Since 2015, a working group composed of scholars and experts from both mainland China and Taiwan has been submitting proposals for the encoding of small seal script from Shuowen Jiezi to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. To advance the work of encoding the small seal script into Information Technology Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS, ISO/IEC 10646), it is necessary to conduct an Ideographic Description Sequence (IDS) analysis of these small seal script. This paper, based on the theories of “Shuowen” studies and Chinese character Structure studies, proposes two methods for the IDS analysis of small seal script from “Shuowen”. ⑴ The rationale-based IDS analysis refers to analyzing the direct components of small seal character according to the structural meaning as explained in Shuowen, and then describing the IDS based on the planar positional relationships of the direct components. ⑵ The form-based IDS analysis refers to analyzing the basic components of small seal character according to the natural segmentation and then descrbing the planar positional relationships of the basic components. With these two methods, both the structural meaning and the form information of the small seal script are preserved. Detailed rules of the two analysisi methods are also designed to ensure the consistency of IDS analysis and description of “Shuowen” small seal script. This work could also provide a reference for the information processing of other ancient scripts.

The book Shuowen Jiezi Yizheng (说文解字翼徵) written by Piao Xuan-Shou, which is a book specializing in the study of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) in the late Joseon Dynasty, is the first one to utilize materials of bronze inscriptions objects and stone inscriptions to make supplements and textual criticism of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字). The article organizes the stone-carved material of Zuchu Wen (詛楚文), which is quoted in the book, and analyzes it from the aspects of the meaning of the quotation, the source of the quotation, the quotation and the copying. After that, this paper revises and supplies the situation of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) by quoting Zuchu wen (詛楚文) in the book,and combines with specific examples of characters to annotate and comment. According to whether there is any interpretation, whether there is any new content in the interpretation, etc., it is divided into three categories. And under each word, the original content of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) quoted in the book, the supplementary ancient characters as well as the main content of the interpretation are cited firstly, and then explains Piao’s analysis of the words’ form and meaning appropriately, and Piao’s viewpoints are evaluated by making full use of ancient character materials and the results of the existing studies and interpretations. The purpose of this article is to clarify the factual situation of Piao’s quotation of the Zuchu Wen (詛楚文) , evaluate the gains and losses of Piao’s textual criticism of the Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) objectively, and supply the shortages of current research on Piao’s quotation of materials other than the bronze inscriptions.

This article takes the semantic symbol “走” in “Shuowen Jiezi” as the research object. Firstly, starting from the combination relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, it analyzes and summarizes the actual semantic categories of the semantic symbol “走” in constructing characters, providing a context for extracting the semantic function of “走”. Starting from the aggregation relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, the distribution of the actual semantic classes of the six semantic symbol parameters in the “足” group was compared, and the synchronous and diachronic substitution phenomena of the semantic symbol “走” and the semantic symbols “止”, “辵” , “彳”, “行”, and “足” were examined. The following conclusion can be drawn: In Shuowen Jiezi, the construction of “走” is rich, with “running” as the most typical and advantageous construction. the semantic symbol “走” has the most action semantic characters, while the ability to construct characters for the five major components of “running,” “jumping,” “falling forward,” “walking” and “foot movements” decreases in order. The ability of “走” to construct state and object meanings is weak, and it is often replaced by its variant characters. In the process of historical evolution, the number of preserved characters with the semantic symbol “走” has gradually decreased, and their semantic functions have become increasingly singular. Finally, explore the internal and external factors of language that influence the formation and historical evolution direction of the semantic symbol “走” From a cognitive perspective, the prototype status of the basic construction meaning “run” in the semantic symbol “走” construction meaning category determines the number and historical stability advantage of its constituent characters. In the systematization of Chinese characters, the three factors of “the tendency of semantic symbol construction”, “the mode of semantic symbol construction”, and “whether the function of semantic symbol construction is powerful or not” have led to the semantic symbols “走” in ancient times, resulting in a tendency to “run” through a layer of associative parameters to express action semantic Chinese characters.

본 논문은 한자구형학을 이론적 기초로 하여, 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미를 고찰하 는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미 분석을 위해, 說文解字에 수록된 소전 자형 중 ‘土’가 결합된 161개의 자형을 연구 대상으로 삼고, 문헌의 용례를 참 고하여 이들 자형의 본의를 분석하였다. 분석 과정에서 해당 자형들을 땅과 땅이름, 토양의 속성, 토지 경작과 치리, 건축물과 건축 관련 활동, 땅과 관련된 대상이나 사 물, 땅과 관련된 활동의 여섯 가지 의미 범주로 귀납하고, 이를 바탕으로 구성요소 ‘土’의 구성의미 분포를 세밀하게 분석하였다. 그 결과, ‘土’의 기본 구성의미인 ‘땅’을 중심으로 ‘땅에 존재하는 물질’, ‘땅으로부터의 생산물’, ‘땅을 기반으로 한 재창조’라 는 세 가지 파생 구성의미로 확장됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 고대 중국인들 이 삶의 터전인 땅을 얼마나 중시했으며, 이를 어떻게 이해하고 활용했는지에 대해 살펴보았다. 더 나아가 본 논문은 이를 통해 고대 중국인의 ‘土’에 대한 인지적 개념 을 이해하기 위한 중요한 근거를 제공한다는 점에서 중요한 의의를 갖는다.

In the “宀” radical of Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字): “家，凥也。从宀，豭省聲。𠖔，古文 家.” Duan Yucai believed that, the character “家” (jia) is composed of the radicals “宀” and “豕”, and should be classified under the radical “豕” instead of “宀”. The so-called “豭省聲” mentioned by Xu Shen is baseless. Based on the research of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, as well as the evidence from oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, it can be concluded that “豭” is a newly created character, and its ancient form should be “𢑓”, which is “豕” with an additional semantic stroke indicating a male pig. The original intention of “豭省聲” should be to omit the character form of “叚” while preserve the pronunciation of “叚”. This takes into account both the ideographic character “家” derived from “ (𢑓)” and the phonetic-semantic character “家” derived from “ (豭)”. Duan Yucai proposed the concepts of “the original meaning of character creation” and “the original sense of character usage” to distinguish between the original meaning and the extended borrowed meaning, which is the value of his theory.

In the history of Chinese academics, Xu Shen’s Shuowen Jiezi (hereinafter referred to as Shuowen) is known as “the first of its kind in the world” because it has the dual characteristics of explaining the form, sound, and meaning of Chinese characters and the characteristics of theoretical works on philology, both of which are practical. It has not only become a treasure of codex for the compilation of character books and exegesis, but also laid down the basic patterns of traditional philology and biblio-linguistics, with far-reaching influence. Many scholars have researched Shuowen in the past dynasties, resulting in the formation of an independent thematic discipline called Shuowen, also known as Xuxue (許學). According to Ding Fubao (丁福保), Shuowen jiezi Gulin (hereinafter referred to as Gulin) attached to the Yingyong Zhushu Xingshi Lu (引用諸書姓氏錄) statistics, there were as many as 203 people in the Qing Dynasty who studied and wrote Shuowen. In fact, there are many scholars and their achievements that are not included in the statistics. After Gulin, especially in the last 30 years, a lot of new materials of scholars in the Qing Dynasty who studied the Shuowen have been excavated and published. Most of these new materials are dispersed in their original state in different large series, so they are rarely researched and utilized, and their documentary and scholarly value is in urgent need of formal recognition. Based on the preliminary results of the major project of the National Social Science Foundation (21&ZD299) chaired by Li Yunfu (李運富), this article discusses the excavation, collation, and research of new materials on Shuowen in the Qing Dynasty.

說文解字卷七下 ｢疒｣부에 나타난 질병과 관련 있는 글자는 모두 103개 글자로 다수가 질병과 유관한 글자로 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 근본 원인과 질병관, 질병의 종류와 증상, 질병의 쾌유”에 대하여 기술하고 있다. 본 연구는 說文解字｢疒｣부에서 22개의 글자를 통해 ‘고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인’을 6가지로 나누어서 기술하였다. 첫째, 氣의 과다로 인한 질병. 둘째, 외상으로 인한 질병. 셋째, 악물 오용으로 인한 질병. 넷째, 역병으로 인한 질병. 다섯째, 과로로 인한 질병. 여섯째로 선천적인 장애로 인한 질병으로 說文解字의 ｢疒｣부의 글자들을 통해 고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인을 살펴보았다. 그 외 說文解字에서 기술된 뜻을 좀 더 명확하게 서술하고자 출토문자들과 대조해 보고, 방증으로 중국 고대 자서와 의 학에 관한 문헌을 참고하여 “고대 중국인의 질병 발생의 원인”을 탐구하며 전개하였다.

說文解字는 한자의 체계적인 자전으로서 최초라 할 수 있는데, 특히 部首를 개 발하고 적용하여 특정 글자의 검색을 쉽게 하였다는 점이 더욱 그러하다. 다만 음양 오행에 근거하여 설정한 540개라는 적지 않은 부수의 개수는 검색에 있어서 뜻밖의 불편함을 야기하였다. 이때 허신은 부수의 순서를 부수의 형체의 연결인 形相과 의 미에 연결인 義相을 이용하여 배열하였다. 이 논문은 이 계련의 形相과 義相을 분석 하고 검증하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 앞서 說文 ｢卷一｣의 14개 부수를 대상으로 ‘系 聯’을 고찰하였으며, 이번 논문은 說文 ｢卷二·上/下｣15小∼44冊의 30개 부수의 ‘系 聯’을 고찰하였다.

This paper probes the elements of theoretical necessity, starting with the word ruo (若) in Duan Yucai’s Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu (段玉裁《說文解字註》). From the prospective of theoretical methods of “Ruo (若) ,” the theoretical necessity of “Ruo (若) ,” the exegesis functions of “Ruo (若) ” and different intonations with different modal particles, the author conducted multi-level and multi-dimensional analysis on “Ruo (若) ” in Duan Yucai’s Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu (段玉裁《說文解 字註》) so as to explore the concepts of theoretical necessity from Duan Yucai.

說文解字는 字典이다. 자전은 결국 특정 글자의 검색을 위한 글자들의 집합이다. 이는 곧 자전을 이용하는 독자들의 편의를 도모해야 하는 필연적인 사명을 갖고 있 다는 의미이다. 許愼은 9,353개의 글자를 1차적으로 540개의 주제별로 모둠화하는 데 성공하였다. 곧 部首다. 2차적으로는 이 540개라는 많은 부수의 순서를 정하는 것인 데, 결코 쉽지 않은 난제였다. 그가 택한 방식은 기본적으로는 形體에 근거하여 순차 적으로 부수들을 배열하는 방식이다. 그러나 이 형체만으로는 540개를 잇기에 완벽 하지 않기에 형체에 意味를 추가하는 방식으로 부수를 배열하였다. 곧 據形系聯과 共理相貫이라는 기준이다. 淸代의 段玉裁는 이를 形相次와 義相次로 분석하였다. 이 논문은 설문 권1의 14개 부수를 대상으로 形相과 義相을 세밀히 분석하였다. 그래 서 각각의 부수들이 어떻게 계련 되는지를 밝히고자 한다.

Shuowen is not only a classic of philology, but also a classic in the history of Chinese linguistics. The construction history of Shuowen’s canonization is also the history of its acceptance and dissemination. The Han and Wei dynasties are the preparation period for the canonization of Shuowen, from Tang Dynasty to early Song Dynasty is the establishment period, the song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties are the development period, the Qing Dynasty is the golden period, and the modern and contemporary times are the transformation period. The classic quality of Shuowen is the essential factor of its canonization. The influence of social environment, the promotion of political forces, the interpretation, research and care of readers in previous dynasties, and the development of printing are also important external factors of its canonization construction. Its classical construction path shows three characteristics: the instrumentality of Chinese character books, Confucian dependence and the academic nature of Chinese character theory.

In Ron-chens of Shangbo bamboo slips, there is “A Lou (僂)”. The first word should be read as “Fu (㾈)” in Shuowen, which refers to a hunchback. The “Fu Lou (㾈僂)” is a continuous word, which also refers to a hunchback. In the second edition of Ron-chens, there is “Lou Zhe B Shu (僂者數)”, in which “Shu (數)” should be read as “Lou (塿)” which is called “Mei T Ye (塺土也)” by Xu Xuan, it is cited as “Mo Tu Ye (摩土也)” by Xu Kai, Wang Niansun is changed to “Li T Ye (歴土也)”. According to Shangbo bamboo slips, Xu Kai is right. Bamboo slips here refer to the work of flattening loose land for hunchbacks. In Two-year Law of Zhangjiashan bamboo slips, there is “C Ren (人)”. The first word should be read as “Mian (眄)”, which refers to the blindness of human eyes in the Two-year Law and the Han bamboo slips of Xuanquan. The word “Mian (眄)” in Shuowen says “Mu Pian He Ye (目偏合也)”, There is no exact example in the ancient books, and the unearthed documents can prove their faith and have evidence.

『說文解字』 ‘足’部에는 85개의 한자와 4개의 重文이 수록되어 있다. 본고에서는 ‘足’部 한자 중 重文을 제외한 85자를 살펴보고자 하며, 문자학적 관점과 의미학적 관점, 그리고 현재까지 상용되는 ‘足부 한자 등 세 부분으로 나누어 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 문자학적 접근에서는 造字 방법에 따라 관련 한자를 육서의 개념으로 분류해보고, 한자 訓釋에서의 특징, 字義 해 석과정에서의 특징으로 나누어보며, 의미학적 접근에서는 ‘足’부 한자를 크게 명사와 동사로 쓰이는 경우로 나누어 분류해 본다. 현대한자에 대한 접근에 있어서는 현대한자에서의 통용 여부, 이체자로 분류된 자형과 간체자로 사용되고 있는 한자 및 의미의 변화에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 이러한 연구를 통해 ‘足’부 한자들의 자형과 의미의 특징들을 살펴보는 것을 주요 내용으로 한다.

Shuowen Tongxun Dingsheng 說文通訓定聲, as a representative work by Zhu Junsheng who is a famous expert in study of Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字(hereafter Shuowen) in Qing Dynasty, consists of three parts: Shuowen 說文, Tongxun 通訓, and Dingsheng 定聲. This book in Shuowen the part is based on the word meaning system, and corrected the error of explaining the original meaning. It includes the following eight types: 1. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because of the wrong glyph analysis; 2. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because of the philosophical thoughts of yin and yang five elements; 3. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the intending meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 4. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the loaning meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 5. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the contextual meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 6. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the meaning of continuous words is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 7. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the meaning of overlapping words is wrongly regarded as original meaning; 8. corrected the error of explaining the original meaning of Shuowen because the language source meaning is wrongly regarded as original meaning. The value and significance of these researches lie in helping to use materials in Shuowen correctly and scientifically, and helping to understand the way of interpretating Shuowen.

Since Xu Xuan revised Shuowen and supplemented it with “Newly Appended Characters”, the study on it has become an important part of the Shuowen studies. There are three main viewpoints developed in later generations on how to understand “Newly Appended Characters”. First, totally negative one, such as Qian Daxin. The second is that “Newly Appended Characters” is based on the orthographic Characters since the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Mingsheng. Last, it is believed that it is inherent in Shuowen before the Tang Dynasty, such as Yan Kejun. In this paper, a textual research of 52 newly appended characters has been taken by both using the data of Shuowen cited in Huilin Yinyi慧琳音義 and combining it with the previous literature. It is speculated that one of the 402 newly appended characters of Xu Xuan’s gain is originally owned by the ancient version of Shuowen.

Shuowen Etymologies and an Arrangement by Sounds《說文通訓定聲》, as a representative work by Zhu Junsheng who is a famous expert in study of Shuowen Jiezi《說文解字》 in Qing Dynasty, consists of three parts: Shuowen (說文), Tongxun (通訓), and Dingsheng (定聲). Amongst them, Tong xun consists of Zhuanzhu (轉注) and Jiajie (假借). The quest for original words in the course of making scientific researches on Jiajie is highly important for us to make researches on ancient literature. Analyzing the mistakes and causes of the formation of multiple original words in the text of Shuowen Etymologies and an Arrangement by Sounds, we discover that there are the following types of errors in multiple original words in the text: 1. The different ancient annotations form the basis for the study on original words and multiple original words; 2. The faux creation of original words is made by considering a group of synonyms as original words; 3. Interchangeable words are wrongly regarded as original words; 4. The intending meaning is wrongly regarded as loaning meaning. The reasons for such mistakes can be further attributed to two major aspects: 1. The strong concept of original words of Zhu Junsheng who wrongly believes all Jiajie have original words; 2. There are some problems in the understanding of the meaning of words. Although Zhu Junsheng’s understanding of the connotation of original words is correct, the meaning, in practice, is a very complicated problem. Therefore, it is easy to make mistakes when the actual judgement takes place.

許愼은 『說文解字』라는 중국 최고의 字書를 편찬하면서 部首라는 개념을 만들었다. 540개의 部首를 세워 모든 漢字를 각 部首 밑에 귀속시켜 체계 없이 흩어져 있던 漢字를 정리하고 검색의 편리를 제공하였다. 그는 “分別部居, 不相襍廁.”(부수로 분별하여 서로 어지럽게 섞이지 않게 한다.)라는 말로 部首 건립의 취지와 목적을 언급하였다. 그러나 『說文解字』 540개의 部首를 조사해 보면 部首만 세워놓고 이 部首에 귀속된 문자가 하나도 없는 無屬部字 部首가 36개나 되며, 屬部字가 단 1개뿐인 部首도 156개나 된다고 한다. 귀속된 문자가 없거나 극소수인 部首가 과연 540개라는 部首의 숫자를 채우는 역할 이외에 部首로서의 어떠한 기능을 하는 지, 꼭 필요한 것인지에 대해 의문을 품게 된다. 許愼은 왜 이들을 독립된 部首로 세워야만 했는지, 이보다 좀 더 합리적인 다른 방법은 없었는지 라는 의문에 대해 미력이나마 의견을 보태보려고 한다. 우선 36개의 無屬部字를 대상으로 『說文解字』 部首 건립의 취지와 목적, 全書에 나타난 部首 배치의 예, 상호 간의 관계, 그리고 小篆 字形을 분석하여 他部首와의 통합이 가능한 지 여부를 타진해 보고자 한다.

Abundant cultural information is included in the items for names, marriage and family, Zi or Hao, and the description of women in Shuowen, a noted Chinese dictionary. The research and analysis on it will help us understand the customs, morals, social systems, tastes and habits of thought in ancient China, and comprehend the basic characteristics and spirits of Chinese culture.

Despite numerous errors already revealed in Shuo Wen Jie Zi by Xu Shen in Eastern Han dynasty, it is still considered to be an important literature in Chinese character studies. This study utilizes tools, such as mathematical functions, set and logic, to look into Shuo Wen Jie Zi from a new perspective. Through this approach, one can get a macro-scale tendency or trend. At the same time, one can pin-point numerous micro-scale errors. This study firstly defines functions that constitute the framework, and then processes the entire data set within Shuo Wen Jie Zi, addressing the topics associated with it.

기본적으로 형 음 의 삼요소를 갖추고 있는 것을 문자라 칭한다. 이러한 문자는 보통 독립 성을 갖고 단독으로 사용된다. 하지만 모든 문자가 다 독립적으로 사용되고 있는 것은 아니 다. 어떤 문자는 독립적으로는 사용되지 못하고 다른 문자와 결합하여 字素를 이루어야만 사 용될 수가 있는데, 이를 ‘비독립 자소’라 부른다. 본 논문은 不成文 字素를 포함해說文解字 540개 부수를 대상으로 문자의 단독 사용 여부에 따라 비독립 자소를 구별해 내었고, 이를 다시 字形에 따라 독체자소, 합체자소, 그리고 변이자소로 분류하였다. 그리고 이들이 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 독립 자소에서 비독립 자소로 변하게 되었는지에 대해 심층적 분석을 진행하였 다. 그래서 비독립 자소가 어떠한 형태와 유형으로 대체되었는지, 왜 그러한 현상이 생기게 되었는지 등에 대해 분석하여 ‘不成文’, ‘通假’, ‘同義 문자’, ‘後起字’, ‘字形의 변형’, ‘釋形之誤’, ‘기타’의 7가지 유형으로 분류해 내었다. 아울러 이들의 문자로서의 가치와 위상에 대해서도 논하였다.