We present the results of VLA NH3 (1,1) and (2,2) line observations of the young-stellar object (YSO) IRAS 19550+3248. The integrated intensity map of the NH3 (1,1) line shows that there are two ammonia cores in this region; core A which is associated with the YSO, and core B which is diffuse and located at the northeast of core A. Core A is compact and elongated along the east-west direction (0.07 pc×0.05 pc) roughly perpendicular to the molecular outflow axis. Core B is diffuse and extended (0.18 pc×0.07 pc). NH3 (2,2) line is detected only toward core A, which indicates that it is hotter (~ 15 K), presumably due to the heating by the YSO. The NH3 (1,1) line toward core A is wide (Δv ≳ 3 km s-l) and appears to have an anomalous intensity ratio of the inner satellite hyperfine lines. The large line width may be attributed to the embedded YSO, but the hyperfine anomaly is difficult to explain. We compare the results of NH3 observations with those of previous CS observations and find that the CS emission is detected only toward core A and is much more extended than the NH3 emission.

열화학 기상 증착법을 이용하여 암모니아 처리에 따른 촉매 금속의 표면형태와 탄소 나노튜브의 성장을 조사하였다. 암모니아 처리의 열화학 과정의 조절에 의해 고르게 분산된 수직 성장된 탄소 나노튜브를 얻었다. 탄소 나노튜브 합성시 암모니아처리는 수직성장 및 고밀도 성장에 중요한 과정으로 그 역할에 대해 알아보았다. 고밀도의 수직 배향된 탄소나노튜브의 구조와 형태는 주사전자 현미경과 투과전자 현미경, 라만을 이용하여 관찰하였다.

For the adsorption of ammonia, activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were subjected to sulfuric acid treatment in order to modify the surface functional groups. The surface acid and base value of ACFs were measured using titration and FT-IR spectrometry. SEM was used to investigate the surface morphology. Acid treatments by H3PO4, H2SO4, and HNO3 were performed to increase the adsorption capacity of NH3. As a result, Cellulose-based ACF has high adsorption capacity for ammonia. The ammonia removal efficiency of ACF was the maximum which was treated by 15 wt% sulfuric acid at 100℃ for 60 min. The average pore diameter little increased from 19a to 20.8a and the specific surface area of ACF considerably decreased and acid values increased by 15 wt% sulfuric acid treatment. Ammonia reacted with sulfonyl radicals. After adsorption of ammonia, white material was grown on the surface of ACF through the adsorption of ammonia and it was determined to ammonium sulfate.

딸기의 2차대사에 관하여 phenylalanine ammonia-lyase는 풍미나 색소, 향기 등에 큰 영향을 미치며 숙도 측정지표로 여겨진다. phenylananine amonia-lyase는 숙성 전단계에 걸쳐 활성을 나타내기는 하나 완숙기와 과숙기에 그 활성이 뚜렷이 증가하였다. 이는 딸기의 숙성과 더불어 de novo 합성이 되기 때문으로 보인다. 분자량은 겔 크로마토그래피로 260, 000으로 나타났다.

암모니아 확산 및 암모니아 발색후 자외선 분광광도계에 의한 질소분석방법을 설정하기 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 미세확산용기(Conway microdiffusion cell)을 이용해 켈달소화 후 무기질화된 질소를 NaOH에 의한 알칼리화 및 HCI에 의한 산화반응을 통하여 으로 유도하였다. 암모니움 베이스의 표준용액을 이용하여 확산시간에 따fms 전소함량 및 회수율를 측정한 바 15시간 이상 반응으로 99% 이상의 질소회수율을 보여주었으며, 반복간 높은 재

The raw drinking water quality is getting worse because of the winter drought and the conventional treatment system is'nt suitable to obtain the satisfied quality of water. So, the advanced water system, BAC(Biological Activated Carbon) process is said to be effective to remove dissolved organics and ammonia nitrogen. In our study, the BAC pilot plant using Nak-dong river water is tested in low temperature. Following results are found from the study. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate of BAC system using wood-based carbon (PICABIOL) was 99% in $6^{\circ}C$ temperature. Chlorine dosage in wood-based BAC effluent was reduced to 67% of that in sand filtered wate. It resulted from the removal of ammonia nitrogen. Also, THM formed by chlorine addition in wood-based BAC effluent was decreased to 65% of that in sand filtered water. In the case of dual-filter, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was increased 30% more than in conventional sand filter. According to this result, the ammonia nitrogen load to BAC system could be lessened by the use of dual-filter.

A zeolite material (ZCH) was synthesized from coal fly ash in an HD thermal power plant using a fusion/hydrothermal method. ZCH with high crystallinity could be synthesized at the NaOH/CFA ratio of 0.9. Ion-exchanged ZCH adsorbents for ammonia removal were prepared by ion-exchanging various cation (Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) on the ZCH. They were used to evaluate the ammonia adsorption breakthrough curves and adsorption capacities. The ammonia adsorption capacities of the ZCH and ion-exchanged ZCHs were high in the order of Mn-ZCH > Cu-ZCH ≅ Co-ZCH > Fe-ZCH > ZCH according to NH3-TPD measurements. Mn-ZCH ion-exchanged with Mn has more Brønsted acid sites than other adsorbents. The ion-exchanged Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, or Mn2+ ions uniformly distributed on the surface or in the pores of the ZCH, and the number of acidic sites increased on the alumina sites to form the crystal structure of zeolite material. Therefore, when the ion-exchanged ZCH was used, the adsorption capacity for ammonia gas increased.

A zeolite material with a Si/Al molar ratio of 1.2 was synthesized by changing the NaOH/CFA ratio of coal fly ash (CFA) via a fusion/hydrothermal reaction in the HD thermal power plant. The change in the crystal structure of the zeolite was confirmed using XRD and SEM, and the ammonia adsorption capacities of the synthesized zeolitic materials and a commercial zeolite (Na-A zeolite) were analyzed via an ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) process. The SEM and XRD results revealed out the zeolitic materials from the coal fly ash maintained a hexagonal Linde-type crystal structure similar to that of Na-A zeolite, but the crystallinity of the synthesized zeolitic material was reduced due to impurities. The NH3 adsorption capacity, determined from the NH3-TPD analysis of was 1.122 mmol/g of the synthesized zeolitic material, which was lower than the NH3 adsorption capacity of the Na-A zeolite.

This study was conducted to examine the performance of poultry production and ammonia emissions from poultry litter when the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) powder was fed to broilers and ducks. In Experiment 1, a total of 180 1-day-old broilers (Arbor acres) were allocated to two treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design. In Experiment 2, ducks were used in the same method as in Experiment 1. The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diets as control and basal diets with 1.5% Tenebrio molitor L. powder as T1. In Experiment 1, broiler production was not affected by the addition of mealworm powder (p>0.05). Ammonia from broiler litter was observed significantly different in the two treatments at 4 and 5 weeks (p<0.05); however, in other weeks ammonia measured did not show significance different (p>0.05). In Experiment 2, feeding of mealworm powder had no statistical significance on duck productivity (p>0.05). Ammonia emissions from duck litter were not statistically significant in the two treatments at 2 to 5 weeks (p>0.05); however, there was a difference at 6 weeks (p<0.05). Therefore, the addition of mealworm powder to broiler and duck diets did not only improved weight gain and feed efficiency, but also effectively reduced ammonia in poultry litter.

This study investigated the effect of adding poultry litter additive containing probiotics and amino acids to the litter on weight gain in ducks and ammonia content in poultry litter. Nine hundred 1-day-old ducks (Pekin) were randomly distributed into three groups (300 birds per treatment divided into three replicates) using a randomized block design. Treatments were top-dressed on the litter surface at rates of 2 kg poultry litter additives (T1) and 2 kg macsumsuk (T2) per m2, and untreated poultry litter was used as the control. Overall, a significant difference (p<0.05) in weight gains was observed at 3 and 4 weeks, but not at 5 and 6 weeks. After 4 weeks, when compared to other treatments, the addition of poultry litter additive tended to increase the average body weight gain (90-130 g). The ammonia content was affected by all treatments (p<0.05) over time except at 3 weeks, however, compared to other treatments, the poultry litter additive decreased the ammonia content. In particular, the rate of ammonia reduction by the poultry litter additives over time was approximately 20.2%-49.2%. Regarding temperature, a significant difference was observed in all treatment groups (p<0.05), except at 3 weeks. In conclusion, considering poultry litter additives and temperature, the increase in duck weight gain was associated with a decrease in ammonia content in the poultry litter.

In this study, the inhibition of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of butyric acid was evaluated and the potential alleviating effects of such ammonia inhibition by the addition of magnetite particles were investigated. Independent anaerobic batch tests fed with butyric acid as a sole organic source were conducted in twenty 60-mL glass bottles with 10 different treatment conditions, comprising ammonia: 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 7.0 g total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)/L and magnetite particles: 0 mM and 20 mM. The increase in ammonia concentration did not cause significant inhibition on methane yield; however, a significant inhibition on lag time and specific methane production rate was observed. The IC50 in the control treatments (without magnetite addition) was estimated as 6.2654 g TAN/L. A similar inhibition trend was observed in magnetite-added treatments; however, the inhibition effect by ammonia was significantly alleviated in lag time and specific methane production rate when compared to those in the control treatments. The lag time was shortened by 1.6–46.3%, specific methane production rate was improved by 6.0–69.0%. In the magnetite-added treatments, IC50 was estimated as 8.5361 g TAN/L. This study successfully demonstrated the potential of magnetite particles as an enhancer in anaerobic digestion of butyric acid under conditions of ammonia stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite on harmful gas production generated by pig slurry. A total of 180 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire x Land race] x Duroc, live weight 70±3.21 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications (20 heads per replicate). The treatments consisted of 0% (control), 0.05% (T1), or 1% (T2) of manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite. Manure additives were added weekly to pig slurry pits (2 m × 4.5 m × 1.2 m) on a volumetric basis. For ammonia measured at both 10 cm and 90 cm above the pig slurry pit, a statistical significance (p<0.05) was found in probiotics and zeolite-treated manure additives at weeks 1 – 3, except for week 0. In addition, hydrogen sulfide levels measured at 10 cm above the pig slurry pit were not affected by the manure additive at weeks 0 and 1, but showed a significant statistical difference at weeks 2 and 3 (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementing pig slurry with 0.05% and 0.1% manure additives mixed with probiotics and zeolite was found to be effective in reducing environmental pollution in pig facilities.

The present study investigated the effect of ammonia load on microbial communities in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. A laboratory-scale continuous anaerobic digester treating propionic acid as a sole organic substrate was operated under non-inhibitory condition and inhibitory conditions with ammonia (1.5 g and 3.5 g ammonia-N/L, respectively), and bacterial and archaeal communities in the steady states of each ammonia condition were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Thirteen bacterial families were detected as abundant bacterial groups in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of propionic acid. Increase in ammonia concentration resulted in significant shifts in microbial community structures. Syntorophobacter, Pelotomaculum, and Thermovigra were determined as the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the non-inhibitory condition, whereas Cryptanaerobacter and Aminobacterium were the dominant groups of (potential) propionate oxidizing bacteria in the ammonia-inhibitory condition. Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta were the dominant methanogens. Acetate-oxidation coupled with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis might be enhanced with increases in the relative abundances of Methanoculleus and Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans under the ammonia-inhibitory condition. The results of the present study could be a valuable reference for microbial management of anaerobic digestion systems that are exposed to ammonia inhibition and propionic acid accumulation.

The characteristics of ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) adsorption by a zeolitic material synthesized from Jeju scoria using the fusion and hydrothermal method was studied. The synthetic zeolitic material (Z-SA) was identified as a Na-A zeolite by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis and scanning electron microscopy images. The adsorption of NH4 +-N using Jeju scoria and different types of zeolite such as the Z-SA, natural zeolite, and commercial pure zeolite (Na-A zeolite, Z-CS) was compared. The equilibrium of NH4 +-N adsorption was reached within 30 min for Z-SA and Z-CS, and after 60 min for Jeju scoria and natural zeolite. The adsorption capacity of NH4 +-N increased with approaching to neutral when pH was in the range of 3-7, but decreased above 7. The removal efficiency of NH4 +-N increased with increasing Z-SA dosage, however, its adsorption capacity decreased. For initial NH4 +-N concentrations of 10-200 mg/L at pH 7, the adsorption rate of NH4 +-N was well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model than the pseudo first-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm was well fitted by the Langmuir model. The maximum uptake of NH4 +-N obtained from the Langmuir model decreased in the order of Z-CS (46.8 mg/g) > Z-SA (31.3 mg/g) > natural zeolite (5.6 mg/g) > Jeju scoria (0.2 mg/g).

The effects of liquid potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the litter quality of poultry were investigated. Two-hundred -forty 0-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acres) were randomly assigned to two treatments with four replicated pens of 30 chickens each. Treatment liquid KMnO4 at a rate of 50 g of liquid KMnO4/kg of poultry litter was sprayed onto the litter surface using a small hand pump; others served as a control that was applied without liquid KMnO4 additions. Compared with controls, the treatment liquid KMnO4 showed no differences in pH, total nitrogen and ammonia concentration. It was concluded that liquid KMnO4 did not significantly increase poultry litter quality. Mechanisms relating to increasing litter pH and ammonia using liquid KMnO4 are an oxidant agent (not acid-foaming agents).