The activities with animals in the fields of educational practice has been increasingly popular, The aim of this article is to provide a systematic review relating to animal-assisted interventions in the fields of school educational practices. Most studies reported significant benefits of animal-assisted interventions in the school setting. Furthermore, a worrying lack of reference to risk assessment and animal welfare must be highlighted. Taken together, the results of this review show promising findings and emerging evidence suggestive of potential benefits related to animals in school settings. The review also indicates the need for a larger and more robust evidence base driven by thorough and strict protocols. The review further emphasizes the need for safeguarding for all involved—-welfare and safety are paramount. Future research employing more rigorous designs and systematically building upon a clearly defined line of inquiry is needed to advance our knowledge on the potential beneficial effects of the animal-assisted interventions in the fields of school educational practices.

십이지장경은 선단부에 겸자올림 장치와 겸자올림 와이어 채널 같은 복잡한 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 세척과 소독에 어려움이 많다. 이러한 이유로 십이지장경에 의한 교차 전염의 주된 원인은 불충분한 내시경 재처리로 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 십이지장경을 통한 카바페넴 내성 장내세균 및 다른 다제내성균 교차전염은 적절한 십이지장경 재처리를 준수하였는데도 불구하고 발병하였다. 따라서 현재는 십이지장경에 적합한 재처리 지침을 재정립하여야 하고 십이지장경 재처리를 좀 더 용이하게 하기 위하여 선단부의 디자인을 개선해야 할 시점일 것이다. 본고는 십이지장경 연관 감염에 대한 현 상황과 외국의 대처방안 및 한계에 대해서 검토하고 십이지장경 연관 감염을 방지하기 위한 향후 대처방안에 대해서 논하고자 한다.

The customer engagement construct has been widely investigated in the marketing literature since 2005. Scholars in hospitality and tourism have perceived the importance of this construct and tried to propose both conceptual framework (e.g., So, King, Sparks, & Wang, 2016) and measurement scale to capture this phenomena (e.g., So, King, & Sparks, 2014). However, there is no consensus in many issues such as conceptualization (Dijkmans, Kerkhof, & Beukeboom, 2015) and dimensionality (Romero, 2017). In addition, this construct is relatively new in hospitality and tourism. Hence, the direction for future research and what has been done in the past are indispensable for researchers since it reduces research fragmentations in the future. The study aim is to use existing works in hospitality and tourism literature with the systematic literature review to summarize facts and address the future research. SCOPUS and ISI were employed as the main databases to search and identify the relevant articles. A total of 19 out of 590 documents was identified and selected to analyze and classify based on types of research, country, and journal. In addition, the issues of theoretical background, conceptual framework, conceptualization, dimensionality, statistical analysis, key contributors are summarized respectively. Finally, this study addresses the scope of potential future research in a realm of hospitality and tourism.

In recent years, there has been increased attention on the portrayal of women in the media. Photoshopped images of unrealistic female forms have been perceived to have negative impacts on the self-esteem of those exposed (Groesz 2002). Based on the idea that seeing unrealistic body images can put undue pressure on women and impact their self-esteem, some governments have gone as far to propose and or pass legislation that ban or require disclosures on such images in advertising. For example, multiple attempts have been made to pass the Truth in Advertising Act in the U.S., which would severely restrict the ability to digitally alter ad (Navamanikkamm 2017). Meanwhile. France passed a law in 2017 mandating that if a model’s physical person has been digitally altered in an ad it must include a disclaimer indicating that the ad has been retouched (Lubitz 2015). Recently, Israel out of concern about eating disorders at a societal level, passed legislation requiring a disclaimer in any ad whether a model is photoshopped to look thinner. The Israeli law also mandates that a threshold body mass index be met for a model to be included in an ad. With the United Kingdom’s Advertising Standards Authority also banning some campaigns due to exaggerated retouching, it is clear that photoshopping of models in advertising is under scrutiny (Sweney 2017). Several companies have also taken a stand on photoshopping of ads. These include Aerie Lingerie, CVS Drugstores, Dove, and Britain’s ASOS, all of whom has committed to having realistic images in their ads and reducing or eliminating retouching (Horwath 2016; Zillman 2017; Bomey 2018). In spite of the increased attention being paid to photoshopping of ads by regulators, companies, and some in the public, research on the topic has been relatively sparse. This paper aims to summarize what is known about the societal and managerial implications of digital retouching and offers future research directions designed to make advances in these areas. To this end, this paper begins by reviewing work in three areas related to photoshopping of ads. The first topic addressed is whether edited images of unrealistic standards have a negative impact on the viewer. Secondly, we examine what is known about the implications of including disclosures and disclaimers on the consumers psyche, (i.e. do these warnings negate the implied negative consequence of the edited images). Finally, the impact such disclosure labels have on ad effectiveness and purchase intention is considered. To ensure the full scope of pertinent material was covered, articles were targeted via databases such as ABI/ Inform, Business Source Premier, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Because of the paucity of articles, no time limitations were placed on the search. A variety of combinations of relevant search terms were used (e.g., retouching, advertising, body image, women, photoshop etc.). As key articles were identified, the sources they cited were also reviewed in relation to the purpose stated above. Our review of the literature finds a virtually universal consensus finds that idealized imagery, often characterized by very thin or “ideal” models is directly correlated to an increased risk of body dissatisfaction (Groesz 2002). Several of these studies draw on social comparison theory (Gulas 2000; Myers 2009) is commonly used as a theoretical explanation underlying this effect, with experimental studies being used to provide empirical evidence. Prior studies have tested several types of disclaimers. These studies have generally found that disclaimer do not mitigate the negative impact that the exposure to idealized image has on the consumer (Cragg 2017) Based on this research, apparently, women feel social pressure to live up to idealized images even if a disclaimer is included in the ad. However, it should be noted that only a limited number of studies have tested this effect, and additional types of disclaimers from different sources need to be tested before drawing firm conclusions. As for advertisement effectiveness, specifically product attitude and purchases intent, studies have found that advertisements using “normally attractive models” in comparison to “highly attractive models” tend to produce better results (Tsai and Chang 2007). Notably, the presence of a disclaimer does not appear to either increase or decrease the effectiveness of ad based on the extant research (Semaan, Gould and Kocher 2012; Schirmer et al., 2018). The literature does raise some questions about the needed prominence of a disclaimer to have an impact, suggesting that often times “fine print messages” are largely unnoticed in relation to a more prominent alternative (Black & Watson 2013). Notably, there is some evidence that including a “retouch-free” versus a “retouched” disclaimer does increase attitudes toward the brand and purchase intention (Cornelis and Peter 2017). The literature reviewed has limitations such as uncorroborated studies, limited sample sizes, and narrowly focused demographics in some studies. While it has generally been established that highly attractive model usage and idealized retouched imagery has a negative effect on consumer body image, there is insufficient research on the implications of disclaimers and disclosers. It is suggested that additional research is needed on the effects of various disclaimer types directly related to various levels of image re-touching (as opposed to product warnings) on consumer buying behavior and ad effectiveness (see Schirmer et al., 2018). There is some evidence that consumers are accepting of minor photoshopping of ads, such as changing the background or “fixing” a blemish, but that more major retouching such as making a model appear to have different facial features, thinner legs, or larger breasts is viewed as problematic. As such, future experimental research should focus on different levels of retouching. There is also a clear need to test different wording of disclaimers as well as disclaimers from different sources (e.g. government vs. non-profit, vs. company itself). Future research should focus on a wide cross-section of women. It should also test multiple product categories, including those beauty related vs. not beauty related.

Marketing is a broad discipline spanning numerous fields, often leading to cross-disciplinary research. It is a saturated discipline with numerous academic outputs published annually. With a constantly expanding knowledge base, and increased emphasis on researchers ‘proving the worth’ of their research, marketing scholars are increasingly required to quickly search, extract and synthesize literature. Researchers must then be able to demonstrate a thorough understanding of their research context. This often calls for a systematic approach. Typically, Systematic Literature Review (SLR) searches are conducted across multiple databases, over a number of years, which is a lengthy and complicated process that can result in errors. The present research outlines the search strategies of previously published SLR’s searches, and replicates these searches in Google Scholar (GS). The aim is to understand the reliability of GS as a primary search tool to, potentially, alleviate lengthy and complicated procedures seen in existing SLR’s.

Based on documentary research, this study intends to provide information relevant to the effect of flavonoids over women’s health. In general, flavonoids act on cell regulation to cancer proliferation and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-metastatic effects. This study focuses on the therapeutic effect of flavonoids in women. Using recent researches published from 2000 to 2017 relevant to women’s health and flavonoids, data acquired from searches such as RISS and Google were analyzed, compared and arranged. Flavonoids are classified with various phenolic compounds, and it activates upon various conditions in women’s body. According to several outcomes that involve the relation of flavonoids in women’s health; it brings out significant implications in bone density, muscle, nerve, breast cancer, uterus cervical cancer and obesity. Hoping this literature review supports women patients and helps in the wellness of women, we sincerely look forward to disseminate this instructive and proper information to exploit flavonoids for enhancing health promotion.

본 연구에서 우리는 국가문화의 기술혁신활동에의 영향을 탐색해 보았다. 먼저 (국가)문화의 개념을 정리하였고, 다양한 세부 국가문화지표들에 대한 논의도 추가하였다. 다음으로 국가문화가 기술혁신 활동 및 성과에 영향을 미치는 이론적 메커니즘을 기존 문헌 을 통하여 정리하였다. 국가문화는 국가 사회를 구성하는 근저를 이루는 틀을 형성하는 다양 한 개념을 종합한 것이기 때문에 각 개념별로 기술혁신시스템에 미치는 영향은 크게 다름을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 국가문화가 기술의 특성, 사회제도, 정책 등과 어떻게 상호작용을 하면서 기술혁신활동에 영향을 미치는 지를 탐색해 보았다. 관련 문헌, 이론 및 실증분석을 정리하면서 동시에 이에 기반 하여 새로운 논의를 제안하고 다양한 미래연구 가능성을 제시 하였다. 이를 통한 기술혁신이론에의 시사점도 정리하였다.

Acinic cell carcinoma is a well-differentiated, low-grade tumor that accounts for 1-3% of salivary gland tumors. Among the variant of acinic cell carcinoma, papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma is much more rare and it is known to be difficult to diagnose and has a poor prognosis. In this paper, we report a case of 58 - year - old man diagnosed as papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma and the characteristics of the lesion by integrating the recent cases of papillary cystic variant of acinic cell carcinoma. This study emphasizes the need for long-term studies and further investigation of papillary cystic variants of acinic cell carcinoma.

The study aims to perform a literature review regarding Korean traditional myeon (noodles)-related ingredients and recipes. A total of 45 myeon recipe data out of 9 books, documented in Korea from the 1400’s to the 1800’s was analyzed by ingredients and contents. As a result, it turned out that Korean traditional noodles were made with various ingredients including petals, vegetables and meat in addition to grain flour, and that they existed in various types in addition to long and thin noodles. As for main noodle-making ingredients, glutinous millet, buckwheat, mug beans, elms, beans, wheat and millets were used in diverse ways, and as for noodles soups, fermented soy bean sauces (Korean Jang), broth, omija and seeds (sesame, perilla) were used. In particular, noodles, soups and garnish materials were selectively combined and harmonized to advance noodle foods. In conclusion, traditional Koran noodles were precious foods considered to be healthy foods aimed to pray for longevity, and such diversified food ingredients as noodles, soup and garnish have been harmonized to advance recipes. Healthfulness and characteristics of traditional noodles are expected to contribute to exploring noodle-based Korean food culture contents and developing food industries.

Canalicular adenoma is an uncommon, benign salivary gland tumor. It has a significant predilection for occurrence in the minor salivary glands, with most cases occurring in the upper lip, followed by the buccal mucosa and palate. Rarely, canalicular adenoma can involve the major salivary glands, such as the parotid gland. Only a small number of cases of canalicular adenoma of the parotid gland have been reported in the literature. We report a rare case of canalicular adenoma on the left parotid gland of an 81-year-old man, and present a review of the literature.

This study is significant in increasing interest in living a successful life among the older population. Implications are directed to social work researchers and practitioners to help educate older adults in the community on the social and behavioral importance of the positive aspects of aging such as successful aging and healthy aging to increase a chance of longevity. The major contribution of the study will be constructing and providing specific types of strategies to older adults and practitioners in the gerontological social work field who assist to improve the population's quality of later life. Rowe and Kahn's longitudinal study of successful aging contributed to the development of the theory of successful aging, which has been considered one of the most salient theories among the studies on aging. However, there have been controversies on the theory for a few reasons including the restricted subjectivity on the perceptions toward successful aging and the limited sample population for the study participants has been a critical issue. A systematic literature review was conducted to explain how Rowe and Kahn's successful aging theory was generated and to discuss about the theory in multidimensional way. In-depth discussions of Rowe and Kahn's successful aging theory has been provided, and it has been compared with other successful aging theories. In addition, detailed descriptions of other relevant theories of aging has been presented and other relevant studies using the successful aging theory among older populations have been provided in order to study about the applicability of the theory.

한국이 산업혁신에 성공한 대표적인 국가의 하나로 주목받아 혁신연구의 사례로 연구되기 시작한 이래 30여 년이 되어 가고 있다. 그간 한국의 산업혁신에 관한 연구는 성공적 산업 추격을 진화적 관점에서 이해하는 데 초점이 맞추어져 왔다. 성공적 추격을 위한 진입전략, 추격을 가능하게 한 학습의 메커니즘 등에 관한 다양한 연구들이 수행되었다. 그러나 최근 추격체제의 성장 잠재성이 한계에 이른 여러 징후들이 나타남에 따라 새로운 관점 의 산업혁신 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제의식 하에 이제까지의 한국 산업혁신 연구를 주요 연구주제별로 리뷰하고, 현재의 상황변화에 비추어 앞으로 요청되는 연구주제를 도출하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 특히 한국의 산업혁신 연구를 산업혁신시스템과 추격이라는 두 가지 관점을 기반으로 추격국 산업혁신의 특성 및 패턴, 기술능력 축적과 추격과정, 추격혁신과 제도, 성장동학의 형 태 등을 중심으로 기존 연구성과를 리뷰했다. 또한 한국 산업혁신의 진화적 특성, 산업의 기술적 특성과 추격의 용이성, 산업혁신에서의 제도의 중요성, 산업혁신의 지향성 등의 논점을 중심으로 기존 연구성과를 비판적으로 검토하였다. 기존 연구성과의 검토와 현재 한국 산업 혁신이 직면한 환경 변화를 고려하여 향후 국민경제 차원에서 산업혁신 고도화에 대한 고찰 필요성, 산업혁신 고도화와 전환 가능성, 추격의 그늘에 대한 검토 필요성, 산업혁신의 비기 술적 요인에 대한 검토와 산업혁신연구에서의 다양한 가치의 통합 필요성 등을 중심으로 향후 연구과제를 도출하였다.

본 연구는 부모의 양육 스트레스가 부모의 스마트폰 의존도, 영유아 자녀의 스마트폰 몰입에 미치는 영향과 양육 스트레스를 줄이기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 문헌 고찰을 실시하였다. 스마트폰 중독은 성인의 문제를 넘어 영유아에게 스마트폰 몰입이라는 문제로 빠르게 확산되고 있다. 성장기에 무분별하게 접한 스마트폰은 아이의 신체, 정서적 발달에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 부모들은 스마트폰이 아이에게 부정적인 영향을 미칠 것을 인식하고 있지만 공공장소에서 다양한 이유로 영유아 자녀에게 스마트폰을 주고 있다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 영유아의 스마트폰 몰입은 신체, 인지, 언어, 사회정서발달에 좋지 않은 영향을 미친다. 특히 스마트폰 이용 시기가 빠르고 사용시간이 길수록 유아의 우울과 불안, 공격성이 높았다. 부모가 경험하는 육아 스트레스가 부모 자신의 스마트폰 중독, 영유아 스마트폰 몰입과 관련 있다는 연구도 있다. 영유아들은 부모들이 스마트폰을 사용하는 모습을 통해 모델링하기 때문에 영유아 앞에서 스마트폰을 자주 사용하는 모습을 보이면 아이들이 스마트폰 몰입에 빠지게 될 가능성이 높다. 따라서 영유아 스마트폰 몰입을 줄이기 위해서는 자녀에게 손쉽게 이용할 수 있는 스마트폰을 주기 보다는 부모 스스로 스마트폰을 의식적으로 멀리해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 영유아 자녀를 둔 부모들을 대상으로 교육 및 홍보를 강화하는 것이 우선시 돼야 한다. 구체적인 부모 교육의 내용으로는 스마트폰이 유아의 우울, 불안이나 공격성에 가장 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 것과 아이가 어릴수록 스마트폰이 아이에게 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 내용이 반드시 포함돼야 한다. 또한 부모가 조금만 신경을 쓴다면 스마트폰이 아니라 다른 건전한 놀이와 친근한 대상 등으로 자녀의 관심을 충분히 돌릴 수 있다. 또한 스마트폰을 무조건 사용하지 못하게 하는 것보다는 그 시간을 긍정적인 것으로 대체해 줘야 한다. 사회제도적 관심과 대응책 마련도 시급하다. 아직 우리나라에서는 영유아 스마트폰 노출이 가져오는 결과에 대한 연구도 시작단계이고 이에 따른 대책도 최근에야 마련되고 있다. 미래창조과학부가 연령대별 과의존위험 예방을 위한 최적화된 콘텐츠와 프로그램을 개발 및 보급하고 민간 예방운동을 활성화 하는 등 바른 실천운동을 전국적으로 확산해 나가고 있는 점은 주목할 만하다. 특히 육아스트레스가 스마트폰 중독과 이어지는 경우가 많으므로 부모가 육아스트레스를 적절히 해소해야 한다. 심리적 부분에서 부모가 자신을 잘 세워야 하고 가족들도 적극적으로 주양육자를 지지해 줘야 하며 전문가 상담, 육아 지원을 받을 수 있는 제도적 장치가 신속히 마련돼야 한다.

This article provides a review of research published since 1990 on the beneficial effects and current situation of animal assisted education. Animal Assisted Education (AAE) is goal-directed interventions designed to promote improvement in cognitive functioning of the person(s) involved and in which a specially trained dog-handler team is an integral part of the educational process. AAE is directed and/or delivered by an educational professional with education, licensure, and specialized expertise and within the scope of education. AAE may be provided in a variety of settings, may be group or individual in nature and may be implemented for persons of any age. There are specific educational goals for each individual involved and the process is documented and evaluated. Future research employing more rigorous designs and systematically building upon a clearly defined line of inquiry is needed to advance our knowledge on the potential beneficial effects of the education programs trough animal-assisted intervention with animals.

융모막암은 임신과 연관되어 융모막조직이 비정상적으로 성장하는 종양으로 난소, 고환, 자궁 등 생식기관에 주로 발현 되며 주변장기로의 침범이나 원격전이를 잘하는 특징이 있다. 융모막암이 생식기관이 아닌 장기에서 발생하는 경우는 매우 드물며 대부분 나쁜 예후를 보인다. 저자들은 중년 여성에서 급성 췌장염과 뇌출혈로 발현되고 다발 장기전이를 동반한 췌장 융모막암 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

목적 : 본 연구는 국제기능장애 건강분류에 따른 한국 아동작업치료의 연구실태 및 동향을 파악하고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 대한작업치료학회지에 게재된 아동작업치료 분야 연구 115편을 선별하여 연구형태분류 및 근거 수준을 분석하고 이에 대한 동향을 파악하였다. 또한 대상 논문의 연구 대상자 수와 그에 대한 연령, 진단명과 평가도구 사용률을 분석하였고 연구 분야는 ICF-CY (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children & Youth Version)에 따른 기준을 적용하여 분류하였다. 결과 : 대한작업치료학회지에 게재된 아동작업치료 관련논문을 분석한 결과 연구형태는 그룹 비교 및 상관 관계연구가 24.3%로 가장 높았고 근거 수준은 4단계가 44.3%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 또한 학령기 아동을 대상으로 한 논문이 41.5%로 가장 높았고 대상자 수에서는 101명 이상을 대상으로 한 논문이 가장 많은 것으로 집계되었다. 연구 대상자의 진단명에서는 뇌성마비가 26.0%로 가장 높은 비율 을 차지하였으며 평가도구에서는 Sensory Profile이 11.6%로 아동연구에서 가장 많이 사용된 것으로 집계되었다. ICF-CY를 기준으로 분류한 연구 분야에서는 신체 구조와 기능적 요소가 51.2%로 가장 높 은 비율을 차지하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 대한작업치료학회지에 실린 아동작업치료 관련논문을 분석하여 연구 동향을 살피고 ICF-CY분 류체계를 사용하여 주제를 분석하였다. 이를 통해 아동작업치료 분야에서 참여와 개인적 요소에 대한 연구가 부족한 것을 확인하였고 연구 주제 선정에 있어 다양성이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

This article provides a review of research published since 1990 on the effects of music on the behavior of animal like as pet music therapy. Music has many positive effects in reducing anxiety and stress before and after procedures in medical settings, and can influence a person’s feelings. Research involving music suggests animals may be similarly affected; classical music induced more relaxed and desirable behaviors in dogs housed in shelters, compared to other music. The healing power of music has long been established in people. Now a handful of harpists throughout the country are harnessing that power for animals. Classical music resulted in dogs spending more of their time resting than any of the other experimental conditions of auditory stimulation. This type of music also resulted in a significantly lower level of barking. Research suggests that calming music may have a beneficial effect on humans, resulting in diminished agitation, improved mood and lower levels of stress. Although the specific effect of classical music on animals remains unknown, the findings from this study suggest that it may, as in humans, have a calming influence

다국적기업은 여러 다양한 수단을 통해 본인들의 내부 지식창고를 강화하려는 노력을 하는 한편, 해외에 자회사를 설립함으로써 다른 기업의 특정 제품에 내재된 명시적 지식은 물론, 암묵적 지식 에 접근하여 이를 학습하려는 경향을 보이곤 한다. 특히 다국적기업 네트워크 내 지식경영은 최근 자회사의 성공을 견인하는 열쇠로서뿐만 아니라, 국제무대에서 다국적기업 자신의 경쟁우위를 고 양시킬 수 있는 주요한 선결조건으로 고려되곤 한다. 전통적인 지식흐름 (본사로부터 자회사로의 지식이전) 및 자회사로부터의 시장정보 습득(역지식이전)은 어렵고 때론 복잡한 과정으로 인식되 지만, 조직의 경쟁력 향상이 주로 이와 연관되어 있기에 다국적기업의 관점에서 동 연구주제는 간 과할 수 없는 주요한 이슈로 자리매김 하였다. 따라서 동 주제의 중요성을 고려하여, 본 연구는 각 각의 시장진입 전략의 특성을 개괄적으로 알아보고, 관련 이론적 논의 제공하며, 선행연구의 연대 기적 추세를 알아봄은 물론, 언급한 주제와 관련하여 국제경영 분야 상위저널의 출간경향을 탐구해 보고자 한다.

Oral hyperpigmentation is common in patients older 40 years. But lesions in a newborn are unusual and congenital melanotic macule of the tongue has rarely been reported. A 2-month-old infant with 3 pigmented lesion on the right side of the dorsal tongue was evaluated. They were brown black but not homogeneous in color, smooth, nonblanchable, and nonpalpable, with irregular margins. We recommend excisional biopsy under general anesthesia because of possibility of malignancy, but parents refuse invasive procedure. On a following-up examination of the child at the age of 1 year, the pigmented lesions were unchanged. We report a case of congenital melanotic macules on the tongue and a review of literature about the lesion.