 2회 이상 촬영된 것은 중복으로 고려하여 단일 컷으로 간주하였다. 또한 사진 확인 결과 화각 범위 내에서 빠른 이동으로 인한 흔들림이나 일부 몸체 부위만 촬영되어 동정이 불가능한 사진은 분석에서 제외하였다. 카메라 트래핑을 통해 촬영된 포유류는 5목 9과 14종이 확인되었으며, 가장 높은 출현빈도를 보인 종은 고라니가 208컷(21.0%)을 차지하였다. 청설모와 다람쥐는 주간에만 출현하였으며, 나머지 12종은 주로 야간시간대에 출현빈도 가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 조류는 16종으로 팔색조, 진홍 가슴, 들꿩 등 관찰이 용이하지 않은 멸종위기 야생생물 또 는 관찰빈도가 낮은 종과 회피성이 강한 종이 확인되었다. 특히 멸종위기 야생동물(Ⅱ급)인 팔색조의 확인은 앞으로 조류 조사방법으로 카메라 트래핑의 활용가능성과 필요성 을 시사한다. 등산객의 출현은 전체 4,679컷 중 3,248컷 (69.4%)을 차지하였으며, 센서의 오작동이나 등산객의 그 룹산행, 1회 촬영 후 딜레이 타임을 고려하였을 경우 백두대 간을 등산하는 등산객의 수는 이보다 더 많을 것으로 판단 된다. 주간(07시-18시)과 야간(18시-익일07시)산행으로 구 분하면 주간 2,874컷(88.5%), 야간 374컷(11.5%)으로 확인 되었다. 특히 헤드랜턴을 착용한 야간산행은 빛에 민감한 야행성 포유류에 매우 부정적인 영향이 미칠 것으로 판단되 어 관리방안이 필요하다. 향후 연구는 백두대간 동일지역에서 확보된 카메라 트래 핑 자료를 통해 등산객에 의한 인위적 간섭이 야생동물의 재출현에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는지에 대해 정량분석을 시행할 예정이다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the economic impacts of the CASSAVA project, IPM project, Post-Harvest project, and RICE project among 12 projects that are being worked on by the Asian Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative(AFACI) established in 2009. Reliable data such as FAO STAT etc. was utilized for the analysis on the economic impacts of each project and the data of an investigation on principal investigators of the nation who participate in each project was used for the analysis of the additional necessary information. According to the economic impacts analysis result, the economic impacts will occur and can be measured as an economic costs as follows: a total of $1,187,404 in Thailand for the next 19 years through the CASSAVA project, $2,358,299 in Indonesia for the next 18 years through the Post-Harvest project, $62,451,317 in Vietnam for the next 13 years through the Post- Harvest project and $60,629,555 in Nepal for the next 13 years through the RICE project. The AFACI project is a small project that annually supports each country that participates each project with approximately $ 10,000. Despite the small-scale project, the estimated result of economic impacts showed that great economic impacts occurred for its scale of the support. Thus, it is deemed that a search for ongoing methods that contribute to the role expansion of Korea and the agricultural development of the recipient country will be needed through the expansion and complementation of a low-cost and high efficiency Official Development Assistance(ODA) such as the AFACI project.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of variable message signage (VMS) on traffic safety as a function of road curve radius using statistical methods. METHODS: In order to analyze the impact of VMS installations on traffic safety, travel speed, lateral distance, and geometric data relating to road curvature in each study area was acquired and analyzed for the impact of providing VMS information on driver performance and traffic safety using statistical methods including student t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Anderson-Darling test for estimating traffic safety hazard zone in each lane. RESULTS: As a result of analyzing driver performance characteristics before and after providing VMS information, it was determined that by providing VMS information, mean travel speed is deceased and vehicles are driven with increased precision, following the centerline in the first and second lanes. Also the results of analyzing traffic safety impacts of VMS indicate that traffic safety performance factors in the first lane of the Gapyeong section can, on average, increase in the left and right side of the lane by 19.22% and 68.98%, respectively, and in the case of the second lane, safety impacts, on average, can increase in both sides by 100%. For the Hongcheon section, traffic safety impacts in the first lane, on average, can increase along the left and right sides of the lane by 32.31% and 47.18%, and within the second lane, traffic safety can be increased along the left and right side of the lane by 10.97% and -0.01%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, the impact on traffic safety obtained by providing VMS information for road sections with smaller curve radii is greater than can be obtained for road sections with larger curve radii.

Dust has recently been found to be prevalent in compact binaries such as non-magnetic Cataclysmic Variable systems. As a possible source of this dust is from solid bodies, we explore impacts to non-magnetic Cataclysmic Variable disks. We use three-dimensional Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic simulations to search for impact signatures. From injections of whole bodies to these disks, we find pulse shapes in simulated bolometric light curves that resemble impact ashes in the light curves of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 event. As a result, we tentatively identify these light curve shapes as signatures of impacts.

Enforced environmental regulations call for extending the domain of manufacturers’ responsibility to the entire product life cycle. To comply with the environmental regulations, manufacturers have constructed reverse logistics networks to re-collect their leftover waste for recycling consumed resources. However, the operational activities associated with storage, loading and transportation processes within the networks inevitably impose environmental burdens. Particularly, the transportation process largely influences environmental performance due to perpetual uses of transportation vehicles. Therefore, there is a need to develop an environmentally- conscious transportation model that can efficiently manage the uses of transportation vehicles. Additionally, it is vital to analyze its significances of environmental performance to compare quantitatively it with existing models. This paper proposes a transportation model for improving environmental performance in a reverse logistics network. This paper also presents a case study to perform its comparative analysis using Life Cycle Assessment that evaluates potential environmental impacts of a product system.

During the aerobic composting of livestock excrement, or leachate, which is generated in the composting process, is distributed through a bulking agent. In this research, a specific microorganism expected to reduce the emission of odor was activated in livestock excrement supernatant, which is similar to the leachate used for water control. While the microorganism was being diffused, odor properties were examined. The bulking agent, in which the specific microorganism was activated, was produced by applying a bioreactor filled with pumice and pellets to the treatment process of livestock excrement activation sludge method. The dominant microorganisms were Pseudomonas genera. Experiment results showed ammonia content was lowered as to 0.27 ppm 1n 15 days; however, it remained at levels of 3.15 ppm in the control reactor. After the composting time was completed, the ammonia concentrations were 0.07 ppm and 3.43 ppm, respectively. The complex odor in the test reactor was 28~30 times greater than of dilution, but was 42~45 times greater in the control reactor. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were not detected in either reactors. Ammonia was thought to be the major odor-producing source during the aerobic composting process of livestock excrement, and it was expected that the odor could be reduced by spraying a microorganism -activated solution as a bulking agent.

Corporate reputation is one of the most important assets for a firm. Literature has widely investigated on how corporate reputation affects competitive advantages and marketing strategies, thus improving customer loyalty and brand’s image. Specifically, scholars have focused on reputational loss event’s linkage with both financial performance and cushion effect on stock price fall during economic crises. Corporate reputation can be divided into three interrelated elements: managerial, financial, and product reputation. Main critical drivers that characterize corporate reputation are, firstly, the quality of product, management, and employees; then, organizational attractiveness, social responsibility and financial performance. Reputation loss may have different nature, resulting both from critical events that deeply affect customers’ perception, and from organizational drivers that are not significantly considered by customers although important for corporate social responsibility. To our best knowledge, while much effort has been given to positive effects of reputation, scarce attention has been given to the typology of reputational loss event impacting on firm’s financial situation. Thanks to multiple case studies in global fashion industry, the authors assess market reactivity after corporate loss of reputation. The focus is on critical drivers that may damage a brand’s image, consequently causing a financial loss. In addition to this, the paper highlights the nature of main reputational risks that mostly impact on stakeholders’ perception of firm’s reputation in fashion industry.

규제란 국가나 지방자치단체가 특정한 행정 목적을 실현하기 위하여 국민의 권리를 제한하거나 의무를 부과하는 것이다. 불필요하고 과도한 규제를 축소하기 위하여 입법안 또는 정책제안에 대한 규제영향분석(또는 영향평가)이 필요하다. 우리나라는 「행정규제기본법」에 의거 1998년 규제영향분석제도를 도입하였는데, 정부입법만 대상으로 하며, 의원입법은 제외된다. 2003년에 유럽연합(EU)은 기존의 부문별로 존재하던 영향평가를 통합하여 단일한 영향평가제도를 도입하였는데, 유럽연합의 영향평가는 입법안은 물론 정책제안도 대상으로 한다. 유럽연합에서는 영향평가 가이드라인에 따라 영향평가를 실시하는데, 동 가이드라인은 영향평가의 절차 및 각 평가요소를 상세히 규정하여 유럽위원회의 영향평가 담당자들이 영향평가를 준비하는데 도움을 주고 불필요한 규제 방지 및 최적의 입법·정책 제안을 결정하는데 기여하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 규제영향분석 지침은 간략히 규정하고 있어 규제영향분석 담당자들이 세부적이고 정확한 규제영향분석을 하는데 미흡하다. 특히 유럽연합의 영향평가 가이드라인에서는 경제적·사회적·환경적 영향분석의 세부절차 및 분석요소를 규정함으로서 입법영향에 대한 면밀한 검토가 가능하도록 하고 있다. 과도한 규제를 방지하고 규제개혁을 실현하기 위해서는 유럽연합의 영향평가제도의 장점을 수용하는 것이 필요하다.

이 연구는 생표고버섯과 대추시장에 있어서 관세 감축효과를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 시뮬레이션은 기존 연구에서 추정된 수요와 공급 탄성치에 기반하고 있으며 최종적으로 무관세 조치가 이행되었을 때를 상정한 관세감축 시나리오를 이용하여 가격변화, 수요량, 공급량 변화 그리고 수입량 변화를 분석한 후 관세감축 이행에 따라 임가가 받게 될 피해액을 산출하였다. 분석결과, 대추의 경우 무관세일 때 국산 대추의 공급량은 3.03% 감소된 반면 수요량은 0.63% 증가하였고 수입량은 223.14% 증가하였다. 이에 따라 대추 생산자의 총 피해액은 27,017,632천 원으로 나타났으며 임가당 3,712천 원의 피해액이 산출되었다. 그리고 표고버섯은 국산 공급량이 0.23% 감소한 반면 수요량은 0.76% 증가하였고 수입량은 4.25% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 표고버섯 생산자들의 총 피해금액은 75,411,812천 원으로 도출되었으며 임가당 32,688천 원의 피해액이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 무관세 조치가 이행될 때, 임가가 받는 피해는 대추 생산자 보다는 표고버섯 생산자들이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 시청자의 입장에서 국내 지상파 채널에서 방영되는 드라마의 주제와 스토리의 유형을 알아보고 스토리 유형과 스토리텔링 방식이 지상파 드라마의 만족도와 지상파 채널 브랜드 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 탐색한 것이다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 수용자들 이 선호하는 스토리 유형은 사랑, 전통문화, 자극, 파격(막장), 성공, 영웅/신화의 6가지로 정리 할 수 있다. 이 중 국내 지상파 드라마의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 유형은 사랑, 파격, 전통문화 로 나타났다. 스토리텔링 방식 중에는 높은 완성도, 소재의 신선함, 배우의 연기, 배경 음악이 드라마 만족도에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 스토리 유형들과 스토리텔링 방식은 채널별 차이는 있 지만 지상파의 채널 브랜드 태도에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 지상파 채널에 대한 태도 각각에 영 향을 미치는 스토리 유형으로는 MBC의 경우 자극, KBS와 SBS의 경우 공통적으로 파격이라 는 스토리 유형이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 스토리텔링 방식 중에는 MBC에 영향을 미 치는 요인은 발견되지 않았고 KBS에는 높은 완성도, SBS에는 스토리의 표현력과 소재의 신선 함으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 드라마 제작에 있어 스토리텔링 전략과 방송사의 채널 브랜드 관리 차원에서 시사점을 제공하고 있다.