The determining the appropriate dosage of coagulant is very important, because dosage of coagulant in the coagulation process for wastewater affects removing the amount of pollutants, cost, and producing sludge amount. Accordingly, in this study, in order to determine the optimal PAC dosage in the coagulation process, CCD (Central composite design) was used to proceed experimental design, and the quadratic regression models were constructed between independent variables (pH, influent turbidity, PAC dosage) and each response variable (Total coliform, E.coli, PSD (Particle size distribution) (‹10 μm), TP, PO4-P, and CODcr) by the RSM (Response surface methodology). Also, Considering the various response variables, the optimum PAC dosage and range were derived. As a result, in order to maximize the removal rate of total coliform and E.coli, the values of independent variables are the pH 6-7, the influent turbidity 100-200 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.07-0.09 ml/L. For maximizing the removal rate of TP, PO4-P, CODcr, and PSD(‹10 μm), it is required for the pH 9, the influent turbidity 200-250 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.05-0.065 ml/L. In the case of multiple independent variables, when the desirable removal rate for total coliform, E.coli, TP, and PO4-P is 90-100 % and that for CODcr and PSD(‹10 μm) is 50-100 %, the required PAC dosage is 0.05-0.07 ml/L in the pH 9 and influent turbidity 200-250 NTU. Thus, if the influent turbidity is high, adjusting pH is more effective way in terms of cost since a small amount of PAC dosage is required.

This study was carried out in the peatland for estimating the paleoenvironment based on the analysis from its fossils plant and radiocarbon at the Hwayang-ri, Hyeondeok-myeon, Pyeongtaek-city, South Korea. Variety of fossil was collected from the peatland which could discriminated with naked eye and sorted into seeds, leaves, stems from four-stage of standard sieve. During analysis for the large plant fossil within the peatland, the dead plants were largely divided into 3 fossil zones according to its peatland. In the fossil zone Ⅲ(the oldest layer; 6,970~6,070 yr C14 B.P.), the observation of leaves of hydrophyte such as Trapa sp. and stems of Alnus japonica which appeared in wetland means that the environment was influenced by the climate changes such as rainfall increasing and sea level rise. In the fossil zone Ⅱ(the middle layer; 6,070~5,800 yr C14 B.P.), the occurrence of Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Fagaceae indicate that the environmental condition might be more or less dry by decreasing rainfall and drop in sea level. The fossil zone Ⅰ(the recent layer; 5,800~4,540 yr C14 B.P.) where lots of herbaceous plants, increasing of Fagaceae, decreasing of A. japonica. and distribution of Pinaceae were showed, was inferred to be repeated both dry and wet environment due to human disturbance.

This paper conducted research on identifying the process of change in fishing gear and organizing the function of periodically-used fishing gear types through net plan and computer simulation by selecting the design of the four types of fishing gear used for the Korea tuna purse seiner in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, which 1,000 G/T class and whose length over all 60 m class. In the late 1980s, the length of the tuna purse gear was 1,939 m and the design depth was 160 m, but currently, the length and the design depth are 2,515 m and 230 m, respectively. As a result of the simulation, the expansion of the fishing gear increased buoyance, sinking force, sinking depth, surrounded area, and purse wire continuously. Recently, the maximum tension of the currently used purse wire of tuna purse seiner is 23.5 tons and is close to 25.4 tons which is the maximum lift capacity of WS454 winch. The way to improve fishing gear should be proceeded to increase sinking speed rather than expand the size of fishing gear.

지방자치단체가 서비스의 질을 높이기 위해 매일 노력하고 있지만, 서로 협력 한다면 훨씬 더 향상 시킬 수 있다. 정부는 지자체 개혁을 전면적으로 평가하기로 하여 경제 및 내무부(Ministries of Economics & Interior), 세무부, 재정부 및 지자체와 지역 협회의 각 대표들로 구성된 위원회를 조직하였다. 위원회는 지자체 개혁이 전체적으로 현재 직면하는 난관들을 더 잘 해결할 수 있는 공적 부분을 더 활발히 양성시켰다고 평가하였다. 소위 전문적 지속가능성은 일반적으로 볼 때 더 강화되었고 어떤 분야에서는 사고를 전환하고 서비스의 질을 향상시키는데 기여하였다고 하였다. 또한 지자체와 지역들의 정치적 관리가 이와 같은 개혁을 통하여 더 강화되었다고 평가되었다. 이러한 평가에 근거하여 어떻게 하면 더 나은 서비스의 질과 협력을 얻을 수 있는지에 대해서 구체화 하였다.

온난화가 진행되면, 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 주요 벼 의 자람과 생산량이 어떻게 변화되는지를 알아보기 위해, 북부지방과 남부지방에 각각 가장 많이 재배되는 오대벼와 새추청벼의 유식물을 각각 대조구, 온도 상승구, CO2+온도 상승구에서 재배하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 새추청벼의 지 상부생물량, 지하부생물량, 총 생물량, 개체당 이삭무게 그 리고 숙성된 낟알 비율은 온도 상승구에서, 오대벼는 CO2+ 온도 상승구에서 가장 높았다. 새추청벼와 오대벼의 개체당 이삭수는 환경구배 간 차이가 없었다. 새추청벼의 이삭당 낟알수는 환경구배 간 차이가 없었고, 오대벼의 것은 CO2+ 온도 상승구에서 가장 많았다. 새추청벼의 낟알 한 개의 무 게는 CO2+온도 상승구, 오대벼의 것은 온도 상승구와 CO2+온도 상승구에서 가장 무거웠다. 새추청벼의 분얼수 는 대조구와 온도 상승구, 오대벼의 것은 대조구에서 가장 많았다. 본 연구를 종합적으로 정리해보면 새추청벼는 대조 구보다 온도만 상승했을 때 잘 자랐고 곡물 생산량이 증가 했지만 CO2농도와 온도가 같이 상승했을 때는 차이가 없었 다. 그리고 오대벼는 대조구보다 CO2농도와 온도가 같이 상승했을 때 잘 자랐고 생산량이 증가했다. 앞으로 지구온 난화의 영향으로 CO2농도와 온도가 높아진다면, 새추청벼 는 현재와 곡물수확량의 차이는 없겠지만 그에 반해 오대벼 는 곡물수확량은 높아질 것이다. 따라서 지구온난화로 인한 기후변화가 지속된다면 곡물수확량을 고려한 종에 따른 벼 재배적지의 선정이 신중히 결정되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

목 적: 근시성 각막굴절교정 수술안에서 각막 중심부 및 주변부의 비구면도를 정시안과 비교하고 수술전 등가구면굴절력과의 상관성을 관찰하고자 하였다. 방 법: 근시성 각막굴절교정수술을 받고 정시상태가 된 135안(평균 23.49±2.5세, 범위 20~29세)과 정시 안 40안(평균 22.50±1.7세, 범위 20~25세)을 대상으로 Pentacam (Oculus Inc., Germany) 각막형태 검사 기기를 사용하여 각막 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm 영역의 비구면계수 Q값을 측정하였고, 수술안은 수술 전 등가구면굴절력이 -6.00 D 미만은 수술안 그룹 1(평균 -4.41±1.09 D, 범위 -1.25~-5.58 D)과 -6.00 D 이상은 수술안 그룹 2(평균 -7.12±0.95 D, 범위 -6.00~-9.00 D)로 분류하여 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 정시안의 비구면계수 Q값은 모든 각막 영역에서 negative 값으로 영역에 따라 -0.34±0.12(6 mm 영역)에서 -0.52±0.09(10 mm 영역)로 주변부 영역으로 갈수록 negative 값은 더 커졌고, 수직경선이 수평 경선보다 더 큰 negative 값을 보였다. 그러나, 근시성 각막굴절교정 수술안의 비구면계수 Q값은 모든 각막 영역에서 positive 값으로 영역에 따라 0.84±0.43(6 mm 영역)에서 0.09±0.30(10 mm 영역)으로 주변부로 갈수록 positive 값이 감소하였으며, 각막의 8 mm 영역까지는 수직경선이 수평경선보다 positive 값이 더 컸지만, 9 mm와 10 mm 영역에서는 수평경선이 수직경선보다 positive 값이 더 크게 나타났다. 비구면계수 Q값은 각막의 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm 영역에서 수술 전 등가구면굴절력과 높은 상관성을 보였다(각각, R=-0.725, R=-0.744, R=-0.713, p=0.000). 결 론: 근시성 굴절교정 수술안의 각막형상은 prolate 형태에서 oblate 형태로 변화되며 비구면계수 Q값 은 negative 값에서 positive 값으로 변하고, 각막의 경선에 따른 비구면 계수도 정시안과 다른 양상을 보였 다. 이와 같은 각막형상의 변화는 안광학적 시기능 변화의 예측과 근시성 각막굴절교정 수술안을 위한 시력 교정용 콘택트렌즈 설계 및 피팅에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 것으로 사료된다

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a malignant neoplasm of salivary gland, rarely arises within the jaws. Differential diagnosis should include an odontogenic cyst because the central mucoepidermoid carcinoma usually reveals either an unilocular or multilocular radiolucency with hyperostotic border. Long-term follow-up is needed due to late recurrence and clinical slow progress like other salivary gland tumors. We would like to report an unusual case of central mucoepidermoid carcinoma with a review of literature.

The catching-up process of the emerging economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) towards the average income level in Western Europe has driven the marketing strategies of Western multinational companies (MNC) so far. Particularly, the boom years from 2002 to 2008 with an average GDP growth for the region of more than 6% (Becker et al., 2010) fuelled the notion that soon a large European market with similar demand and market structures will exist that will allow Western MNCs to sell their international brands in a highly standardized way in the whole region. The Great Recession of 2008-09 stopped this convergence process and highlighted the still existing differences in consumer behavior (Schuh, 2012). The recessionary developments in the aftermath of the crisis have shown that this is more of a structural problem than a temporary one (Labaye et al., 2013). The Western firms now have to acknowledge that many product markets are not “structural twins” of Western markets with a strong upper- and mid-price segment but that CEE markets are rather shaped like bottom heavy pyramids. By just transferring brand strategies developed for high-income economies to emerging markets they ignore large segments of the mass market. To tap these market segments MNCs have to think how they can make their products affordable to these lower-income consumers, i.e. bring-ing the purchase of a product within the financial means of a consumer or household. The neglect of low-income segments may be either a deliberate decision based on the well-proven inherent business logic of Western branded good marketers (“stick to our success-ful way of doing business”) or a blind spot in the strategic approach to emerging markets (Sheth, 2011). The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, a case is made for the relevance of affordability concepts to CEE markets; second, three case studies of affordability initiatives of leading fast-moving consumer goods companies are analyzed in order to get a better understanding of how these firms approach the affordability issue and what are the success factors of such strategies in CEE. Most of the existing emerging market literature is dealing with very low income consum-ers in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa earning less than US- 2,500 p.a. (Prahalad, 2005; London & Hart, 2011; Khanna & Palepu, 2010). While the coverage of the “bottom of the pyramid” is regarded as an extreme stretch for most Western firms, more attention is paid to the growing middle class in the emerging markets (Court & Narashimhan, 2010). The steady growth of the middle-class in the emerging economies is promising rising sales for the future and at the same time supporting the notion that West-ern MNCs can continue with their business model and just have to “wait for the market”. The rapidly growing middle class consumers in emerging markets include almost 2 billion people with a total spending of US- 6.9 trillion annually which will expand to US-20 trillion within the next decade (Court & Narasimhan, 2010). Surprisingly, lead-ing Western MNCs approach the affordability issues in the context of CEE rather defen-sively and reluctantly (Schuh, 2012). This may be resulting from the belief that the eco-nomic catching-up process will bring CEE consumers to a similar standard of living as in the “old” EU and any investment in products for the lower-segments would be only of temporary value. Therefore, CEE countries are not seen as the typical candidates for affordability strategies. This may be partly true for the most advanced Central European countries and Russia with rapidly rising household incomes in the last decade. But the economic downturn and the following recessionary development has shattered the consumption model that was based to a high degree on credit financing in those markets too. Moreover, studies show that there exists a high share of low-income households and price-sensitive consumers in CEE. According to the “Life in Transition” survey the mid-dle-class ranges from 4% in Albania to 27% in Slovenia – in between you can find Poland with 16% and Russia with 18% (EBRD, 2007). Pfeifer, Massen and Bombka (2007) estimate that 56% of the consumers or 57 million people, in Eastern Europe are low-income consumers (< 10,000 in PPP per year). In addition, in Russia and Ukraine 70% of the populations are falling in this category. A study of Roland Berger Strategy Consultants (2008) on “Consumer Archetypes in CEE” identified seven basic consumer types in CEE. Three out of them – the “self-centered consumers” (18% of population), “minimalists” (14%) and “rationalists” (12%) – can be classified as highly price-sensitive. Together, these three highly price-conscious consumer types make up 44% of the CEE market. What is more, other identified consumer types with less distinct price sensitivity could be taken into account as well. In total, these consumer types whose purchasing behavior is influenced predominantly by affordability amount to 56% of all CEE consumers. Summing up, the studies provide divergent figures of the size of the middle class and low-income segment in CEE. Different methodological approaches, classifications, and data bases are the reasons for these variations (Kharas, 2010). However, the findings show that the market below the middle class in CEE is a large one, accounting for more than 60% of the population of a country. The strategies that are used to address low-in-come consumers are described by the so-called “4 A’s”: affordability, acceptability, availability and awareness (Anderson & Markides, 2007). Affordability as a strategy con-cept can be defined as all measures of a company that aim at bringing the purchase of a product within the financial means of a consumer or household (or business). In the literature you can find different approaches towards this goal. Firms typically start with marginal changes in their marketing strategy (e.g., different packages, single portions). However, to tap the lower-end of these price-sensitive mass-markets and to reach non-consumers of your products changes have to go beyond rebranding and adapted market-ing elements. New business models with deeper and more comprehensive changes in product development and architecture of the supply-chain are needed to be successful in this segment (Johnson, Christensen & Kagermann, 2008). The purpose of the empirical part of this study is to get a better understanding of motives, goals and success factors of affordability initiatives addressing the countries of CEE. A case study approach is the best way to learn about underlying assumptions and considera-tions of managers involved in the decision-making process (Yin, 2009). The cases consist of two parts: a) a general company profile describing businesses, geographic presence and goals; b) the role of affordability for tapping emerging markets and the description of affordability initiatives in CEE countries. Globally active consumer goods companies in the food sector from USA and Western Europe were chosen as target firms: They ex-panded strongly into emerging markets and CEE in the last years, play a pioneer role in tapping low-income markets and exemplify the sought-after strategic constellation for this research, i.e. an MNC expanding from a traditional “premium-position” into lower-price segments. In addition, food companies serving broad segments of the population are faced with social responsibility issues, namely if they legitimately can deny people access to their products. So far three cases of Western companies with an extensive presence in emerging markets are available (see overview in Table 1). The results show that affordability is part of the marketing strategies in CEE of all these selected companies. A considerable share of the product portfolio and overall sales vol-ume in their CEE country organizations stem from affordable products. Higher growth rates of this segment than the overall market prove that there is a demand for this type of products. And it seems that these companies don’t see an insurmountable conflict in pursuing the two-pronged approach as indicated in the literature. All affordability strate-gies are run under a business perspective. They have to contribute to the growth and profitability goals, although social motives are mentioned as strong arguments too. The case of company A nicely shows how the affordability initiative started as a CSR project and then evolved into a business project. During this process they learned that they can make a “sustainable business case” out of it. This step was a break with so far existing concepts in the company, as it involved product development targeted to the demand and financial conditions of low-income households. Country organizations decide individu-ally if and to what degree they use affordability initiatives. In our cases Russian, Polish and Romanian subsidiaries were interested in the introduction of affordable products and looking for support within the group. The establishment of competence centers for affordability initiatives at global headquarters is a clear indication that a central hub is needed which provides basic strategy guidelines, offers assistance in the introduction of such initiatives and spreads best practices in the group. However, differences can be found in the market and branding strategy. While company A is using local brands in combination with the company brand, company C is using a strict two-tier strategy. Inter-national brands are sold parallel to local/regional ones which are used for the entry into the lower-income segment. Company B is covering all price points within a category with the international brand. So the brand stretches from the super-premium, premium and mainstream to the affordability segment. 4,000 “good value for money products” are sold worldwide today, in CEE the affordable category accounts for 25% of total turnover and grows twice as fast as the whole zone Europe. The differences can be explained via the basic approach towards branding: are they following a House of Brands or a Branded House architecture. As far as success factors are concerned all three cases show that the successful introduction of an affordable product range is based on (a) a commitment of the organization to the development of affordable products; (b) deep understanding of consumer behavior, buying patterns, and market situation; (c) utilization of synergies with higher priced brands; (d) focus on volume and scale via covering a large consumer base and (e) radical cost cutting along the whole value chain. In our ongoing research we try to increase the number of companies which run affordability initiatives to be able to cover a greater variety of industry and company types. Our research shows that multi-tier and affordability strategies can be found in other consumer and industrial markets in CEE too. This research shall help to clarify for which type of company it makes sense to ex-pand to lower-income segments. While so far the internal perspective was in the center of our research attention, market and competitive constellations should be covered in the future too.

Ecological restoration is regarded as a major strategy for preventing biodiversity loss and thereby enhancing ecosystem service. This study was performed to evaluate ecosystem service value that the restored ecosystem provides. Ecosystem service was evaluated for provisioning and regulating services. The former service was evaluated by comparing similarities in a viewpoint of floristic composition to the reference site between the restored and the unrestored sites. Species composition of the restored site was found to be more similar to the reference site than that of the unrestored site and thereby restoration practice contributed for enhancing the provisioning service. Regulating service was evaluated based on microclimate control, soil amelioration, and improvement of water holding capacity. The value of ecosystem services in terms of microclimate control, soil amelioration, and improvement of water holding capacity was higher in the restored site than in the unrestored site. In consequence, ecological restoration of coal mine spoils contributed for enhancing the ecosystem service value of the corresponding site and thereby is rewarding the cost invested for restoration.

이 글은 우리나라 교정행정의 변화와 발전을 행정학적 관점에서 접근하고 교정청의 설립 논의에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 교정행정의 수요가 크게 증가했지만 중앙교정조직은 큰 변화가 없이 4개의 지방교정청 신설이라는 미봉책으로 대응했다. 그래서 현행 교정행정체제는 종합적 전문적 기획기능수행보다는 일선 감독기능에 치우쳐 교정정책의 선진화를 위한 정책개발을 하기 어렵다. 이로 인해 교정행정의 패러다임을 소극적, 방어적이며 폐쇄적 체제에서 쉽게 벗어나지 못하게 하며, 교정행정을 단순 집행기관으로서 인식을 탈피하기 어렵게 하고 있다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해 교정청의 신설이 바람직하다고 제안하고 있다. 이것은 교정행정수요의 변화, 다른 독립 외청과의 비교적 관점(조직, 인력, 예산)에서 관리의 적정성 확보를 위해서도 필요하며, 다른 나라와의 교정행정체제와 비교해보아도 조직, 인사, 예산상의 독립이 미흡함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 교정청의 신설은 교정보호기능의 일원화라는 관점에서 통합적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

이상의 실험결과들을 요약하면, CFA를 안면영역 피하로 주입하여 발생한 염증성 통증 행위반응은 P2X 수용체의 억제제의 투여로 감소할 수 있었다. 특히 P2X7 수용체 억제제를 투여하면 진통작용 뿐 아니라 활성화된 신경아교세포 발현을 억제하였다. 이러한 실험 결과는 P2X7 수용체가 신경아교세포에 영향을 미쳐 안면에서 발생하는 만성 염증성 통증의 발생과 유지에 관여하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 중추신경계의 신경아교세포를 조절할 수 있는 중추성 P2X7 수용체 작용기전은 임상에서 만성 염증성 통증을 보다 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시해 줄 수 있다고 생각된다.

본 설계안은 전라북도 익산시 신용동 344-2번지 원광대학교 중앙도서관 광장에 대한 조경계획 설계안이다. 이 설계안의 목적은 원불교 이념을 기반으로 역사와 전통을 가진 원광대학교의 역사성 및 정체성을 담은 랜드마크적 공간으로 조성함과 동시에 이용도가 낮은 기존의 중앙도서관 광장을 새롭게 디자인하여 그 이용률을 향상시키고자 수행되었다. 이 목적을 위하여 세 가지 목표가 설정되었는데, 첫 번째는 지속가능한 옥외공간을 조성하는 것이고 두 번째는 차별화된 오픈스페이스공간을 조성하고 세 번째는 주변토지이용을 반영한 공간을 조성하는 것이다. 먼저 지속가능한 옥외공간을 조성하기 위해서 건축물의 배치 및 동선, 입지환경을 고려하여 공간을 유기적으로 연계시키고 점진적인 성장성을 확보하였다. 차별화된 오픈스페이스공간을 조성하기 위하여 원광대학교의 교조인 봉황의 이미지를 디자인 모티브로 하여 동선과 포장패턴으로 담아내었으며 수덕호와의 연계를 통한 친수공간을 조성하였다. 또한 원불교 이미지 도입을 위해 원불교 교리의 핵심인 일상수행의 요법 9조목을 새겨놓은 열주를 세웠으며 열주에는 뻘삽 모형을 형상화 하였다. 또한 대나무 열매를 먹는 봉황의 전설을 도입하였는데, 대나무를 식재함으로써 봉황이 날아오는 학문적 태평성대를 기원하고 있다. 마지막으로 구체적으로 주변토지이용을 반영한 공간을 조성하기 위해서 광장을 진입, 만남, 휴식 및 이벤트, 수변공간의 4개 공간으로 구분하고 교내이용자들의 행태에 맞는 공간을 창출하여 효율적인 토지이용을 촉진하였다.

도심에 녹지공간 확보를 위한 방안으로 저관리 경량형옥상정원이 많이 조성되고 있으나 토심이 낮아 활용할 수 있는 식물종이 매우 제한되어 있다. 따라서 중부지방의 저관리 경량형옥상정원에 활용할 수 있는 다양한 식물자원을 선발하기 위하여 곤달비와 금낭화 등 초본성 자생식물 82종에 대한 생육 및 월동특성, 지피특성, 적용 후 온도 및 토양수분 등의 변화를 조사하였다. 실험결과 생육특성, 생존율, 월동전의 생육상태, 지피특성 등을 고려하여 잔대, 산부추, 두메부추, 벼룩이울타리, 참당귀, 개미취, 참취, 범부채, 섬초롱꽃, 패 랭이, 금낭화, 윤판나물, 용머리, 원추리, 붉은단풍취, 비비추, 흰줄무 늬비비추, 옥잠화, 꽃창포, 붓꽃, 노랑꽃창포, 곤달비, 맥문동, 하늘나 리, 참나리, 꽃무릇, 돌단풍, 강활, 수호초, 작약, 수크령, 도라지, 둥굴레, 무늬둥굴레, 양지꽃 물싸리, 할미꽃, 오이풀, 황금, 기린초, 애기기린초, 섬기린초, 세잎꿩의비름, 산비장이, 섬백리향을 선발하 였다. 또한 식물이 식재된 후의 콘크리트 표면과 토양의 온도편차는 여름철 최고 20 ~ 35οC이였으며, 토양습도는 6월과 9월 비가 많이 내리지 않는 건조기에는 5%미만으로 떨어지는 기간이 1주 이상 지 속되어 자생 초본식물의 도입시 관수를 필요로 하였다.

PURPOSES : The lack of details of design guideline for zig-zag shaped section approaching central bus stop leads an traffic accident proneness. So, this study analysed the geometric elements of central bus stop area in terms of vehicle dynamics and suggested design alternatives. METHODS: The study analysed a dynamic behaviour of bus moving in and out of zig-zag shaped section using Auto-Turn under scenarios. Based upon dynamic analysis, the study found out the width of overtaking lane is the most influential factor for a safe moving at zig-zag alignment. RESULTS : The width of overtaking lane at design speed of 40, 50, and 60 km/h respectively was suggested given taper ratio of 1 to 10 required for Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and the lane width is not wider than 4.0m which possibly makes two vehicles using the same lane. Also, the width of overtaking lane which mitigates the taper ratio was suggested with the same restriction about the maximum lane width. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study can be used to prepare a design guideline on zig-zag shaped alignment of central bus exclusive lanes. The more stable moving is expected by applying the design alternatives suggested, therefore the lower rate of traffic crashes at the vicinity of central bus stops.

This paper explores central Asia's contextualization mission strategy focused on national approach to culture of homogeneity and heterogeneity. This article attempts Central Asian society's common character and differences from the historic origin and each people's cultural diversity in Central Asia. Central Asia and the entire region contextualization of this article suggesting strategies to derive basically the most basic issues of the specification that can be raised. This article explores examining particularly Central Asia’s historical-cultural common homogeneity and individuality. Chapter II examines Central Asia's history-culture and mission : mission strategy of common homogeneity. Chapter III reviews Central Asia’s mission strategy after independence : factor elements of commonality and individuality. Chapter IV analyzes Contextualization mission strategy focused on national origin and mutual confrontation. As Uzbekistan and Tajikistan develop a stronger sense of their own independence, each country is establishing a new concept of view in explaining their national origin of its own history, which is then inserted into the state ideology. Moreover, because the historical paths of the two states overlap, they interpret the same historical events, from a nationalist perspective, in diametrically opposite ways. Contemporary Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are the territories with the strongest historical links in Central Asia. Since the acquisition of independence they have been marked by similar features of state and nation building.The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the contextualization mission strategy in Central Asia in examining common character and heterogeneous features of the Central people's surroundings after independence and the different aspects of a nation's most basic historical, traditional, understanding including national origin and political system. In exploring Central Asia's mission strategy. it need to be conducted study not only common aspects and heterogeneous nature in Central Asia to identify the distinctive aspects of the Central Asia mission strategy. This article's specification of mission strategy lies in the individual culture and ethnic-based access to a variety of strategies to be drawn to emphasize that what was done. Central Asia is a mission target area.

한국정부는 완도부근에 특별히 항로를 지정하였다. 규정에 따르면 선박은 항로의 지정된 방향을 따라 항해하여야 한다. 한편, 본 완도지정항로에는 서로 횡단하는 두 개의 항로가 설정되어있다. 한국의 해양안전심판원은 선박충돌이 발생한 원인에 대한 판단을 하였다. 항로지정방식에 적용되는 항법이외에도 횡단항법이 추가로 적용되는지가 쟁점이 되었다. 지방해양안전심판원은 횡단항법을 우선적으로 적용하였지만, 중앙해양안전심판원은 항로지정방식의 항법을 우선 적용하였다. 이에 따라 양 기관에 의한 원인제공비율은 서로 달랐다. 필자는 본 논문에서 이에 대하여 연구하여 국제해상충돌예방규칙 제10조 제1항에 의거하여 항로지정방식이 우선 적용되고 횡단항법이 추가적으로 적용된다는 점을 밝히고 있다.