Many Chinese scholars advocate transplanting the American Gideon to improve the quality of criminal defense and legal aid in China. Nowadays, less than thirty percent of criminal defendants in China have counsels to represent them, and this has worsened since the year of 2012, because laws and policies have expanded the legal aid to more candidates, while the appropriations cannot keep pace with the explosive caseload. Institutional impediments also frustrate lawyers’ efforts in providing effective representation, and there is no remedy for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims. This paper calls for a fuller understanding of the Gideon’s broken promise in the US, and argues that the forces most essential to the support of the Chinese Gideon can only come from China’s practice and experience.

4차 산업혁명시대의 상징, 사이보그라고도 일컫는 인공지능이 거의 모든 영역에서 직업의 지도를 새롭게 바꾸고 있다. 이러한 현상은 법조영 역에서도 예외가 되지 않은바, 실제로 해외 사례를 보면 일부 제한된 영역이기는 하나 로펌에서 인공지능이 계약서 검토 및 작성 등 변호사의 업무를 수행하고 나아가 인간 법관의 법률적 판단을 보조하는 등 그 영역을 점차 넓혀가고 있다. 즉 가장 보수적이라고 하는 법조영역에까지 최첨단 과학기술의 집약체인 인공지능이 도입되고 있는 상황에서 유독 법조계만 인공지능의 출현을 회의적인 시각으로 바라보는 이유는 무엇일까? 이제는 인공지능의 출현을 단지 부정적 내지는 회의적인 시각으로만 바라볼 것이 아니라, 신속⋅ 정확하게 재판받을 권리라는 관점에서 국민적⋅ 사회적 합의를 바탕으로 보다 적극적이고 유연하게 대응할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 소고에서는 인공지능이 인간 법관의 법률적 판단을 어느 범위까지 보조할 수 있는지에 관하여, 영업비밀 판례를 전수조사하고 분석한 데이터를 토대로 영업비밀 유출 사건으로 범위를 한정하여 그 가능성을 연구해 보았다. 한편 인공지능이 법조영역에 도입되어 언젠가 인간 법관의 역할을 대신할 가능성도 배제할 수 는 없을 것이다. 하지만 법조영역에 인공지능을 도입하기 위해서는 선결과제로 개인정보보호법 등 현행 법제도에 대한 정비와 더불어 현재 극히 제한적으로만 공개되고 있는 판결문 등 법률정보 빅데이터의 공개 문제가 해결되어야만 한다. 따라서 본 소고에서는 누구를 위한 인공지능이 되어 야 하는지에 대한 관심과 논의를 시작으로 법조 영역에의 인공지능 도입에 관한 제언을 하고자 한다.

내시경적 역행성 담췌관 조영술 시술 중 발생한 십이지장 천공의 발생은 드물게 일어나나 사망에까지 이를 수 있는 주요 합병증 중의 하나이다. 십이지장 천공 발생시 일차적 치료로 수술적 치료가 권고되고 있으나 경우에 따라 해부학적 위치, 천공의 크기, 환자의 상태, 시술자의 숙련도 등을 고려하여 적절한 내시경적 봉합을 시도해볼 수 있다. 저자들은 내시경적 역행성 담췌관 조영술 시행 중 발생한 천공에 대하여 지혈클립으로 일차 봉합하고, 시술을 위한 스텐트 삽입 또한 시행하여 성공적으로 치료한 증례를 보고한다.

There have been more than 40,000 cases of fires in Korea in the last three years. However, as ‘Accidental Fire Liability Act’ was judged to be non-conform to the Constitution in 2007, the damages by light mistakes should be compensated. Accordingly, disputes such as compensation claims, litigations and indemnification cases of the victims of fire increased. However, it is so difficult for victims of fire cases to take proper action. So, this study is to help victims of fire cases in the disputes and compensation claims of the victims, and to find actual and practical support system based on the analysis of compensation status. To help victims of fire cases, we need to survey about victims of fire cases with multiple victims. That survey is analyzed to find support plan for victims. Furthermore, to find support plan the current law is needed to be analyzed and reviewed to revision. It is also tried to identify problems in the operation of the Center for victims of Fire currently operated by fire stations and to find countermeasures. In addition, the status of subscription and problem of fire insurance for the compensation for the victims and the method to increase fire insurance subscription rate will be studied.

중국과 베트남에서 관료부패가 만연하고 있다. 이는 관료부패가 유일 정당인 공산당과 정부의 공신력을 와해시킬 뿐만 아니라, 나아가서 사회주의 국가 체제에까지 치명적 영향을 초래할 수 있다는 점에서 매우 심각한 문제라 할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 이 글은 동일한 공산당 일당 체제의 사회주의 국가인 중국과 베트남에서 발생하고 있는 관료부패의 실태를 최근 발생한 주요 사례들을 중심으로 살펴보고, 그에 대한 원인을 도출해보는 한편, 이를 상호 비교해 봄으로써 그것들이 갖는 공통점이 무엇인지를 고찰한다. 그리고 그로부터 궁극적으로 두 나라의 관료부패가 갖는 확연한 특징이 무엇인지도 파악해 본다. 이를 위해 필자는 관련 문헌자료를 중심으로 참고하는 것은 물론, 중국과 베트남의 공직부패 사례를 관련 조사 결과, 보도자료 등을 통해 종합, 분석하는 서술적 방법을 취한다.

본 연구는 신화적 장면을 그린 고전기의 아티카 지역의 도기화 가운데 대부분의 인물들이 고전기 양식으로 표현된 것과 달리 신상만이 아르카익 양식으로 묘사된 사례들을 선별하여 이러한 도상학적 현상의 의미를 살펴보고자 한다. 이들 아티카 지역의 고전기 도기화에서 의도적으로 아르카익 양식을 차용한 것은 양식적인 대조를 통하여 아르카익 양식의 신상이 고전기 양식으로 표현된 신화적 인물들 보다 더 예스러운 존재임을 드러내기 위한 의도로 사용되었다. 이들 고전기에 아티카의 도기화가들이 상대적 시간을 표현하기 위한 하나의 ‘고전적 규범’으로 아르카익 양식을 사용하였다는 사실은 고전기 미술에서 아르카익 양식이 지닌 시각적 역사성이 당대의 미술가들과 관람자들에게 공유되었음을 드러낸다는 점에서 미술사적으로 의미가 있다.

본고는 미래 사회가 요구하는 역량중심의 2015 개정 한문과 교육과정을 이해하고 도달할 수 있는 학생 참여 중심 한문과 교수학습방법의 필요성을 느끼고 연구하였다. 새로운 방식의 한문과 학습 모형을 개발하는데 목적을 두고 교육과정-수업-평가-기록의 일체화를 적용한 책 만들기를 통한 고등학교 한문과 프로젝트 수업 방법을 제안하였다. ‘가이드북 만들기’를 주제로 소주제 설정, 프로젝트의 계획, 수행, 마무리의 모든 과정을 학생이 주도하여 총 10차시에 걸쳐 수업을 진행하였다. 프로젝트를 수행하는 과정에서 학습자는 영역별 한자·한자어·한문 학습의 자연스러운 활용 능력 및 다양한 역량을 함양 할 수 있었으며 교과목 간 통합, 교과와 생활의 통합, 창의 융합적 활동, 계속적 심화학습을 경험하여 성취감과 자신감이 향상하였다. 본고에서 제안한 책 만들기 프로젝트 수업은 다양한 주제 적용이 가능하고, 학습자의 수준에 따라서 수업의 절차와 내용을 구성할 수 있으며 교과의 지식이 학생들의 삶과 의미 있게 연계되어 있다는 것을 인식하고 느끼게 하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 본 연구를 통해 한문과 프로젝트 학습 방법에 대한 새로운 방안들이 꾸준히 연구되어 2015개정 교육과정의 변화에 적응하기 위한 한문과 학교 현장 교사들에게 창의적이고 효율적인 학습 모형이 될 수 있기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to explore what kinds of science communication are ongoing in formal and informal settings for learning about nuclear energy, which is very important issue domestically and internationally. The researchers collected and analyzed data from science textbooks at elementary and middle school levels, from exhibitions in Y informal hall that belongs to one nuclear power plant, and from 40 bestselling books about nuclear energy in order to explore the kind of science communication. The same process was used to explore Japanese case so that we could compare the results with Korean cases and draw implications for enhancing science communication about nuclear energy. The science communication of nuclear energy in Korea included implicit and indirect content espoused in science textbooks; two opposite views displayed in bestselling books, and positive aspects mainly displayed in exhibition of information hall in nuclear power plant. It is suggested that both direct and explicit science communication along with the neutral viewpoints including positive and negative ones be provided for the public to form a good understanding of nuclear energy

This paper discusses ways to understand and cope with the issues of holism, generalizability, and representativity in qualitative research. More specifically, the article argues that critical sociolinguistic ethnography can serve as a useful methodological tool to uncover complicated processes and consequences of linguistic practice in social life in an increasingly globalized world. Drawing on Heller’s (2011) framework of critical sociolinguistic ethnography, the analysis underscores how critical sociolinguistics focuses on the analysis of the processes by which social actors access and mobilize valuable linguistic resources across time and space. The paper illustrates the situated research processes of doing critical sociolinguistic ethnography through two research projects on South Korean transnational English learners conducted by the authors. The article concludes with a discussion of how critical sociolinguistic ethnography may contribute to broadening research agenda in sociolinguistics in the era of globalization.

This article has attempted to provide some guidance and information for improving curricula at Korean universities by analyzing the curricula of American departments of German Studies. For this purpose, the contents and explanations of the website were mainly used. Prior to that, the current state of the Korean Germanistik was briefly descreibed. It was difficult to find cases in which the concept of the desirable learner, the purpose of the department, the goal of the curriculum, and learning outcomes were illustrated by the Korean Department of Germanistik. In contrast, these elements were usually described in the American departments. According to an example university, the department has developed the curriculum by which listening, speaking, reading, and writing can be integrated. In another example, the department offered the learners the opportunity to study in the various fields. The last case was an example of how learners can connect their majors to those of another faculty or department. The contents and materials presented here can be used for the improvement and new development of the curricula at the Korean universities. The departments of Germanistik in Korea have to redesign the curricula so that learners can acquire different skills needed for their future life. To do so, we should above all take into account the concept of the desirable learner, the pedagogical purpose, and the learning objectives of the departments and then provide the learners with a variety of chances to participate in developing a range of capacities. If it succeeds, one can assert the existence value of the department more convincingly.

The primary purpose of this paper is to introduce the cases of fishery co-management, particularly in Korea. In recent, the fishery co-management between the government and fishermen has been brought an important shift of paradigm in a part of Korean fishery management policy. In case of Korea fisheries area, three fisheries cooperatives(which refer to purse sein fishery, trawl fishery, stow net fishery) have a minority of co-management programs. Generally, the main method of fishery co-management programs is ‘Fishery Closures’ among the programs, and others are restriction of fishing gear and fishermen educations. In spite of the efforts and time consumes of Korean government and fisheries cooperatives, much to our regret that it is hard to confirm visible results in an increased amount of fisheries resources so far because of the time constraint, namely fishery co-management programs have been conducted just since two to three years before. However, what’s certain is that fishery co-management programs make it possible to positively effect on both of area in fishermen and fisheries resources. Accordingly, it is necessary that Korean government and fishermen should extend the fishery co-management to other fishery areas as soon as possible we can in order to efficiently reduce administrative costs and effectively reserve fisheries resources.

Research in the Servitization of Manufacturing has become focused more on cases than concepts over the past decade. This is because governments have emphasized some practical research with policies to support their industries. Manufacturers need differentiated strategies to gain competitiveness by servitization in the global market. They should examine how common servitization has become in the same industries and markets. They should also make sure how it works and for what purpose it is done since it is necessary to make the best decision to be able to distribute the limited resources most effectively to defeat the global competitors. South Korea has the sixth largest trade volume in the world, but Korean SMEs’ marketing capabilities fall short compared to that of major global companies. This paper seeks to develop the proper model and its application for the servitization with global cases which are recommended for Korean SMEs. They need to check the urgency in servitization according to their products, industries and target markets. In addition, factors such as purposes, time and types of the servitization are examined to see how they are related each other. The most significant implication of this study is that the processes for early-stage companies in servitazation are modeled to help them make the best choices.

최근 IT 기술의 발전과 다양한 지식재산권의 양산으로 세계 각국에서 자국 또는 자국의 국민이 소유한 지식재산권의 보호를 위한 법령의 확대, 제도의 개선에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 대표적으로 세계 굴지의 IT 기업들이 지식재산권 침해 소송의 당사자가 되어 장기간 동안 법적 절차에 많은 시간과 비용을 투자하게 되거나, 기대했던 소송 결과를 얻어내지 못하게 된다면, 해당 기업에 미치는 부정적인 영향이 장기간 지속되거나 막대한 손해배상액이 발생하게 된다. 그런데 지식재산권의 고유한 특성상 침해행위의 유형, 침해여부, 구체적인 손해배상액 산정방법 등을 밝혀내기 쉽지 않은 사례가 많이 있고, 지식재산권 시장의 변화 속도에 부응하지 못한 법령들을 토대로 손해배상액을 정확히 판단하기 쉽지 않은 경우도 있다. 우리나라 특허법 제128조 제4항에서 적절한 손해액은 피고가 침해행위로 의하여 얻은 이익액으로 추정하고, 특허법 제128조 제5항에 의하여 권리자는 침해자를 상대로 그 특허발명의 실시에 대하여 통상실시료를 자기가 받은 손해액으로 하여 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는데, 이러한 규정만으로는 특허권자의 손해전보에 현실적이지 못하다. 또한 디자인보호법 제115조에서도 특허법에서와 마찬가지로 일실이익, 손해액 추정, 실시료상당액 등으로 손해배상액을 산정하는 방식에 대해서 규정하고 있으나, 해당 규정만으로 디자인권침해에 대한 손해배상액을 합리적으로 산정하기에는 부족한 측면이 있다. 미국 특허법 제284조에서는 미국 특허권 침해로 인한 손해배상 산정방식으로서 특허권 침해로 인하여 특허권자가 상실한 이익인 일실이익, 특허발명에 관한 합리적 실시료 또는 확립된 실시료를 사용하고 있다. 반면에 디자인권 침해로 인한 손해액은 미국 특허법 제284조 또는 제289조에 근거하여 산정 가능하나, 미국 특허법 제289조와 달리 제284조에 따를 경우에는 침해자의 이익액에 근거한 손해배상액을 산정할 수 없게 된다. 그리고 고의침해 등에 따른 징벌적 손해배상제도는 우리나라와 달리 미국 특허법에 존재하는 독특한 규정이다. 이하에서는 현행 특허법 및 디자인보호법상 손해배상 산정방식에 대해 규정한 내용을 검토하고, 미국의 입법례와 구체적인 사례를 비교⋅분석한 후 지식재산권 침해 시 손해배상액 산정방식에 대한 입법론을 살펴본다. 우리나라에서도 미국과 같이 일실이익과 합리적 실시료를 혼합하여 손해배상액을 산정하는 규정을 확립하고, 실시료의 산정기준에 대한 가이드를 제시하거나 징벌적 손해배상제도를 도입하는 등 특허권자 및 디자인권자의 권리증진과 산업발전에 기여할 수 있는 입법적 개선방안을 모색해야 한다.

Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) for the disabled is a special transportation mode for people with disabilities who have difficulties in moving. DRT for the disabled is one of the most important means of transportation for people with disabilities using wheelchairs because it provides door-to-door service with vehicles equipped with wheelchair boarding facilities. The Seoul city operated DRT for the disabled for the first time in Korea in 2003 and currently operates 487 vehicles. This study compared DRT for the disabled with domestic and foreign cases and analyzed usage pattern of DRT for the disabled in Seoul for the frequency of service use and waiting time. The DRT for the disabled usage pattern in Seoul showed that the number of use of weekends was smaller than that of weekdays, and it was used most at noon by the time of day. In the case of waiting time, days except Saturday were similar. On Saturday, the traffic jam was more severe than other days, so waiting time was higher than other days. By the time of day, the waiting time was higher due to the reduction of the number of vehicles in the evening and the nighttime, not the noon which had the highest number of use. As a result of analyzing day by day in four-time zones, it was analyzed that there were spatial differences in waiting time by time zone. This study is expected to be used to reduce the waiting time of DRT for the disabled through DRT for the disabled usage pattern analysis.

The government focuses the innovation paradigm of public institutions on the realization of social value through national tasks. Efforts are now being made to legislate the Framework Act on the Realization of Public Institutions’ Social Value, which allows public institutions to serve as the foundation and check the progress of social value realization plans every year. According to this Act, the government performance review must also reflect efforts and outcomes made to create social value. Traditional public institutions in the road sector are trying to convert social responsibility, job creation and related activities into indicators of social value realization. Social value refers to a “value that can contribute to public interests and community development in all areas including social, economic, environmental, and cultural ones.” This definition commonly used in government policy includes the concept of public institutions’ social responsibility and shared value creation. Here, social responsibility refers to the returning of corporate profits to society for the continued development of a community while shared value creation refers to the solving of a social problem by a company pursuing both economic and social value creation. The performance sharing scheme in particular is regarded as an important tool for companies to create social value. In this regard, this study examines how public institutions in the road sector used the performance sharing scheme. The purpose of this study is also to discover more cases based on this analysis. The analysis so far found the following 5 types of performance sharing schemes in the road sector: (a) service improvement, (b) technology development, (c) conditional purchasing, (d) technology transfer, and (e) performance sharing between multiple parties. Notably, technology transfer or performance sharing between multiple parties means that public institutions provide support to the private sector so that it can take the lead and develop required technology. These instances can be good examples of public institutions serving as the foundation and creating social value by removing new technology entry barriers for small and medium-sized enterprises and supporting the development of the latest prioritized technology or product. Accordingly, there needs to be established a cooperative ecosystem between small, medium, and large companies in a win-win approach to increase the adoption rate of SME support projects and provide more technical advice in the road sector and thereby, to expand the cases of shared growth where outcomes are shared in the road sector.

We are currently considering to write a paper on the potential of using U.S. courts to push for U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation,similar to how reopening the Korematsu case tied into a broader reparations movement for the wrongful mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. For this paper, it plans to include some of the survivor testimony featured in the book Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea: The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). The book contains a transcript of survivor testimonies given in Seoul on May 30, 2015. Some of the survivors whose testimony is included in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book are petitioning to have their cases reopened. I would like to connect the petition to the importance of U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation. To do this, we would like to specifically incorporate parts of the petitioners’ testimony recorded in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book into Hawaii team’s paper. We think including the testimony would powerfully emphasize the continuing need for social healing and would strengthen the argument for U.S. participation. If we can do it collaboratively, we can do a lawsuit or other such action in the US may help draw attention to the case in 2019.

Developments in the recent media era has made distortion possible in accordance with changes in the fashion industry as new clothing, technologies, and fusions have become available. Nevertheless, previous studies of specific types of clothing, and their classification for the purpose of research are lacking. Thus, this study examines the development of the Pomme de look and the form of modern variant that appears in fashion clothing and new technologies, and largely examines the clothing case to clean it up. The method employed is leading research that examines the transformation about the concept of the Pomme de look with regard to the fashion about the type of look in the 2000s and onwards. This is organized in accordance with the analytical and physical characteristics, and the esthetic aspects of the results are as follows. The conclusions reached as follows are based on this; first, the physical characteristic manner when based on previous looks, the two-dimensional deformation for making clothes, if there was a simple way, now has more dimensions. Clothes are made in a complex manner and variations emerge. Second, esthetic characteristics strive for beauty while also displaying the modified and more complex manners of clothing that are emerging. Third, the fusion clothing with machines effects to physical and psychological changes through the details about how the sensor is worn. The enemy, the appearance of distortion, and clothing are emerging. This is expected to grow further based on the rapid development of new technologies and the transformation of Pomme de look and design will appear in more varied ways to create a convergence.

세계풍력발전협회(GWEC) 2017년도 Global Wind Report에 따르면 전세계 풍력에 의한 발전용량은 2001년도 23,900MW에서 2016년도 486,790MW로 비약적으로 발전하고 있다. 반면 국내 발전원별 총발전량 비중에서 풍력에 의한 발전은 0.2% 불과하다. 국내외 발전원별 정산단가가 풍력으로 전기를 생산하는 데 드는 발전원가가 석유 등 화석연료 발전원가와 같아지는 Grid Parity에 이미 도달하여 풍력발전에 의한 전기의 생산은 더욱 확대될 것이다. 본 연구에서는 전 세계 해상풍력설비의 88%가 위치하고 있는 유럽의 주요 해상풍력발전단지의 선박통항 규정과 어로활동에 대한 기준을 분석하여 향후 국내 해상풍력발전단지 설치 시 선박통항 및 어로활동 기준 설정 시 고려되어야 할 사항을 제시하였다.