Since the development of the first genetically-modified mouse, transgenic animals have been utilized for a wide range of industrial applications as well as basic research. To date, these transgenic animals have been used in functional genomics studies, disease models, and therapeutic protein production. Recent advances in genome modification techniques such zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRIPSR)-Cas9, have led to rapid advancement in the generation of genome-tailored livestock, as well as experimental animals; however, the development of genome-edited poultry has shown considerably slower progress compared to that seen in mammals. Here, we will focus primarily on the technical strategies for production of transgenic and gene-edited chickens, and their potential for future applications.

The Straits of Malacca and Singapore is without hesitation, a vital sea lane of communication with the geographical advantage of linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Geographically, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore is shallow and fairly narrow on its eastern part and has created one of the most important traffic choke points in the world. Being a crucial sea-lane has experience the Straits with high density of vessel traffic. The increase in shipping activities has risen the challenge in safety of navigation and marine environmental protection problem which generally end up with huge financial losses for the seafarers and damages to the marine environment. Owing significant limitations in the geographical landscape, this article has primary objectives to examine how navigational safety and marine environment can be effectively protect using existing regulatory instruments. This article provides a review and analysis of existing laws and regulations to assess the status of navigational safety for marine environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. The article also evaluates potential strategies to this problem using insights from literature. The article finds out that the littoral States to the Straits of Malacca and Singapore should adopt more forward-looking perspective in the formulation of legal measures to enhance navigational safety for marine environmental protection. The article finally suggests the potential strategies for navigational safety and marine environmental protection in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This will help in setting priorities for future efforts in improving navigational safety for marine environmental protection with regard to international and regional initiatives.

본 연구는 폭염 및 미세먼지 저감을 위한 계획요소인 바람길의 활용 가능성을 논의해보고자, 전주시를 대상으로 바람길의 특성을 분석하고, 바람길 활용을 위한 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해, 호남정맥에 위치하는 전주지역 일대의 찬공기 흐름 및 찬공기 층 높이 등 찬공기 특성을 분석하였고, 전주시의 주요한 바람길을 특정하였다. 또한, 이를 바탕으로 전주시 일대의 산림관리 및 도시계획 활용방안을 제안하였다. 찬공기 특성 분석을 위해 독일에서 개발된 모형인 KALM(Kaltluftabflussmodell)을 이용하여 야간 6시간 동안 생성되는 찬공기 흐름 및 찬공기층 높이를 파악하였다. 분석 결과, 시간이 경과함에 따라 전주시 외곽 북동쪽 및 동쪽에 위치한 산림에서 생성된 찬공기의 흐름이 뚜렷해지고, 계곡지역과 농경지 일대에서 찬공기층의 높이가 증가하였다. 특히, 전주시의 찬공기 흐름은 북동쪽과 동쪽에서 생성된 찬공기가 전주시 중심 시가지로 유입되어 남쪽으로 흘러나가는 형태를 가지고 있어, 이상적인 바람길 의 구조를 보여주는 사례였다. 찬공기 분석 결과를 바탕으로, 찬공기 생성이 활발한 산림지역 일대를 ‘찬공기 보전지역’ 으로 지정하고, 원활한 찬공기 흐름을 위해 관리가 필요한 지역을 ‘찬공기 관리지역’으로 지정하여, 찬공기 흐름을 유지 및 확대할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 전주시의 기후변화 적응 정책, 바람길숲 조성 사업 등 폭염과 미세먼지 해결을 위한 정책 수립과 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how grammatical patterns of command in using hedge strategies function based on the principle of relative status in the Korean language. In order to accomplish the purpose, types of command in using hedge strategies are classified. The results showed that grammatical patterns of command are functioned to save the listener’s face from a listener’s viewpoint, and to strengthen details of propositions used from a proponent’s viewpoint. Also, from a speaker’s viewpoint, they are functioned to reduce the burden of command acts, and to agree with others implicitly or to follow his or her role demanded in the conversation. It also indicated that specific patterns are selected depending on language users, and context factors such as listeners’ reactions, hierarchical relations among listeners and speakers, their closeness to each other, location and formality of context, and publicity of their topics. Based on the findings, a pedagogical implication is suggested to provide language users’ multi-faceted competence in Korean.

물거미는 한국에서 유일하게 연천군 은대리의 좁은 습지에서만 제한적으로 분포하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 물거미 개체군에 영향을 주는 서식 환경요인을 규명하기 위하여 습지내 물거미의 개체수와 수생태계의 다양한 물리화학 및 생물학적 환경요인과의 관계를 조사하였다. 그 결과 물거미의 개체수는 서식지의 물리화학적 환경요인 중에서 습지의 면적이 좁고 암모니아태질소와 전기전도도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 물거미는 포식자나 먹이인 피식자와는 관련성이 낮고 왕우렁이의 개체수가 많을수록 감소하였다. 또한 정수식물의 피도와는 관련성이 없었으나 부엽식물의 피도가 높을수록 물거미수는 감소하였고, 그 반대로 침수 식물의 피도가 높을수록 이에 비례하여 물거미 수는 증가 하였다. 이러한 결과는 물거미의 서식환경에서 수생식물이 중요하게 관련됨을 의미하고, 현재 이 서식지에서 외래종인 왕우렁이는 수생식물의 최대 섭식자로 작용하고 있으므로 이에 대한 제어대책이 시급히 필요하다.

도시공원은 도시민들의 삶의 활력소가 되어주는 주요 요소이다. 특히 도심공원은 시민들의 이용 시간이 가장 많은 여가 공간이기 때문에 본 연구는 대구 도심 근린공원의 인구분포 및 물리적 환경에 따른 이용특성을 알아보기 위해 도심에 위치한 3개의 공원 이용자를 조사하였고 이에 따라 도심 근린공원의 조성 및 재정비 시 고려해야 할 점을 제시하였다. 문헌 및 인터넷 데이터 조사결과에 따르면 각 공원 인근 행정 동별 노인 인구는 모두 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 경상감영공원의 노인계층 인구는 2018년에 2012년보다 7.4% 증가하였다. 물리적 환경과 내⋅외부는 인터넷과 현장조사를 통해 데이터를 수집하였다. 그 결과 공원 외부 토지이용 중 거주용지 비율은 낮은 반면 상업용지 비율은 상당히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 경상감영공원 주변 500m 중심상업지역의 경우 94.4%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 공원 내부의 녹지공간은 전체 공원 용지의 60% 이상을 차지하고 있었으며 시설도 다양하였다. 이용 특성을 파악하기 위해 공원 내 이용자를 대상으로 설문조사를 2018년 5월 16일과 5월 26일 진행하였고 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 전체 공원 이용자 중 이용 빈도가 주 1회인 비율은 41.9%로 나타났다. 또한, 이용자의 절반이상은 낮에 이용을 하며 계절에 상관없이 산책, 휴식, 비활동적 놀이 등의 목적으로 공원을 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 공원을 찾는 사람은 동반자와 같이 이용하는 경우가 가장 많았다. 이에 따라 인구분포 및 물리적 환경에 따른 이용 특성의 관계를 분석하였으며 도심 근린공원의 조성 및 재정비 시 고려해야 할 점은 도심 근린공원을 설계할 때는 주변 거주민을 중심으로 설계하지 않고 지역용도와 토지 이용 특성에 따라 설계해야 한다. 공원의 이용목적은 만남, 휴식으로 이용자에게 정자, 야외 평상 등을 설치하면 이용자를 더 편하게 교류할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 도시재생지역 중 노후주거지의 열환경을 개선하기 위한 계획방안을 제시하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 노후주거지 재생을 추진하는 재생 창조거점으로 선정된 대구광역시 서구 비산2⋅3동을 연구 대상지로 선정하여, 기후노출, 적응능력, 민감도로 구성된 15개의 지표를 이용하여 대상지의 열취약성을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 도출된 열취약성 1등급 지역을 열환경 우선 개선지역으로 선정하고, 15개 지표를 대상으로 열취약 원인을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 열환경에 취약한 주요 원인은 수⋅녹지율, 일 최고기온 33℃ 이상인 날의 수, 지표면온도, 일 최저기온 25℃ 이상인 날의 수인 것으로 분석되었다. 이를 개선하기 위한 열환경 우선 개선지역에 소규모의 녹지 조성, 화이트루프의 적용, 쿨링포그 시스템 설치를 우선적으로 시행할 것을 제안하였다.

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore Virtual Reality (VR) utilization strategies in scenario-based nursing simulation training. Method: This was an integrative review for the identification of scenario-based VR simulation training applied to nursing undergraduates. The existing literature was searched in electronic databases using RISS, PubMed, and Pro-Quest and the key words were “Scenario based,” “Simulation,” “Virtual reality,” “Virtual training,” and “Nursing.” Finally, five studies were analyzed. Results: All the studies were conducted from 2016 to 2019. One RCT, two quasi-experimental studies, and two mixed method studies were identified. The topics of the scenarios were all different; acute myocardial infarction, management of respiratory system disease with hypoxia, postoperative nursing with appendicitis, teamwork and communication in outpatient and emergency situations, and disaster situation training . The outcome variables that were significant statistically were performance, self-confidence, and learning satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings suggest that virtual simulation in nursing education can potentially improve knowledge, performance, and learning confidence and can increase satisfaction with learning experience among nursing undergraduates. Multidisciplinary cooperation and investment are needed to develop diverse content applying VR in nursing simulation education. The review of the side effects also needs to be performed.

본 연구는 특허출원이 기업 성과에 영향을 미친다는 가정 하에 중소중견 기업을 위한 산업별 맞춤형 특허 활동성 제고 전략 5가지를 제안함으로서 향후 중소 중견기업의 특허활동 성과 제고에 기여하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 특허 활동이 활발한 25개 산업을 대상으로 2010년부터 5년간의 특허 활동성 통계자료와 2014년도 기준 기업성과 통계자료를 활용하였다. 연구절차는 DEA-BCC 효율성 분석과 특허 활동성 분석, 그리고 특허 포트폴리오 분석을 각각 실시한 후, 이를 종합한 특허 활동성 제고 전략을 제안하는 순으로 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 특허 활동성이 높고 IRS(규모 수익체증)형태를 보인 5개 산업의 경우, 특허 효율성이 높은 산업으로서 기업성과 향상에 실질적인 도움이 되고 있음을 확인하였다, 반면, 특허 활동성은 높으나 규모수익 이 IRS(규모수익체중)/DRS(규모수익체감)형태로 나타난 12개 산업을 비롯, 특허 활동성도 낮고 규모수익이 DRS(규모수익체감)형태, CRS/IRS 혼합형태, 그리고 IRS 형태 로 나타난 8개 산업 모두, 산업별 특성에 따라 특허 효율성도 다양한 형태로 나타날 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships among English learners’ motivation, strategies and achievement, with a group of 51 Korean three-year college students. The students responded to the questionnaire of learning motivation and strategies. Also they took a mock TOEIC. Multiple regression analysis allowed for the analysis of learners’ motivation and strategies to predict a single dependent variable, their English achievement. The findings revealed that, first, ‘internal motivation’ was found the highest predictor of their English study, while ‘instrumental motivation-individual’ was the lowest motivation type for students. Second, participants used ‘social strategies’ most frequently in studying English, and they used the others in the order of ‘compensation strategies’, ‘affective strategies’, ‘cognitive strategies’, ‘memory strategies’ and ‘metacognitive strategies’. Last, the impact of learning motivation and strategies on the TOEIC scores was not statistically significant, but the relationship of learning motivation and strategies was found to be positive. Implications for the practical classroom and suggestions for further research are suggested.

Climate adaptation strategies for water utilities including 16 water treatment plants(WTPs) in Jeju were investigated. Drought, heat wave, and heavy rain were among the most significant climate factors affecting water utilities in Jeju. Heat wave increases water temperature, which in turn increases the concentration of algae, color, and odor materials. Some adaption strategies for the heat wave can be strengthening water monitoring and introducing advanced water treatments. Heavy rain increases raw water turbidity in surface water. The 7 WTPs that take raw water from streams or springs had a maximum turbidity of less than 50 NTU under heavy rain. However, due to concerns of turbidity spike in treated water, some WTPs discontinued intaking raw water when raw water turbidity increased more than 2 NTU. They instead received treated water from other WTPs which took groundwater for water supply. This happens because of the low skills of employees. Thus, there needs to be an increase in operator competency and upgrade of water facilities for the adaption of heavy rain. To improve adaption for the drought, there should be an increase in the capacity of intake facilities of surface water as well as a decrease in water loss. In addition, water consumption per person should be decreased.

온대지역에 분포하는 박쥐가 생존을 위하여 선택하는 동면은 에너지가 고갈되는 시기에 직면하는 에너지 문제해결을 위한 적응현상이다. 본 연구에서 온대지역에 분포하는 토끼박쥐의 온도선호도와 동면전략 (동면기간)에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 박쥐의 온도선호도와 동면전략과의 연관성을 알아보기 위하여 박쥐의 온도선호도는 동면기간에 영향을 준다는 가설 검증을 하였다. 이를 위하여 토끼박쥐의 분포를 확인하였고 동면처의 환경특성 및 토끼박쥐의 온도선호도를 도출하였다. 또한 토끼박쥐는 외부 최저 기온이 온도선호도보다 낮아지는 시기에 동면처에 도착하여 외부 최저 기온이 온도선호도보다 높아지는 시기에 동면처를 떠날 것으로 예측하였다. 동면중인 토끼박쥐의 평균 체온은 3.03±1.30℃ (range 0.1~7.6℃, n=179)로 대기온도 (Ta)에 비해 암벽온도 (Tr)와 밀접하게 상관되었다. 토끼박쥐는 외부 기온이 온도선호도보다 낮아지는 11월 중순 이후에 동면처에 도착하여 115~120일 동안 동면처에 머물렀다. 또한 외부 기온이 온도선호도보다 높아지는 시기인 3월 중순 이후에 동면처를 떠났다. 본 연구의 결과는 토끼박쥐의 동면기간은 대상 종의 온도선호도와 외부기온과의 상호작용에 의한 것임을 시사하며 또한 대상종의 온도선호도 및 동면기간 같은 동면전략은 대상 종의 분포 제한 요인으로 작용될 수 있다.

In late 1950’s, the beginning of container revolution has started a new paradigm shift in maritime industry worldwide. This new paradigm has become a major reason for seaport systems to prepare their physical capacity, space availability, multi-modalism, transport connectivity via regionalisation. However, in early 2010’s the introduction of industrial revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) which starts the era of immersive digitalization proved that seaport systems need to be prepared to face pattern of unstable magnitudes in dynamic maritime trade. Therefore, this paper analyses key components required for Malaysian seaport system to be aligned with the key requirements in IR4.0. By employing document analysis, this research analyses the challenges faced by Malaysian seaport system as well as suggests strategies to muddle through the key requirements of IR4.0. The findings from this research indicate that Malaysian seaport system need to be improved by enforcing skill-based education system, flexibility in labour structure, development in skill and competence level as well as improvement in infrastructure suitability. The findings from this research also reflect significant strategies to improve seaport system in the era of IR4.0 including enhancing requirements for intermodal terminals, improving preparation for seaport alliances, developing mechanism for interoperability, improving utilisation of intra and interregional economic development as well as scrutinising safety and security.

This study assessed effective strategies to reduce the sodium intake among consumers using pork cutlet sauce as a model food system. Original pork cutlet sauce and sodium-reduced sauce (29% reduced by a salt substitute) were analyzed to characterize the sensory properties using descriptive analysis. The effects of sodium-reduction of the sauce, consumer type (nutrition teachers vs. general consumers), information related to the sodium content, serving method, and consumer’s health, taste and sodium-related attitudes on the consumer’s preference, perception, and intake of the sauce were analyzed using a consumer test. In descriptive analysis, the original and sodium-reduced sauce showed similar sensory characteristics but did not differ in saltiness. In the consumer test, there were no significant differences in the overall preference levels between the two sauces. On the other hand, there were significant differences in preference and perception between nutrition teachers and general consumer groups, which were due largely to their age as well as the health and sodium-related attitudes and nutritional knowledge differences. Sodium-reduced information decreased the perceived saltiness intensity. In addition, reducing sodium intake by serving pork cutlet sauce in a bottle can be an effective strategy because this serving method increased the acceptance and induced the smaller intake of sauce.

A simulation model of the 2010/11 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea was constructed to evaluate the epidemiologic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to a number of epidemiologic indicators relating to the outbreak, including the number of infected animals, number of infected farms, and epidemic duration. The FMD-control strategies in the model consisted of pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination; however, levels of each control option differed. The constructed model was not perfectly representative of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic, although it was considered to mimic the actual FMD epidemic in its prediction of two outcomes: the median number of simulated FMD-detected farms was 294 (range 207–515), which was close to the number of farms detected (299) during the actual FMD epidemic (x2=87.239, df=98, p = 0.774); and the simulated epidemic curve was visually similar to the actual epidemic curve of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic. The effectiveness evaluation of simulated FMD-control strategies emphasized the amount the FMD outbreak size could have increased if the radius of the pre-emptive slaughtering area or the duration of movement restriction were decreased.

Many insects are able to feed on crucifers despite the presence of a potent activated defense system known as the mustard oil bomb. In damaged tissue, mustard oil glucosides (glucosinolates) are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase to form toxic mustard oils (isothiocyanates). Here, we analyzed how the the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala, a key pest of oilseed rape, copes with this chemical defense. First, we found that P. chrysocephala prevents the activation of ingested glucosinolates by two different strategies, a) by sequestering glucosinolates and b) by converting glucosinolates to desulfo-glucosinolates. Our next aim was to identify the sulfatase enzyme(s) responsible for the detoxification of glucosinolates in P. chrysocephala. Nine arylsulfatase-like genes were identified in the transcriptome of P. chrysocephala, and five of them showed glucosinolate sulfatase activity upon heterologous expression in Sf9 cells. By using RNAi, we confirmed that PcGSS1 and PcGSS2 are active towards benzenic and indolic glucosinolates in P. chrysocephala adults in vivo. However, in feeding experiments, the proportion of sequestered and desulfated glucosinolates ranged from 26 to 35% which suggests that these strategies alone are likely not sufficient to overcome the chemical plant defense. Indeed, P. chrysocephala additionally conjugates isothiocyanates to glutathione and metabolizes them via the conserved mercapturic acid pathway. In summary, the cabbage stem flea beetle avoids isothiocyanate formation by specialized strategies (sequestration and desulfation), but also relies on a conserved detoxification pathway to prevent toxicity of isothiocyanates.

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate effects of two different feeding systems on body weight, milk yield, milk composition, and mineral and fatty acids content of Holstein dairy cows’ milk. Sixteen of 25 months-old Holstein dairy cows were assigned to two groups (n=8) to study effects of the feeding system for 150 days. Two feeding systems were compared for five months; Group 1 was housed indoors and mainly fed a concentrate diet, Group 2 was maintained outdoors for five-seven hours/day on various kinds grass in a pasture. The experiment was conducted June-October 2017. Results revealed the indoor-fed cows had higher body weight, that was significant compared with the outdoor-based feeding system of Holstein dairy cows (p<0.05). Indoor-raised milking cows had higher milk yield (32.45 kg) as compared with pasture-raised milk yield (26.44 kg). Cows fed indoors significantly increased milk yield, total protein content, lactose, citric acid level, and lowered level of total solid and free fatty acids relative to the pasture-fed milking cows (p>0.05). There were higher levels of mineral content and fatty acid content in the milk of indoor-fed dairy cows than the pasture-raised dairy cows (p>0.05). Our study results demonstrated the potential benefits of the indoor feeding system for increased body weight, milk yield, mineral and fatty acids content summer through autumn when low pasture growth rates and quality may otherwise limit production.