Subway trains with air cleaners have been newly deployed in the Seoul Metro system. The purpose of this study was to determine differences regarding in-cabin particulate matter with respect to concentrations less than 10 um (PM10) and 2.5 um (PM2.5) through the operation of air cleaners in subway trains. One subway train newly installed with in-cabin air cleaners on Seoul Metro Line number 2 was chosen monitoring in 2020. In-cabin air cleaners were turned-on at both front and back areas while those in the middle area were turned-off while the train was running. In-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were measured in each area using a real-time aerosol monitor. Average in-cabin PM10 concentrations were statistically significantly lower (by 15%) in areas with air cleaners turned-on (43.8±12.1 μg/m3) compared to those areas where the air cleaners were turned-off (51.4±15.0 μg/m3). Average incabin PM2.5 concentrations were significantly lower (by 14%) in areas with air cleaners turned on (33.7±12.2 μg/m3) compared to those areas where air cleaners were turned-off (39.2± 14.4 μg/m3). In-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations ratios were similar regardless of area with air cleaners turned-on or turned-off. The in-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were not associated with commute time. Use of air cleaners in subway trains effected reductions in in-cabin PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations.

This study developed a scenario to understand the reaction rate and operational time according to RTI value of rate of rise detector in each type in case of fire mattress. In the results of analyzing the reaction rate and operational time of detector in each scenario, in case when installing a single detector, the elevated temperature per minute was raised to 8℃/min ~ 9℃/min. In case when installing two detectors, it was raised to 9℃/min ~ 10℃/min. In case when installing three detectors, it was raised to 10℃/min. The horizontal distance between detector and mattress was 1.8m~2.5m. Whenever the number of detectors was increased, the horizontal distance was decreased. The operational time of detector was within maximum 540 seconds and minimum 420 seconds. As the research tasks in the future, there should be the researches on the effects of reaction rate of detector on the evacuation in case of fire through the result value of RSET by setting up the latency until the detector operates, and the researches on the safety by understanding if the operational time of detector is suitable for the evaluation standard of performancecentered design.

In this paper, we break away from the method of removing and inspecting the GDI injector, measure the pressure change of the fuel rail pressure sensor when driving the GDI injector of a vehicle equipped with the GDI fuel system, and compare the results. analyzed.There was a pressure change in the fuel rail pressure sensor from the general drive GDI injector. There was no pressure change in the fuel rail pressure sensor when driving the GDI injector without injecting fuel. You can check the fuel injection status in the pressure change data of the fuel rail pressure sensor without removal the GDI injector.

본 연구는 국가재난 시에 지방정부가 지역통합방위의 핵심 전력인 지역예비군을 재난대응에 적극 동원‧운용하는데 필요한 법‧제도적 개선방안을 제안한다. 그리고 이 논문은 저개발국과 한국이 지역협력 거버넌스를 공유하여 재난위험감소를 위한 국제협력 방향을 제시한다. 지역사회의 재난이 발생하면 지방자치단체는 지역예비군을 적극 동원‧활용해야 한다. 이를 위해 지역군과 지역예비군이 지방정부의 재난지원 요청에 부응할 수 있도록 지휘통제, 조직‧편성, 보상 등의 체계를 정비하여야 할 것이 다. 재난으로부터 국민의 생명과 재산을 지키고, 지역사회를 지원하는 것 도 예비군의 주요 임무 중 하나이다. 미래 지자체의 재난관리는 군의 지원을 더 필요로 할 것이다. 그러므로 지방정부는 재난관리에 정책 우선 순위를 두고 지역군을 포함한 협력거버넌스 구축에 노력해야 한다. 한국 이 지자체 중심의 재난협력 거버넌스로 지역 국가와 협력을 진전시킬 수 있다면 한국은 지역의 재난위험감소에도 기여하고 주변국과의 협력안보도 추구할 수 있을 것이다.

For the efficient teaching and learning of Vietnamese, the researcher paid attention to Project Based Learning and tried to apply it to the class. The researcher analyzed prior studies of PBL classes, including English and other foreign languages, and applied the theory of PBL to Vietnamese language education subjects, designed PBL classes, and utilized them in classes. In addition, the process in which the learners perform tasks (student presentation, peer-faculty evaluation, evaluation opinion reflection process), the results, and the questionnaire survey on learners were analyzed. As a result, it was found that PBL methods could also be applied in Vietnamese classes. The learners reorganized the learning contents into his or her own knowledge in the relationship between the learner’s own thoughts, experiences, knowledge, and understanding by referring to the instructor’s teaching plan and lecture. In addition, it was possible to achieve more useful and viable knowledge by listening to other people’s opinions and thoughts about their own knowledge, understanding, and interpretation, and through correction and supplementation processes. Also noteworthy is that through the PBL class, the level of knowledge of each student increased rapidly.

The emergence of the construction and operation of a small satellite constellation in Low Earth orbit (LEO) to beam high-speed Internet to all parts of the world is a relatively new development in the use of outer space. States, international intergovernmental organizations, and private companies plan to deploy small satellites into Earth’s orbit because this effort is inexpensive and expandable, especially in the area of commercial activities. This movement will provide an essential tool to achieve sustainable development goals, especially for developing countries. However, it could also bring legal challenges because there is now a lack of binding regulations regarding the increasing risks of orbital collision, the proliferation of space debris, the satellite network service, and the rational, efficient, and economical use of a radio frequency allocation and the harmful interference caused by small satellite constellations in LEO. These issues could have an impact on the long-term sustainability of space activities.

RAM represents reliability, availability, and maintenance, and is a key performance indicator that is utilized throughout the life cycle of the weapon system from the stage of requesting to disposal. If the RAM target value is set to a too high value, development may be delayed or development cost may be increased. If it is set to a too low value, frequent failures may occur during training, or a problem may arise that the number of available weapon systems is insufficient. The currently most used method to set the RAM target value is to write an operation mode summary and calculate it through an equation. However, as the definition of the operation mode is not standardized, different RAM target values may be set depending on the authoring organization. This study aims to analyze the current situation and suggest an alternative to this problem.

가석방은 수형자의 자발적인 개선을 유도함과 동시에 재범위험성이 없는 수형자를 조기에 사회에 복귀시키는 역할을 하지만 국민의 법감정 및 사회복귀 준비 정도 등 많은 요인에 의해 영향을 받는다. 우리나라의 가석방 제도는 1996년 개정된 이래 법 무부 가석방심사위원회에서 가석방심사를 하는 시스템으로 운영되고 있다. 하지만 가 석방 심사 제도는 그동안 많은 비판에 직면해 왔다. 본 논문의 주요 목적은 그동안 제기된 가석방과 관련한 쟁점에 대한 비판적 검토를 통해 현재 운영되고 있는 가석방 제도의 실질적인 문제점과 향후 발전방향을 모색하는 것이다. 그간 제기된 가석방 제 도와 관련한 주요 비판은 가석방 제도의 소극적 운영, 가석방 심사기준의 모호성, 가 석방심사 신청기관의 재량권 통제 장치 미흡, 가석방심사위원회 심사의 형식화에 대 한 우려로 나누어 볼 수 있었다. 하지만 이에 대한 비판적 검토를 통해 기존의 이러한 비판에 대응하여 법무부 교정본부 및 법무부 가석방심사위원회에서는 최근에 가석방 을 보다 확대하고 재범예측지표를 개발하는 등 많은 개선을 이루었음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 주된 비판 중의 하나였던 법무부 가석방심사위원회에 의한 가석방 심사는 1996년 이전 각 기관 신청 방식의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 도입된 것이며 처음 도입 취지에 맞게 전국적으로 일관된 기준에 따라 가석방 심사가 이루어 질 수 있는 효율적인 제도라고 판단된다. 하지만 향후 가석방 제도 운영의 효율화를 위해 성인과 소년수형자 가석방의 일원화, 법무부 가석방심사위원회 확대, 가석방 요건으로 수용생활 태도 등의 비중 강화, 가석방 조건의 다양화와 사회적 처우 프로그램과의 연계, 가석방 기준 완화에 따른 재범률 증가에 대한 국민의 인식전환이 필요하다.

The role of QR code robots in smart logistics is great. Cognitive robots, such as logistics robots, were mostly used to adjust routes and search for peripheral sensors, cameras, and recognition signs attached to walls. However, recently, the ease of making QR codes and the convenience of producing and attaching a lot of information within QR codes have been raised, and many of these reasons have made QR codes recognizable as visions and others. In addition, there have been cases in developed countries and Korea that control several of these robots at the same time and operate logistics factories smartly. This representative case is the KIVA robot in Amazon. KIVA robots are only operated inside Amazon, but information about them is not exposed to the outside world, so a variety of similar robots are developed and operated in several places around the world. They are applied in various fields such as education, medical, silver, military, parking, construction, marine, and agriculture, creating a variety of application robots. In this work, we are developing a robot that can recognize its current position, move and control in the directed direction through two-dimensional QR codes with the same horizontal and vertical sides, and the error is to create a QR code robot with accuracy to reach within 3mm. This paper focuses on the driving operation techniques during the development of QR code-aware indoor mobility robots.

In order to collect basic data for the improvement of fishing systems in coastal improved stow net fishery, a questionnaire survey and on-site hearing were conducted from May 10 to June 11, 2019 on the basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery and safety accidents that occurred during fishing operation. The questionnaire for the survey on the actual conditions of coastal improved stow net fishery consisted of a survey on basic matters (six questions) and a questionnaire (six questions) on safety accidents occurring during fishing operation. The results of the survey on basic items were analyzed by region (Incheon, Seocheon, Gunsan and Mokpo), by the captain’s age (less than 50 years of age, 50 to 60 years and more than 60 years of age), by the captain’s career (less than 20 years, 20 to 30 years, 30 to 40 years and more than 40 years) and by the age of fishing vessel (less than 10 years, 10 to 20 years and more than 20 years). According to the survey on basic items of coastal improved stow net fishery such as the captain’s age, the captain’s career, the age of fishing vessel, the fishing nets in use, the crews on board and the operation days per voyage by region, the average captain’s age was 55.7 years, the average captain’s career was 20.5 years, the average age of fishing vessels was 9.0 years, the average numbers of nets used by fishing boats was 14.0 sets, the average numbers of crew on board a fishing boat was 4.4 persons and the average numbers of operation days per voyage was 4.9 days (p < 0.05). As a result of the survey on safety factors during fishing operations, such as experience of ship accidents, major causes of ship accidents experienced, causes of ship accidents (first priority), experience of human accidents, major causes of human accidents, and causes of human accidents (first priority), more than 96% of the respondents experienced ship accidents including collisions with other vessels or fishing gear during fishing operations. The most significant cause of the accident was the other’s fishing gear installed in the fishing grounds. The first possible causes of ship accidents during fishing operations were found to be other fishing gear installed in fishing grounds, steering or engine failure, and inability to avoid accidents during casting and hauling nets. The survey of the experience of human accidents, such as injuries or sea falls, showed that more than 90% of the respondents experienced human accidents during fishing operations. The most important cause of accidents experienced during fishing operations was stucked in a fishing gear during casting and hauling nets. The first important causes of accidents during fishing operations were movement of the fishing gear during casting and hauling nets, damage of the fishing gear such as rope cutting. The results are expected to be provided as a basic data to prevent safety accidents occurring during fishing operation and improve the fishing system in the coastal improved stow net fishery.

해양 운송 산업은 특성상 항공 및 철도 등의 다른 운송 산업보다 비교적 늦게 신기술이 적용되는 산업이다. 현재 대부분의 선박은 기계장치 및 시스템에 문제가 발생하거나 운용 시간 기반으로 정비를 하는 사후 정비(Corrective Maintenance, CM)와 예방 정비 (Preventive Maintenance, PM)에 속하는 시간 기반 정비(TBM, Time Based Maintenance)가 적용되고 있다. 그러나 높은 유지보수 비용이 요구되고, 육상의 즉각적인 지원이 어려우며, 선박이 멈추면 즉시 위험에 노출되는 해양 환경에서 운영되는 선박에서 과도한 단순 정비로 인한 인력과 비용 낭비, 예측되지 못한 고장 및 결함으로 유발되는 사고 등으로 인해 운용 효율화 측면에서 기존 정비법에 대한 한계점이 문제시 되고 있다. 예지 정비(Predictive Maintenance, PdM)는 진보된 기술로 기계의 상태 및 성능을 모니터링하여 고장시기를 예측하여 정비하는 방법으로 핵심 기계장치가 항상 최상의 작동 상태를 효율적으로 유지할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문은 해양 환경에서 PdM의 적용성에 중점을 둔 해양 예지 정비(MPdM, Maritime Predictive Maintenance)에 대해 고안하였으며, 제시된 MPdM은 지리적 고립과 극한 해양 상황 등 해양 운송 산업의 특수한 환경을 고려하여 설계되었다. 본 논문은 선진 미래 해양 운송을 가능하게 하는 MPdM이라는 개념과 그 필요성을 제안한다.