Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass cells of blastocyst with the potential to maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely. Fully characterized ES cell lines express typical stem cell markers, possess high levels of telomerase activity, show normal karyotype and have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell types under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, ES cells are potentially valuable for the development of cell transplantation therapies for the treatment of various diseases in animals as well as in humans. However, important problems associated with ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts particularly from humans must be resolved before taking up its therapeutic applications. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. This review therefore focuses on ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation in basic cell and developmental biology for successful use of these cells in therapeutics.

Cordyceps sensu lato is known as one of the largest genera in hypocrealean fungi and largest group of entomopathogenic fungi in Ascomycota. Approximately 400 species are members of Cordyceps s. l. and most of them are obligate symbionts of 10 orders of arthropods and false truffles specifically parasitizing Elaphomyces spp. Recently, Cordyceps s. l. was reclassified into Cordyceps sensu stricto, Elaphocordyceps, MetaCordyceps, and OphioCordyceps in three families (i.e., Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae) with the evidence of recent multigene phylogenetic analyses coupled with morphological and ecological characters. With the closely related animal, plant and fungal associated genera (e.g., Balansia, Claviceps, Hypocrella and Torrubiella) of Cordyceps s. l., Cordyceps s. l. and its related genera in Hypocreales have been considered as one of the model systems in understanding the evolution of host affiliation in Kingdom Fungi. Here the overview of molecular systematic of Cordyceps was presented with its evolutionary hypotheses of host affiliation based on the ancestral state reconstruction from 162-taxon data set. In our results, the evolution of its host affiliation is largely characterized by frequent interkingdom host-jumps and ergot and grass endophytes (e.g., Balansia, Claviceps, Epichloe and Neotyphodium) are hypothesized to be derived from an ancestor that parasitized arthropods. Around 350 taxa have been included in the molecular phylogeny of Cordyceps s. l. after the new classification was proposed. Therefore, the progress and problems in current molecular phylogeny are also presented with introduction of the future research direction in molecular systematics and genomics of Cordyceps and its related genera.

The Northeast of China, which covers an area of 124'1400 km2, comprises HeiLongjiang, JiLin, LiaoNing province, and northeast of inner Mongolian. The annual mean temperature is 5 centigrade below zero in the north, and 10 centigrade above zero in the south. The annual precipitation range from 300 mm to 1200 mm. Moreover, northeast China is an important forest area in China, and hundreds of forest disease and pests occurred every year. Among these pests, the Lepidoptera account for a big part, accordingly, the research on diversity of Lepidoptera is the basis of taxonomy and pests control. According to 「List of Chinese Insects」(Hua, 2005), there are about 20,692 species in China, and 2,934 in Northeast China, for instance, Noctuidae 1,400 spp. (Hua, 2005), Notodontidae 128 spp. (Hua, 2005), Tortricidae 267 spp. (Hua, 2005), Pyralidae 146 spp. (Hua, 2005), Geometridae 233 spp. (Zheng, 1999), Hesperiidae 54 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Parnassiidae 32 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Papilionidae 26 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Pieridae 59 spp. (Wang, 1998), Nymphalidae 188 spp. (Zhou, 2000), Lycaenidae 150 spp., etc. (Wang, 2002).

Mongolia is a land-locked country which covers an area of 1,564,116 km2 in North East Asia. It is one of the largest land-locked countries and the world’s seventh largest country. The climate of Mongolia is extremely continental with long, cold, and dry winters, and with relatively short, mild and dry summers. The mid-winter, temperatures averages -26℃ with extremes recorded as low as -58℃. Summer temperatures in the Gobi desert may reach ±40℃. Annual precipitation ranges from 600 mm in the Khentii, Altai and Khovsgol mountains to less than 100 mm in the Gobi. On the biodiversity side, more than 3,000 species of vascular plants, 927 lichens, 437 mosses, 875 fungi, and numerous algae have been recorded with many more yet to be classified. The fauna of the country includes 136 species of mammals, 436 species of birds, 8 species of amphibians, 22 species of reptiles, 75 species of fishes and about 13,000 species of insects. The insect fauna is not definitively explored up to date. In the present study, we briefly reviewed for the Lepidoptera diversity of Mongolia. Many entomologists from various contries have been described or recorded more than 900 species of butterflies and moths belonging to 30 families, such as: Tineidae 27 spp. (Zagulyaev, 1979), Aegeriidae 2 spp. (Daniel, 1975), Tortricidae 190 spp. (Razowski, 1972), Cossidae 5 spp. (Yakovlev, 1968), Gelechiidae 50 spp. (Piskunov, 1979), Pterophoridae 19 spp. (Zagulyaev, 1968), Ethimdae 11 spp. (Zagulyaev, 1968), Athihiidae 2spp.(Kuznetsov, 1980), Morphidae 1sp. (Reidl, 1960), Pyralidae 27 spp. (Whalley, 1979), Hesperiidae 19 spp. (Korshunow, 1977), Papilionidae 10 spp. (Yakovlev, 1923), Pieridae 20 spp. (Korshunov, 1972), Lycaenidae 56 spp. (Bailint, 1989), Satyridae 57 spp. (Goltz, 1939), Nymphalidae 60 spp. (Fruhstofer, 1908 Korshunov, 1976; Korshunov & Soljanikov, 1977 Bayartogtokh & Enkhbayar, 2009), Lasiocampidae 11 spp. (Dubatolov & Zolotuhin, 1992); Sphingidae 12 spp. (Daniel, 1971); Geometridae 196 spp. (Wehrli, 1922); Noctuidae 130 spp. (Sukharev, 1982).

본 글은 미국의 정보통신망의 보호에 대한 정부규제와 자율규제, 그리고 업계의 자발적인 노력에 대한 실태 조사를 목적으로 쓰였다. 미국의 정부규제에 비추어 우리가 차용할 수 있는 정부규제와 정부규제를 적용하기 전에 자율규제를 통하여 같은 목적을 성취할 수는 없는지, 또한 기술적인 부분에서 업계의 노력이 더해진다면 정부의 효율적인 자원의 이용이 될 수는 있지 않은지 살펴 보고자 한다. 미국의 자율규제에 대한 실태조사를 통해 호주와 일본의 모범사례를 발견하여 두 사례도 간략히 다루었다. 미국의 사이버보안에 대한 연방법과 미국정부 보고서를 살펴본 결과 미 연방법에서는 타인의 컴퓨터나 네트워크에 접근하여 타인의 컴퓨터나 시스템에 손상을 입히는 여러 행위들을 규정하되 사생활의 보호와 범죄의 방지와 처벌이라는 두 가치의 공존을 위한 균형을 조심스럽게 찾고 있다. 정부보고서에서는 미 정부가 강력한 리더쉽을 가질 것을 제안하지만 정부의 일방적인 주도에 의한 사이버보안보다는 정부와 민간기업의 공조를 통한 사이버 보안을 이룰 것을 촉구하고 있다. 미국의 자율규제 환경을 살펴보면, 정부주도의 규제보다는 모범 사례의 발굴 및 홍보를 통하여 사용자 보안을 추구하는 것이 보다 효율적이라는 미국 정부의 인식을 엿볼 수 있다. 그 어떤 분야보다도 발전의 속도가 빠른 IT산업의 특성상, 정부는 네트워크의 위험을 줄이고 치명적인 의존 상태가 어디에 있는지 찾아내어 위협을 감소시킬 수 있는 방법을 제시하는 역할에 충실하고, 그 구체적인 적용에 대해서는 각 산업별로, 그리고 서비스제공자별로 모범 사례를 찾아서 널리 장려하는 방법이 효과적이라고 미국 정부는 보았다.정부 주도의 규제 방식, 특히 정부가 주체가 되어 사용자 컴퓨터 사용 환경을 모니터링하는 방식에는 사용자와의 “신뢰 모델”을 깨뜨릴 수 있다는 위험이 상존하며, 그러한 경우 정부로서는 “사생활의 보호”와 “정부와 사용자간 신뢰 구축”이라는 두 가지 문제를 해결해야 하는 부담을 안게 된다. 그러한 이유로 미국 정부는 “신뢰 모델”과 “사후 조치 모델”이라는 기조를 취하게 된 것이다. 충분한 사용자 교육을 전제로 하여, 업계의 자율적 규제를 보충하고 사후 처벌을 위한 수단으로 사용될 때 정부 규제는 그 효과를 극대화할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

Whipgrass [Hemarthriacompressa(Linn.f.)R.Br.] has several outstanding characteristics that make it attractive in livestock production systems. These include superior cool-season growth compared to other C₄ grasses, persistence under grazing on poorly drained soils, and relatively high herbage digestibility that declines at a slower rate with increasing maturity than for most C₄ grasses. More than 50 years hard work, a whipgrass breeding group in Sichuan Agricultural University (SAU) collected 84 accessions from south china. Through germplasm evaluation and breeding, 3 varieties, Chong gao, Guang yi and Ya an, were released by the end of 2009. All of them are very popular in south china from 1986. In the future, the team approach emphasizes plant improvement in seedling vigor and establishment, seed production, cold tolerance, photoperiod response, seasonal distribution of forage production, forage quality, insect and disease resistance.

교량 건전성 모니터링은 응답 데이터를 활용한 구조모델링기술, 신호분석, 정보처리 기술의 발전에 따라 손상추정 및 안전성평가와 함께 중요한 연구주제로 부각되었다. 교량 모니터링 시스템은 일반적으로 센서, 데이터 취득장비, 전송시스템 등과 같은 하드웨어와 신호처리, 손상추정, 전시 및 데이터 관리 등과 같은 소프트웨어로 구성된다. 본 논문에서는 교량의 건전도 모니터링을 위한 정보처리기술에 대한 연구 개발 활동을 정리하였다. 교량 건전성 모니터링의 과정에 대한 간단한 소개와 함께, 다양한 신호처리 및 손상추정 알고리즘을 포함한 정보처리기법에 대해서 소개하였다. 현 교량 건전성 모니터링 시스템에서의 주요 문제점과 향후 연구개발활동을 논의하였다.

Recently, parabens have been believed to act as xenoestrogens, an identified class of endocrine disruptors (EDs). These environmental compounds are the most well-known as preservatives in many commercial products, including food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. It has been demonstrated that the human health risks of parabens result from a long-term exposure to skin in which this chemical group is rapidly absorbed through the skin. On the other hand, parabens are also completely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. It has reported that these substances possess several biological effects in which inhibitory property involved in membrane transports and mitochondrial functions is considered to be important for their action. Testing of parabens has revealed that estrogen-like activities of these chemicals are much less potent than natural estrogen, estradiol (E2). Additionally, the estrogenicity of individual paraben- compounds is distinct depending upon their biochemical structure. Recent findings of paraben-estrogenic activities have shown that these compounds may affect breast cancer incidence in women, suggesting adverse ecological outcomes of this environmental group on human and animal health. Although the biological and toxicological effects of parabens have been demonstrated in many previous studies, possible mechanism(s) of their action are required to be explored in order to bring the better understanding in the detrimental impacts of parabens in human and wildlife. There have several different types of parabens which are the most widely used as preservatives. These include methyl-paraben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, a major metabolite of parabens. In this review, we summarize current database based on in vitro and in vivo assays for estrogenic activities and health risk assessment of paraben- EDs which have been published previously.

It has been 10 years since the first construction of wildlife crossing passage by the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Environment in 1998. The objective of this study was to suggest effective road-kill policy based on analysis of research reports and countermeasures. The research contents and methods of 26 reports published by government and public institutes were reviewed. The results were as follows. First, Korea has 379 wildlife crossing structures, the fourth most abundant number in the world, meaning the government's aggressive policy. Second, 17 reports introduced abroad case and 14 reports suggested fundamental guidelines, however, only 1 or 2 reports repeated field survey for wildlife movement around roads and crossing structure. Consequently, we inferred that Korea showed active efforts to construct countermeasures but passive to conduct fundamental field research. We suggest, therefore, road-kill policy of Korea should more invest for wide and deep field survey to understand wildlife moving habit and to monitor crossing structures.

90年代都市小说的整体叙述策略可总述为“个人写作”和“欲望化写作”的 “日常化叙事”。其对非诗意日常生活的发现和集中书写，升腾为一种美学原 则。其特征表现为：非虚构，循环叙述和零散等。而文本之失误多缘于作家 自身精神厚度的欠缺。