A major performance stage carpenter, Jang Insang led performance stages from the 1719 Sukjong Royal Banquet and was confirmed by historical records to be the first craftsman. Lee Wandeuk led the Hwaseong Fortress performance stages of the Jeongjo period and Gichuk Jinchan performance stages of the Sunjo period. The carpenter techniques he used during the Jeongjo period were succeeded to the Sunjo period. Ahn Sungil was the head craftsman who led the performance stages of Jagyeongjeon Jinjak, Muja Jinjak, and Gichuk Jinchan of the Sujo period, under which the foundation for court palace performances was laid. The progression of major carpenters includes Jang Insang of the Sukjong period, Jeon Yoochu of the Yeongjo period, Ahn Sugil of the Sunjo period, Yoon Seoksin of the Heonjong period, Kim Yoonsik of the Gojong period, Lee Jongyoon, Kim Soongil, Seo Sangmook, and Han Sujoon. In addition, the Major Repair of Injeongjeon Hall (1857) of the Cheoljong period was the most important palace construction project for transferring the carpenters’skills. Through this project, Ahn Sungil of the Sunjo period, Kim Myeonggap, Yoon Seoksin of the Heonjong period, Kwon Deuknyang, and Kim Sungil of the Gojong period were able to interact with each other. That is, this major repair project of Injeongjeon Hall reflected the major carpenters’best techniques through performance stage construction, showing the progression of Ahn Sungil, Yoon Seokshin, and Kim Sungil, who led the constructions of Gichuk Jinchan of the Sunjo period (1829), Mushin Jinchan of the Heonjong period (1848), and Jeonghae Jinchan of the Gojong period (1887), the most impressive performance stages of the late Joseon period. The carpenters of the court performance stages participated in important construction projects of the royal palace, reflecting the superior technical skills of the carpenters in the construction of court palace performance stages. The carpenters who played a leading role in the construction of performance stages were able to interact with one another and transfer their excellent technical skills, providing the driving force that allowed court performance stages to blossom into splendid and high-quality court stages in the late Joseon Dynasty.

토목이나 건축공사와는 달리 조경분야의 프로젝트는 공정상의 특수성으로 인해 BIM 도입이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 인접 분야인 건축, 토목 공사에서 BIM은 보편화 되고 있으며, 이를 고려할 때 향후 조경분야에서도 BIM 환경구축 및 도입은 필수적일 것이다. 특히 조경 BIM의 공종 도출에 관한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태로, 향후 조경분야 BIM 도입을 위해서는 조경 BIM 세부 공종 도출에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구는 조경 BIM 도입 가능성의 검토와 세부 공종 도출을 통해 조경 BIM 도입을 위한 기초자료를 마련하고자 하였으며, 이를 위해 문헌 연구와 전문가 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 연구결과 조경분야의 BIM 활용 방안 및 향후 발전 방향에 관한 내용이 도출되었다. 또한 대지분석 BIM, 공간계획 BIM, 조경요소계획 BIM의 3개 분야로 나뉜 조경 BIM 공종을 도출하였으며, 각 공종 분야는 다시 총 7개 부분의 31개 요소로 세분화되어 조경 BIM 세부 공종 내용이 도출되었다. 향후 본 자료를 바탕으로 국내 조경 프로젝트에 BIM을 도입하여 효율적인 조경 프로젝트 수행에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

승용차의 아키텍처는 어떻게 진화해왔는가? 그간 승용차 아키텍처에 대한 논의는 통합형, 모듈형, 그리고 두 유형의 공존 등이 혼재되어 왔다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 글로벌 무역 자료를 활용하여 제품의 중층 구조를 반영한 모듈화의 진전 측정 지수를 개발하고, 이를 아키텍처 유형 프레임워크에 적용하여 승용차 아키텍처의 모듈화 진행을 종단적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 승용차 아키텍처는 지난 2000년 이후 모듈화가 지속적으로 진행되었 음을 확인하였으며, 동시에 모듈화 진행은 구성 모듈 별로 상이한 것으로 나타났다. 모듈 중에는 프론트-엔드, 운전석 및 시트 모듈의 모듈화 진행이 뚜렷함을 확인된 반면, 차체‧도어‧ 천장 모듈은 소비자 니즈 충족을 위한 외부 디자인 차별화 및 완성차와 모듈업체 간 상호 조율 강화로 인해 모듈화가 더디게 진행됨을 관찰하였다. 또한 샤시, 엔진, 그리고 트랜스미션 모듈로 구성된 플랫폼은 모델 다양화, 생산 원가 절감, 신제품 개발 기간 단축을 위한 완성차 업계의 지속적인 노력에 따라 모듈화가 지속 진전됨을 확인하였다. 플랫폼 구성 모듈 중에서는 트랜스미션의 모듈화 진전이 가장 두드러진 반면 샤시와 엔진 모듈은 완성차 업체의 자체 혁신 노력으로 인해 비교적 통합형 아키텍처 경향이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 제품 아키텍처의 모듈화를 계량적으로 측정, 그 진행을 종단적으로 측정할 수 있는 접근법을 제시 하는데 기여하였다. 또한 모듈 별 상이한 모듈화 진전에 대한 고찰을 통해 관련 연구의 분석 수준의 세분화 필요성을 제안하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 승용차 산업 전반에서 일어나고 있는 아키텍처 모듈화 진전 현상을 규명함으로써 완성차 업체 뿐 아니라 모듈 업체의 아키텍처 선택과 그에 따른 전략 수립의 가이드라인을 제시하였다. 본 연구가 다양한 제조업과 그 제품의 모듈화 진전을 규명하는데 활용되기를 기대한다.

Modern Joseon Architecture is North Korea's unique building style that interprets Korean traditional architecture in a modern way, and its most distinctive design feature is the Paljak roof that decorates the upper part of the buildings. This paper argues that continuous attempts at characterizing the nature of traditional Korean architecture in the late 1950s and early 1960s developed the theoretical rationale for the exclusive use of the Paljak roof in Modern Joseon Architecture. It also argues that the construction of the Pyongyang Grand Theater and the Okryu Restaurant during this period became a decisive moment for the formalization of the Paljak roof. The double roof rafters and gables and the "cheerful yet solemn" roofline were considered as main characteristic features of the Korean roof and the Paljak roof perfectly fits this description. Particularly, in North Korean society where Kim Il Sung became idolized as an impersonalized deity, an anecdote in which Kim Il Sung fixed a prominent gabled roof in the Pyongyang Grand Theater into a Paljak roof has allowed for the roof to gain an exclusive status. Hence, almost all Modern Joseon Architecture since the 1960s accepted the Paljak roof’s monopoly position, rather than experimenting with other traditional roof types.

For the proper preservation and utilisation of Regional Modern Heritage Buildings, it is necessary to study the history of local modern architecture based on a broad understanding of the region and also to architectural history. The aim of this study is expand the awareness and multi-faceted interpretation of modern architecture in Kwangju in the 1940’s to 1950’s, by exploring the origin of regional modern architecture from new perspectives. As a part of the discussions of the perspectives, this study will be therefore explained with the regional correlations between the architect Kim Han-seop’s works and activity, influential politicians, strong enthusiasm of education, architectural characteristics of the main building of Chosun University, architecture schools and association in Kwangju. Then, it will be finalised that Kim Han-seop and the main building of Chosun University are directly and indirectly correlated and affected each other strongly.

The purpose of this study is to identify the legal definition and usage of cultural property term related to the architecture within the cultural property-related legal system and general legal system, and to present proper terminology and specific concepts that can be used for the architecture as cultural properties. In the current cultural property legislative system, terms about the architecture are diverse and obscure, and the definition of each term is different from the concept in the general legal system. In this context, this study presented the terminology of 'the architectural heritage' as ‘a cultural property by construction act’ to cover whole cultural properties related to Korean architecture. And the conceptual scope of the architectural heritage is divided into the technology and the performer related to the act, the record and the building related to the product. and Each concept needs to be specifically tailored to its object and scope. Systematic definition of terms for cultural properties related the architecture can positively influence systematization of cultural property preservation and management as well as empirical research and education on Korean architecture.

Purpose Increasingly Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are facing uncertainties and pressures with a strong emphasis to differentiate from competitors with a clear offering to multiple stakeholders (Amber et al., 2016; Anctil, 2008; Chapleo, 2010; Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka, 2006). Universities in particular are viewed as “businesses” operating in a competitive global marketplace where differentiation plays a key role in attracting students and funding (Walton, 2005; Bunzel, 2007). One subject area that seems to address some of the uncertainties and pressures is the topic of corporate branding. Corporate branding can alleviate universities from a complex set of multi-faceted features (Hemsley-Brown and Goonawardana, 2007) which include among others, accreditation, tuition fees, positions in league tables and status in the global marketplace, and reinforce an institution’s unique selling point to multiple stakeholders, such as students, academics and funders (Whisman, 2009; Chapleo, 2010). Thus, a strong corporate brand can support, for example, charging higher tuition fees, recruiting leading academics and attracting students from underrepresented groups (Chapleo, 2010; Croxford and Raffe, 2015). Despite a move towards “marketisation”, it is unclear whether corporate branding has allowed universities to develop authentic, convincing brand identities, which would help to alleviate these pressures as HE, unlike the private sector, has typically less resources to implement branding strategies and has a tendency to be internally focused, unsure what is important for their brand and stakeholders (Jevons, 2006). The limited studies in this area call for more research and understanding into the application of corporate branding in the context of higher education (Anctil, 2008; Chapleo, 2010; Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka, 2006). Dibb and Simkin (1993: 26) discuss the branding variance of intangibility in different services placing “education” at the extreme end of the continuum questioning: ‘what is the product, the institution, the course; the experience or the qualification?’ It could be these different specialisms may be the very source of differentiation that can ensure the success of a HE corporate brand. Although ‘higher education and branding go back a long way’ (Temple, 2006: 15) those branding studies that have been conducted in universities have had limited application in specialised areas (Hankinson, 2004; Chapleo, 2011) such as the sciences or teacher education, as opposed to a business school where most marketing research is generally undertaken. Balmer and Liao (2007:368) point to other ‘institutional settings’ such as the Department of Music, at the University of York, which warrant a study with students into their identification with a university’s corporate brand. This highlights the complexity and challenges of managing multiple sub-brands within a corporate brand (Spry, 2014; Chapleo, 2015) and presents a unique opportunity for the research proposed which will consider relationships between a university corporate brand and sub-brand. As corporate branding can be described as the process of framing the organisation’s identity, which is derived from its culture, values, strategy and tangible cues (Balmer, 2001) it is brand identity that is the ‘unit of analysis’ (Uggla, 2006:78) and the focus of this study. Specifically, corporate brand identity relates to ‘what the organisation is and what it seeks to be’ (Abratt and Kleyn, 2012: 1051). Similarly Steiner et al. (2013: 411) maintain that a university’s identity is ‘who we are’. Since Albert and Whetten’s (1995) study on organisational identity and the authors’ claim that it is an evolving, collective phenomenon, there has been an increasing interest in institutional identity. Indeed, the link between corporate brand identity and shared values amongst stakeholders has been extensively documented (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001; Balmer and Gray, 2003, Kay, 2006; Chapleo, 2010). These ‘ bundle of values…’ (Balmer and Gray, 2003: 981) give the organisation its uniqueness and ‘….a sense of individuality’ (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001: 442). Balmer (2001) maintains that the values of an organisation’s identity as can be both tangible and intangible. However, with increasing competition in the marketplace and the rapid progress of modern technology organisations are looking to differentiate the emotional, rather than functional characteristics of their brand (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001). Gutman and Miaoulis (2003:106) describe these emotional values as those ‘that underlie important goals of students ….’ which ‘deal with the end states of our existence or the ultimate goals that people wish to achieve in their lives’ (Durvasula et al., 2011: 33). Thus the corporate brand becomes ‘the interface between the organisation’s stakeholders and its identity’ (Abratt and Kleyn, 2012: 1053) and a transition occurs from university identity to image (Steiner et al., 2013). It is therefore an organisation’s “values” that should correspond with the emotional needs of both employees and external stakeholders (Chapleo, 2010; Harris and de Chernatony, 2001). However, Steiner et al (2013) maintain that university faculties may not see themselves as part of the university’s overall identity which Brookes (2003:139) argues is due to marketing concepts being ‘theoretically uncomfortable’ for most academics or even ‘insulting’ (Waeraas and Solbakk, 2008). Traditionall, centralised corporate branding has played a less visible role in HE which has allowed different departments to develop strong brand identities of their own, referred to as the ‘house of brand approach’ (Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana, 2007: 946). This approach is one of three key branding strategies outlined by Ollins (1995) and Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000), which relate to the discipline of brand architecture and is one which puts distance between the corporate brand and the businesses and products such as the Virgin Group. The second approach is that of the branded house where a single Masterbrand unites the company and its businesses and products, such as the Virgin Group. Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana (2007: 945) refer to this approach as ‘corporatization’ in universities and is when branding practices change and departments are encouraged to align their identity with that of the university; hence they lose their individual branding. This particularly affects departments operating in niche markets and presents a difficult challenge for universities where understanding and expressing a single identity ‘may be too complex and fragmented’ (Waeraas and Solbakk, 2009: 459) as multiple identities and values held by staff may provide uniqueness to the university. Jevons (2006) cites the University of Cambridge in the UK where the identity of their colleges is much more distinct than the entire University. The endorsed brand strategy is when a company’s businesses and products are endorsed with the corporate brand (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) and a common identity such as Courtyard by Marriott. Sub-brands are also part of the brand architecture arena and similarly to endorsed brands can stretch across products and markets with an offering that is different and new (Uggla, 2006). While Ollins (1995) did not distinguish between sub-brands and endorsed brands, Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana (2007) refer to university faculties/schools/departments as sub-brands where the university simply provides brand endorsement to the sub-brands. However, several authors maintain the difference between sub-brands and endorsed brands is subtle (Devlin, 2003); in the latter case the Masterbrand plays a far less dominant role than that of the former which allows the Masterbrand to compete in markets than would otherwise be the case (Hsu et al, 2014). If the Masterbrand is more distant as in the endorsed approach, it acts as ‘a powerful cushion against contamination and risk' (Hsu et al, 2014). Devlin (2003) cites the key reason for putting distance between the corporate brand and businesses and products as being to maintain relationships and indicate distinctive competencies to different target markets. For example, and in the context of HE, w hile a University has key stakeholders, such as the Government, the general public and media it would seem worthy of consideration that the corporate brand might shape different images for these stakeholders while allowing different specialisms, particularly those with strong but different external influences, to nurture relationships with specific target markets (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2008). Although clear brand architecture models have been developed over time in the literature there appears to be a conflict of views and a lack of context-specific approaches. For example Chapleo (2015) found in his research that university departments often displayed qualities of sub-brands for specific target markets. However, there is no literature that has applied these different brand architecture approaches to the context of a university and more specifically a particular area of specialism. Indeed Chapleo (2015:159), who maintains that brand architecture is an approach 'with which universities struggle’, calls for more research into its applicability. Responding to the identified gaps in the body of knowledge this research, which provides a unique insight into an under-researched area, seeks to examine a university’s identity, related values and considers the development of an operational framework. The framework will investigate the complex nature of corporate brands in the context of HE in order to identify a coherent and effective brand architecture (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) which signals a differentiated offering? Although Spry (2014) responded to these gaps by qualitatively exploring perceptions of staff and students in a UK university and found significant relationships between the corporate brand and sub brand there is a need for a quantitative study that examines the suggested relationships further. The context is a university in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) focusing on a College of Nursing. The findings will offer internal university management advice on how best to investigate and potentially manage multiple sub-brands and ensure consistencies and coherencies with the corporate brand. Therefore the following objectives for this study have been developed: • To explore perceptions of corporate brand identity-image by students in both the context of a university and that of a university department • To examine the role that corporate brand identity plays in shaping perceptions of emotional and functional values • To conceptualise a framework that university practitioners can assimilate in order to develop appropriate brand architectures. Research Design Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses In keeping with objectives developed in the previous section, the following conceptual model has been developed. So as to gain a more detailed understanding of the relationships highlighted in figure 1, including the strength of the causal relationships and differences, the follow three hypotheses have been developed: H1: University corporate Identity will positively influence Emotional Values H2: College identity will positively influence Emotional Values H3: Emotional Value will positively influence Functional Values In addition, two further hypotheses have been developed to test if emotional values act as a mediator between Identity and Functional Values. This will measure the importance of Emotional Values as a key element of branding strategies to be considered by University management: H4: Emotional Values mediate a positive relationship between University Corporate Identity and Functional Values H5: Emotional Values mediate a positive relationship between College Identity and Functional Values Method All validated items of the variables in the conceptual framework were heavily influenced by the work of Lages and Fernandes (2005). A total of 165 questionnaires were collected from final year undergraduate students and Masters students, studying at the College of Nursing, in a University in the RoI. The majority of respondents were female (84%) and aged 22 – 30 (76%). One respondent was dropped from the study after data cleaning and as a result, data from 164 respondents was used to test the hypotheses. Hair et al. (2010) maintain that a minimum sample size for a model with five or fewer constructs is 100. This study uses Amos 23.0 to test the model and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) will be employed to assess the model fit and test the hypotheses respectively. Further, this study follows the bootstrapping method developed by Preacher and Hayes (2008) to test the mediating role of Emotional Values. University and that of the College of Nursing in terms of values. Specifically, the questions posed to students will provide an understanding on how they view the University’s identity compared to that of the College of Nursing. This will also help us to understand how successful the university has been in implementing its corporate branding initiatives and whether or not the corporate brand values align with that of the School of Nursing. In other words, do College staff perform in a way that the University (identity) and the students (image) expect? More specifically, do the values of the University, and that of the College of Nursing align with those of the students or are they viewed as separate entities with different perceptions as a result? Therefore is there a gap between the communicated corporate HEI brand identity and understood image? Further, can any relationship be identified between the corporate brand identity and emotional and functional values? Specifically, we are interested to see if emotional values mediate a positive relationship between corporate brand identity and functional values. In addition, does this suggest a sub-culture (sub-brand) within the corporate brand? If this is the case is it possible that different specialisms may provide the very source of differentiation being sought by universities across the globe? It is proposed to develop and test a framework that can be applied to HE and other organisations where there may be different departments with different sub-cultures operating in different environments. HE institutions will be able to use the proposed framework as a mechanism to understand the interplay, relationships and identity-image of the corporate brand and sub- brands. This in turn will enable HEI’s to respond to findings and develop-refine HE branding strategies for future development to shape, direction, values, vision etc. and highlight the most appropriate brand architecture to develop. The framework will also offer corporate brands within and beyond the HE context on how to evaluate their corporate brand and ascertain whether a house of brands or branded house approach is suitable for long term development. Conclusion It is proposed that research will add to the limited studies in HE and corporate branding both in terms of context and furthering the concept of corporate brand identity and, in particular brand architecture where HE literature is virtually non-existent. This study will also contribute to educational branding theory through demonstrating an understanding of those values that are most important to students therefore advancing understanding the development of global ‘educational brands’. Future comparative studies could be conducted to assess the transfer potential of the proposed framework to national and international settings and make adaptations if required. This research forms part of a larger study and qualitative data has been collected from employees in the College of Nursing which would also support these findings. If time allows findings from this would also be presented at the conference.

목적: 본 연구는 망막 영상의 혈관 분할을 위한 새로운 심층 인공 학습 시스템을 구축하는데 목적이 있 다. 기존 CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) 아키텍처를 제시하고, CNN 방식을 토대로 성능을 개선한 DirectNet을 고안하는데 있다. 특히, 기존 CNN에 비해 처리 시간을 크게 단축시키는데 있다. 방법: 제안된 DirectNet 아키텍처는 피라미드 형식의 블록(Block)들로 구성되며 각 블록은 컨볼루션레이 어 (Convolution layer) 묶음을 포함한다. 하나의 블록은 학습 결과를 보존(저장)하는 단위이다. 블록들은 순차적으로 하나씩 증가하며 피라미드 형식으로 쌓이게 되고 이를 통해 초기 학습 결과가 소멸되지 않고 최종 분석에 활용될 수 있도록 하였다. DirectNet은 패치(Patch) 추출과 Pooling 과정 없이 이미지를 학습하여 학습 층을 거듭하여도 원본 이미지와 동일하게 유지되는 것이 특징이다. 또한 다양한 커널사이즈를 활용 하되 Depthwise Separable Convolution(DSC)을 활용하여 색을 구성하는 RGB(Red, Green, Blue)픽셀로 부터 혈관 모양을 인식 및 탐지한다. 결과: DirectNet은 최첨단 패치 기반 CNN 접근 방식 (0.9538 vs 0.9327, 0.7851 vs 0.7346, 0.9782 vs 0.9730, 0.8458 vs 0.7987)과 비교하여 더 높은 정확도, 감도, 특이도 및 정밀도 값을 제공하였다. Direct Net의 학습 시간은 8시간에서 1시간, 테스트에 소요된 시간은 1시간에서 이미지 당 6초로 크게 단축하였다. 결론: 제안 된 심층 학습 아키텍처는 기존의 CNN 방식으로 진행한 학습 시간에 비해 8배, 테스트에서 600배 빠른 속도로 결과를 제공한다. DirectNet은 CNN에 비해 2.11%의 약간 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 다 른 측정 항목에서도 동등하거나 그 이상의 결과를 보여 분석 시간 효율을 크게 높였다.

기업들이 저원가와 높은 품질을 동시에 추구하게 됨에 따라 제품 아키텍처 기반 경쟁은 기업 전략의 중요한 일부가 되었다. 본 연구는 한⋅중 조선 산업(LNGC)분야 대표기업의 제품 아키텍처와 조직역량을 비교 분석하여 그들이 어떻게 혁신성과를 이루어 냈는지 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 한국기업은 동력계열의 연구개발에 있어 FGSS(Fuel gas supply system), PRS(Partial Re-liquefaction System)와 같이 에너지 효율을 개선하는 장치를 자체 개발하여 기존엔진에 추가하고, 선체 무게를 경량화 하는 등 다양한 미세조정 노력을 통해 우수한 성능을 가지게 하였다. 이는 우수한 연구조직 역량과 현장과의 긴밀한 협업을 통해 실현되었으며, 고부가가치선의 높은 매출로 이어질 수 있었다. 반면 중국 기업은 설계 및 연구개발의 편의성에 집중하여, 기존의 부품에 대한 미세조정 노력을 소홀히 했고 그 결과 동일한 부품을 사용하고도 한국의 선박에 비해 7-10% 낮은 연비 효율을 지닌 것으로 나타났다.