In this paper, the on-site applicability review was carried out on the actual site so that the inspection equipment for inspection of tunnel vertical-type vent can be developed to promote the safety of the inspection engineer and improve the inspection cost.

Technegas를 사용한 검사는 단순 확산 누적을 통해 폐 영상을 이미지화하기 때문에 검사를 마친 후에 검 사실이 오염될 수 있다. 따라서 방사선 작업 종사자와 검사를 기다리는 환자는 technegas 흡입으로 인한 내 부 피폭의 영향을 받게 된다. 이에 중력환기 전후의 시간경과에 따른 공간선량율 분포를 비교, 분석함에 따 라 방사선사, 의료진, 대기 환자의 피폭선량 저감화 방법을 모색하고자 한다. 중력환기 전후 환자의 호흡기 위치에서 거리별, 각도별로 공간선량율을 10분 동안 측정하고 평균값, 표준 편차 및 감소율을 계산하였다. 실험 결과, 중력 환기 전후 감소율은 최고 95.31%였고 가장 높은 감소율은 1 ∼ 3분 사이에서 나타났다. 중 력환기를 통해서 방사선 작업종사자, 대기환자, 환자 보호자 및 간호사의 피폭선량을 감소시킬 수 있다. 결 론적으로 중력환기를 통한 피폭선량 감소 결과는 방호 최적화를 이루는 역할을 할 것이며 ICRP 103에서 권고한 의료 피폭 저감화에 부합된다.

A model has been developed to predict natural ventilation in a single zone building with large openings. This study first presents pressure-based equations on natural ventilation, that include the combined effect of wind and thermal buoyancy. Moreover, the concept of neutral pressure level(NPL) is introduced to consider the two-way flow through a large opening. The total pressure differences across the opening and the NPL are calculated, and nonlinear equations are solved to find the zonal pressure to satisfy mass conservation. For this analysis, an iterative technique of successively approximating the zonal pressure is used. The results of applying this study model to several simple cases are as follows. When there is no wind and only the stack effect is caused, a one-way flow occurs in both the top and bottom openings in the case of two openings of equal-area, and a one-way flow occurs in the top opening; however, a two-way flow occurs in the bottom opening in the case of two openings of unequal-area. When there is a wind effect, regardless of whether the outside air temperature is lower or higher than the indoor air temperature, air flows into the room through the bottom opening and out of the room through the top opening. As the wind velocity increases, the wind effect appears to be more influential than the stack effect owing to the temperature difference.

Urban green spaces can mitigate negative impacts of urban heat island effect by creating cooling buffer zones. These cooling areas improve micro-climatic conditions and human health. Green space is important to reducing urban air temperature maxima and variation. Thus, there is an expectation that small green spaces (SGs) provide high cooling effects and thus make air temperatures drop. Meanwhile, such an effect in urban areas has been under-explored and needs more detailed spatial and temporal data. The purpose of the study was to develop a measurement method to detect temperature of various SGs with TVC and find the effect of TVC on accuracy of measured air temperature data in comparison with other non ventilation devices. We updated the cad file of the study site through comparing it with Google Map and conducting field surveys on the site. Transect survey was required to build a measurement route. We toured the study site by walk repeatedly to get the optimistic route which would have enough data points. One of considered routes which were inside of the forest and could make us get significantly influencing data was not founded for no trails so excluded in our study. After the field survey, we observed the study routes through a digital camcorder (Gopro) and recorded them on the cad file of the site because these data points should include air temperature and time data in their attribute table. As for transect survey, a researcher walked through the defined routes and collected air temperature data with two TVCs every second and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil every minute at the height of 1.5m from the ground. Stationary survey was conducted with two TVCs in every second data collection and two Testo loggers covered by aluminum foil in every minute data collection on the resting area at the entrance of the site. One of TVCs and one of Testo loggers were set at the height of 0.5m while the others of TVCs and Testo loggers were at the height of 1.5m. On the stationary point, other microclimate variables such as wind velocity, wind direction and solar irradiance were also measured and recorded every minute. We repeated the measurement for one day or two days a month (November, 2016 ~ May, 2017) and four times a day. The measuring days were selected when they were clean and calm. As a result, air temperature from TVCs was entirely lower than that from Testo loggers on the stationary survey. This trend was shown during the day rather than after sunset. The difference of air temperature from between TVCs and Testo loggers ranged from 2 ℃ after sunset to 5 ℃ at 16h. At the height of 0.5m, a Testo logger's data showed much higher than a TVC's data. These results show that Testo loggers tend to be easily influenced by the change of solar radiation. Moreover, there was the ventilation effect at the stationary. So no ventilation could be the main reason why Testo loggers' data were high. However, TVCs' lower temperature explains how effectively these devices block the solar radiation and ventilate air inside the cylinder.

We experienced an 18-month-old patient with congenital lobar emphysema who underwent one-lung ventilation. With con-sideration that positive pressure ventilation could induce cardiopulmonary distress, induction was performed with spontane-ous breathing using sevoflurane without neuromuscular blocking agent. Bronchospasm occurred after intubation and posi-tion change, twice. He was relieved by administration of neuromuscular blocking agents. We discussed induction methods with minimal positive-pressure ventilation and the treatments for bronchospasm.

비닐하우스 내 강제환기가 시금치 노균병 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 비닐하우스에 수직환기팬 및 수평공기순환팬을 각각 설치한 후 밤 동안 환기를 시킨 하우스와 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스에서 시금치를 재배하면서 온도 및 습도의 변화, 시금치 생장 정도 및 노균병 발생 정도를 조사하였다. 하우스 내의 온도변화는 각 하우스 별로 큰 차이가 없었으나, 밤 동안 상대습도는 수직강제환기팬을 설치한 하우스가 팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스보다 9.2% 낮게 유지되었다. 파종 60일 후에 조사한 시금치의 개체 당 생체중은 수직강제환기팬을 설치한 하우스에서는 17.8g으로 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스의 10.1g과 비교하여 7.7g 높았다. 노균병은 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스에서는 파종 후 20일부터 발생하기 시작하여 60일 후에는 34.7%의 이병엽률을 보였으나, 수직강제환기처리한 하우스에서는 파종 40일 후부터 발생하기 시작하였으며 60일 후 이병엽률은 4.0%로 매우 낮았다. 야간에 비닐하우스 내 공기를 수직강제환기팬을 이용하여 환기시킨 결과 환기팬을 설치하지 않은 하우스와 비교하여 시금치 수확량은 76.2% 증가되었으며, 노균병 발생은 20일 정도 늦었으며, 88.5% 노균병 발생 억제효과가 있었다.

A ventilation model was developed for predicting the air change per hour(ACH) in buildings and the airflow rates between zones of a multi-room building. In this model, the important parameters used in the calculation of airflow are wind velocity, wind direction, terrain effect, shielding effect by surrounding buildings, the effect of the window type and insect screening, etc. Also, the resulting set of mass balance equations required for the process of calculation of airflow rates are solved using a Conte-De Boor method. When this model was applied to the building which had been tested by Chandra et al.(1983), the comparison of predicted results by this study with measured results by Chandra et al. indicated that their variations were within -10%~+12%. Also, this model was applied to a building with five zones. As a result, when the wind velocity and direction did not change, terrain characteristics influenced the largest and window types influenced the least on building ventilation among terrain characteristics, local shieldings, and window types. Except for easterly and westerly winds, the ACH increased depending on wind velocity. The wind direction had influence on the airflow rates and directions through openings in building. Thus, this model can be available for predicting the airflow rates within buildings, and the results of this study can be useful for the quantification of airflow that is essential to the research of indoor air quality(temperature, humidity, or contaminant concentration) as well as to the design of building with high energy efficiency.

Respiratory distress resulting from a neuromuscular disorder is often misdiagnosed and not managed properly until development of severe respiratory failure. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare but archetypical motor neuron disease. Most cases manifest as weakness, muscular atrophy, and progressive paralysis of the limbs. Late stage of the disease is characterized by respiratory failure due to respiratory muscle weakness. In a few cases, 3% of patients, respiratory failure is the initial presentation, preceding other symptoms. We report on a case of ALS accompanied by acute respiratory failure and weaning failure, with a review of the literature.

본 연구에서는 양파 채종재배 할 경우 차광망설치와 온실천창 개폐, 환기 조건이 양파 채종량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 연구이었다. 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. ‘6701’과 ‘6704’는 채종 방법에 따른 온실 온도의 차이에 대한 채종량은 10시경에 부의 상관관계를 보이나 시간이 지날수록 상관이 거의 없는 것으로 분석되었다. ‘6701’은 채종방법에 따른 온실 습도의 차이에 대한 채종량은 14시까지의 습도에 따라 고위정상관을 이루며 대부부분 상관이 없는 것으로 조사 되었다. ‘6701’과 ‘6704’는 채종방법에 따른 온실 광도의 차이에 대한 채종량은 대부분 부의 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 양파를 채종 할 경우에는 습도 관리가 영향이 크게 미치는 것으로 생각되었다.

Industrial natural ventilation systems consist of gravity ventilator, the high/low windows and doors. Especially, the high windows play an important role in the industrial natural ventilation systems. Generally speaking, industrial high windows are divided into 3 types; louver type, 45° open type and 90° open type. This study was numerically and experimentally conducted. Three types of windows were tested to know the ventilation characteristics and estimate the ventilation efficiencies. Numerically, computational fluid dynamics software (AIR PAK Ver. 2.0) was used to observe the flow characteristics inside the industrial building and the concentration contours generated by the tracer gas method. Experimentally, the flow visualization technique and the tracer gas method were applied with the model building to characterize the flow pattern inside the model building and to estimate the ventilation efficiencies with the different windows. It was found that 90° open type window was most effective for the discharge of pollutants from the industrial building. On the other hand, the louver type window was found to be less effective than any other windows.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Subsequently, the ventilation rate and NO2 generation rate were estimated. Mean of ventilation rate was 1.41 ACH in houses, assuming a residential NO2 deposition constant of 0.94 hr-1. Mean generation rate of NO2 was 16.5 ppbv/hr. According to house characterization, inside smoking and family number were higher NO2 generation rates, and apartment was higher than single-family house. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.

A numerical study with Envi-met model is experimented to investigate the characteristics of wind pattern in apartment complex. In all case, most conditions such as wind speed, temperature, and surface features are considered as the same, but wind direction is the only different factor. The wind directions considered in this study have a meaning of prevailing wind direction. When the prevailing wind with the direction of 170° blows into the complex, the ventilation passage toward the outside of complex is formed and the stagnation of air is not expressed. In case of having the direction of 300°, most evident ventilation passages are composed. When the inflow wind direction is the northeast, 30°, there is some possibility of stagnation phenomenon. This is because the arrangement of buildings makes a right angle with the inflow wind direction.

Indoor air quality is affected by source strength of pollutants, ventilation rate, decay rate, outdoor level, and so on. Although technologies measuring these factors exist directly, direct measurements of all factors are not always practical in most field studies. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to estimate these factors by application of multiple measurements. For the total duration of 30 days, daily indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations were measured in 30 houses in Brisbane, Australia, and for 21 days in 40 houses in Seoul, Korea, respectively. Using a box model by mass balance and linear regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation divided by sum of air exchange rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (emission rate divided by sum of air exchange rate and deposition constant) were calculated. Subsequently, the ventilation and source strength were estimated. In Brisbane, the penetration factors were 0.59±0.14 and they were unaffected by the presence of a gas range. During sampling period, geometric mean of natural ventilation was estimated to be 1.10±1.51 ACH, assuming a residential NO2 decay rate of 0.8 hr-1 in Brisbane. In Seoul, natural ventilation was 1.15±1.73 ACH with residential NO2 decay rate of 0.94 hr-1. Source strength of NO2 in the houses with gas range (12.7±9.8 ppb/hr) were significantly higher than those in houses with an electric range (2.8±2.6 ppb/hr) in Brisbane. In Seoul, source strength in the houses with gas range were 16.8±8.2 ppb/hr. Conclusively, indoor air quality using box model by mass balance was effectively characterized.

In urban area, thermal pollution associated with heat island phenomena is generally regarded to make urban life uncomfortable. To overcome this urban thermal pollution problem, urban planning with consideration of urban climate, represented by the concept of urban ventilation lane, is widely practiced in many countries. In this study, the prevailing wind ventilation lane of a local winds in Daegu during the warm climate season was investigated by using surface wind data and RAMS(Reasonal Atmospheric Model System) simulation. The domain of interest is the vicinity of Daegu metropolitan city(about 900) and its horizontal scale is about 30km. The simulations were conducted under the synoptic condition of late spring with the weak gradient wind and mostly clear sky. From the numerical simulations, the following two major conclusions were obtained: (1)The major wind passages of the local circulation wind generated by radiative cooling over the mountains(Mt. Palgong and Mt. Ap) are found. The winds blow down along the valley axis over the eastern part of the Daegu area as a gravity flow during nighttime. (2)After that time, the winds blow toward the western part of Daegu through the city center. As the result, the higher temperature region appears over the western part of Daegu metropolitan area.

A study on ventilation design using the spreadsheet model is carried out to propose means of available design. A sample of complex ventilation system in the non-standard condition is used to illustrate this spreadsheet model. In developing the spreadsheet model, this study has attempted to it general by using computional equations and design parameters that can be readily applied to any spreadsheet software. Also, most design data is contained in the spreadsheet template. This template provides the same design information as the ACGIH worksheet, and operates quickly and efficiently, and is flexible enough to use under different conditions. spreadsheet model allows the ventilation engineer to design quickly and accurately the ventilation system, without spending too much effort in the design process. By storing on computer and diskette, the design data computed finally can be used as a permanent record of specific ventilation system, and because of flexibility to be able to design over and over again while making only slight changes to the input data, the spreadsheet model is used availably to accomplish the design optimazation by redesign and troubleshooting by review from field measurements. Also, the spreadsheet model is available for designing ventilation system under different condition or evaluating existing system or design drawing, because changes in the layout or formulae can be readily made to fit the needs of the designer.

Industrial ventilation is a crucial engineering measure to protect workers from hazardous airborne contaminants. Designing a ventilation system is not an easy task. To solve this problem, many U. S. computer programs and softwares have been developed. In Korea, asoftware, called as VPMC, was developed by Korea Industrial Safety Corporation. But VPMC could not stand alone since it can be used to design not a hood, but a ventilation system. In this research, therefore, a preprocessing software was developed. It can be used to design general ventilation system, canopy hood, open surface tank hood. The program was written in Microsoft Visual Basic. In near future, this software will be incorporated into a total package software which can be used to design a whole ventilation system.

An experiment was conducted to develop the simple methods of ginger storage which decrease the weight reduction and maintain good quality of ginger during the cellar storage. The stored boxes with volume of 0.03㎥ and ventilator diameter of 3, 4, 5cm was hurried under the ground(60, 80, 100cm) in the green house. During the cellar storage at the 100cm depth the average temperature and relative humidity in the stored box were remained in 11.7~16.3 and 73%, respect. The higher storage amount and smaller size of ventilator size increased the CO2 concentration in the stored box, and the concentration in the stored box with 50% storage quantity rate and 3cm ventilator diameter size was more than 10% for about 2 months from early Feburary. The decay rate of ginger during the cellar storage increased with higher amount of storage quantity and smaller size of ventilator. The CO2 concentration was low and remained relatively constant with the deeper location of stored box under the ground, and the decay rate was lower in the deeper stored box. Germination rate increased with the deeper location of stored box, and with the lower storage quantity and larger ventilator size. The germination rate was low in the higher decay rate box. Weight loss, total sugar and moisture contents of ginger were decreased, while crude fiber and ash were increased during the storage.

공시품종인 Burley 21을 수확한 후 건조하고 무더운 시기에 처리하여 건조하우스의 환기시기, 환기량 및 달줄간격 등의 건조실관리에 따른 급건조방지 방법을 밝히고자 시험한 결과 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건기에는 건조시 시종환기구에서 온도가 낮았고 급건엽발생도 제일 적었다. 2. 급건엽발생시기는 황변말부터 갈변말까지로 이 시기에 탈수를 지연시키는 것이 가장 중요하다. 3. 급건엽발생이 적을수록 품질 및 물리성이 양호하였다. 4. 측면을 1.5m로 충분히 환기시킨 구에서 급건엽발생이 가장 적었다. 5. 달줄간격을 좁힐수록 온도에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나 온도는 높게 유지하여 급건엽발생을 크게 감소시켰다. 6. 급건엽의 내용성분은 충분히 분해가 일어나지 않았다.