After a comprehensive analysis of the meaning of chao (抄) and chaoshou (抄手) as well as depicting the extended series, it can be seen that no later than the tenth century, chao [抄(钞)] which means “picking by fingers” was extended to mean “arched hands salutation” and became the word chaoshou1 (抄手1). At least in the 1260s, the meaning of chao (抄) was infected by cha5 (叉5), and chao (抄) produced chuigong (垂拱, two-handed fork caged in the sleeve) meaning. At least in the first half of the 15th century, the meaning of chaoshou (抄手) was infected by chashou6 (叉手6), and chaoshou (抄手) produced the meaning of “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”; Between the 16th and 19th centuries, due to its prominent image characteristics, chaoshou3 (抄手3), which means “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”, had metonymic extended into a flour made food chaoshou4 (抄手4). The transmission path of the chaoshou4 (抄手4): Sichuan, Chongqing (do not distinguish which is the cradle) > Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hubei (do not distinguish the order). Under the dominant role of the implicit meaning of the chaoshou2 (抄手2), as the homomorphic word of the root word chaoshou4 (抄手4), maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) reassembled: the meaning of maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) evolved from “selling flour made food chaoshou (抄手)” into maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2, having nothing to do), resulting in the local characteristic maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2). As a phenomenon of word meaning development with backtracking characteristics, the emergence of maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2) deserves attention.

This paper explores the standards for selecting language materials during the study of the diachronic grammar of Classical Chinese. The accuracy of language materials is crucial for ensuring the scientific validity of research conclusions. Due to previous limitations in research on the language materials of the Spring and Autumn period, such as posteriority and singularity, this paper argues that the increasing availability of excavated documents, especially ancient literary texts, provides a reliable research foundation for describing the grammar of Classical Chinese during this period. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: 1) Which language materials should be used for the study of the grammar of Classical Chinese during the Spring and Autumn period? 2) Why should these language materials be selected? 3) What are the standards for selecting language materials during this period? The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the diachronic study of Classical Chinese grammar.

In the phonosemantic books listed in Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文), Chunqiu Zuoshi Yin (春秋左氏音) authored by Fu Qian during the late Eastern Han dynasty is the earliest one, marking it as the first work in Chinese phonosemantics studies. From that point, the study of Chinese Phonosemantics has spanned over two millennia. In 721 AD, during Kaiyuan ninth year of Tang Dynasty, Yuan Xingchong presented the Kaiyuan Qunshu Sibu Lu (開元群書四部録) in 200 volumes. It established the “Exegesis of the Classics” category, which included Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文), altering the dependent relationship of phonosemantic books to the classics. It also introduced the “Interpretation of Ancient Texts” category for exegetical books, and the “Traditional Chinese Linguistics” category exclusively for books on Chinese characters and phonology books, subtly forming a structure divided into character, phonology, exegesis, and phonosemantics, which is a significant event in the history of Chinese phonosemantics studies. In Year 1041, during the first year of the Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of Northern Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu compiled the state bibliography Chong Wen Zong Mu (崇文總目) and moved Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文) from the “Exegesis of the Classics” category to the “Traditional Chinese Linguistics” category. Works like You Mao’s Sui Chu Tang Shu Mu (遂初堂 書目), Chao Gongwu’s Jun Zhai Du Shu Zhi (郡齋讀書志), and Chen Kui’s Zhong Xing Guange Shu Mu (中興館閣書目) followed this arrangement, affirming the Chinese linguistic attributes of phonosemantic books, having profound and far-reaching implications. During the Qing Dynasty, Xie Qikun’s Xiao Xue Kao (小學考) established “Phonosemantics” as a distinct category, encompassing various phonosemantic books from the Han and Wei dynasties onward, without restricting them to the type of Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文). This positioned phonosemantics alongside exegesis, character, and phonology as one of the four major branches of traditional Chinese linguistics, solidifying its academic status. In addition to Xiao Xue Kao (小學 考), other significant works of the Qing dynasty, such as Lu Wenchao’s Jing Dian Shi Wen Kao Zheng (經典釋文考證), Wu Chengshi’s Annotations on Prologue of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音序録疏證), Prologue of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音序録), Differentiation of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音辨證), Huang Zhuo’s Collation on Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文匯校), and Hong Liangji’s Han Wei Yin (漢魏音), have become vital works in the disciplinary history of Chinese Phonosemantics. Entering the 21st century, the research in Chinese phonosemantics studies has seen expansive and deeper developments, particularly in the studies of Tang and Five Dynasties’ Buddhist Scriptures phonosemantics and correspondence of sound and meaning. The former was a weak area in earlier Chinese phonosemantics research, while the latter addresses the core issues of the field. Seizing this opportunity, Chinese scholars formally proposed the disciplinary concept and objectives of “Chinese Phonosemantics”, leading the establishment and in-depth exploration of its theories, materials, and research methods, creating an unprecedented surge of interest in the field.

Zhong Hua Zi Jing is Chinese teaching material promoted nationwide and overseas for the purpose of “fast literacy and early reading”, which covers Level 4 Chinese characters specified in the HSK exam outline. Its content includes knowledge of fifty major categories, including astronomy, geography, human relations, history, and the like. Therefore, this study is based on Xu Tongqiang’s sinogram-based theory. This paper proposes a teaching plan using the Zhong Hua Zi Jing in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in order to achieves positive results in vocabulary and Chinese character learning. A survey was first conducted on Korean students in years three and four of the Chinese language major to demonstrate their level of understanding of Chinese characters included in Zhong Hua Zi Jing, and to elucidate the level of understanding of Chinese characters Zhong Hua Zi Jing. Then, the necessity and specific solutions of using Zhong Hua Zi Jing to teach vocabulary mainly based on Chinese characters was explored.

To transform old words into new words is a very efficient mode of word derivation in contemporary Chinese, which mainly involves the transformation of word form and the transformation of meaning. In the process of transforming the old words language users have created a lot of new words that are very novel in form or meaning based on the relationship between Chinese characters in terms of sound, shape and meaning or the structural features of Chinese characters. This paper lists more than 130 new appellations including sound-based words, form-based words, meaning-based words and words produced by changing the structure of Chinese characters, names the ways how old words transform into new words as JieYinFuXing, XieYinFuYi, BieJieFuYi, FanBeiFuYi, GaiZiBianXing and describes the transformation process of these words. These lexical phenomenons reflect some language psychology such as pursuing new differences, playing jokes and mental association. They have some impacts on the lexical system of contemporary Chinese as they open up new ways for the generation and change of contemporary Chinese words, they supplement the word-making methods and lead to some unconventional combinations in contemporary Chinese lexis. This paper intends to further clarify the important role of Chinese characters in word creation and word development, and deepen the understanding of Chinese Character study and contemporary Chinese lexicology.

Countries in the Chinese character cultural sphere share the Chinese Zodiac that assigns twelve animals to each year a person is born based on the order of arrival, so-called Tti. The twelve animals reflect the psychological characteristics of human life and are regarded as more special than other animals. Thus, the animals are used in idiomatic expressions as a vehicle to more properly describe human feelings and thought. This study therefore analyzed the semantic features of the twelve animals to explore the Chinese perception about the animals. The study result can be summarized as below: The representative semantic features of the twelve animals are as follows: [Villain], [Thief], [Misdeed], [Harmful], and [Heinous] for Rat; [Big] for Ox; [Villain], [Ferocious], [Cruel], [Heinous], [Foe], [Causing Fear], [Causing Risk], [Harmful], [Aggressor], and [Predator] for Tiger; [Agile] and [Quick] for Rabbit; [Emperor], [King], [High Status], [Authority], and [General] for Dragon; [Villain], [Aggressor], [Greedy], [Cunning], [Heinous], and [Vicious] for Snake; [War] and [Military] for Horse; [Weak], [Sacrifice], and [Dangerous Situation] for Sheep; [Nominal] for Monkey; [Small], [Slight], [Trifling], and [Useless] for Rooster; [Shabby], [Vulgar], [Bad], and [Foolish] for Dog; and [Shabby], [Vulgar], and [Wicked] for Pig. The negative semantic features were dominant in all animals except the dragon, which is consistent with a tendency that the animals are generally used to emphasize the negative aspects of a person. The semantic features of the animals are also presented in various domains of action, psychology, personality, morality, size, episode, speed, status, position, geographical features, attitude, shape, living, means, situation, etc.

국제 중국어 교재에 초과 한자와 초과 어휘가 존재한다는 것은 객관적인 사실이다. 이는 학생 이 텍스트를 이해하는데 영향을 주며, 교사가 수업을 진행하는데 있어서도 피하기 힘든 문제이 다. 본고는 《국제 중국어 교육 중국어 수준 등급 표준》를 기준으로, 『發展漢語』 고급 종합 교재에 포함되어 있는 초과 한자와 초과 어휘를 연구 대상으로 삼았다. 코퍼스 기술을 바탕으로 빠른 식별과 태깅을 진행하여, 『發展漢語』 고급 종합 단계 교재에 나타난 초과 한자와 초과 어휘 현황을 분석하였다. 또한, 초과 한자를 기준으로 真性과 假性으로 구분하고 글자 단위의 의미와 어휘 단위의 의미의 연관성을 근거로 교육 방법을 제안하였다. 한자와 연결되는 동사를 함께 가르치고, 한자와 어휘를 연결하여 학습시키는 방안은 학생의 중국어 학습 능력을 향상시킬 것이다.

The study of Chinese vulgar characters is one of the important contents in the study of modern Chinese characters, and it is also one of the important contents in the study of the dissemination of Chinese characters. Based on the 81 poems and more than 300 folk characters in the Vietnamese Chinese document “Giới Hiên Collected Poems”, this paper explores the nature of Chinese vulgar characters and related issues. The nature of Chinese vulgar characters can be characterized from the perspective of Chinese character shape, structure and function: Vulgar characters are used by the civil community, with different forms of different forms, different components of the composition of the word, often used to record and correspond to the orthography of the Chinese character. Clarifying the nature of “vulgar characters” is of great significance to its ontology research, modern Chinese research, and Chinese character dissemination research.

This paper takes six Chinese Textbooks in the late Korean Dynasty compiled by Wang Weihui and others as the research object, selects and counts the high-frequency words, and analyzes their characteristics from the aspects of syllable number, part of speech, use in modern Chinese, meaning content, dialect background and so on. It is found that only monosyllabic words and disyllabic words appear in the high-frequency words in the late Korean Chinese textbooks, and the parts of speech are mainly verbs and nouns. Modern Chinese uses some words of high-frequency words, and some high-frequency words are no longer used. In terms of meaning and content, high-frequency words are highly related to commercial and trade activities. At the same time, there are some spoken words and a large number of northeast dialect words.

“Zhe” in the structure of “V1 zhe V2” in the Chinese translation of Qingwen Zhiyao is a counter translation of the Manchu adverb affix “- me” “- fi” “- hai, - hei, - hoi”. There are some special uses of this structure in Chinese translation, such as the combination of the tentative state and the continuous marker “zhe”, and the non continuous verb enters the “V1 zhe V2” structure as V1. The reason is that it is influenced by Manchu. The interference characteristics of Manchu language are weakened in the adaptation of Qingwen Zhiyao. By investigating the literature of the Qing Dynasty, it is found that the usage influenced by Manchu such as “Xiang zhe qiao” and “Zhuo liang zhe” once entered Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, and disappeared in modern Chinese with the decline of Manchu. The Chinese version has traces of Southern Mandarin, and the adapted version reflects the characteristics of Beijing Mandarin. The principle of iconicity has different constraints on the word order of verb conjunction in Manchu and Chinese. The text adaptation follows the law of sentence pattern development and reflects the prescriptive direction of Chinese sentence pattern development. Language contact affects the development of relevant sentence patterns to a certain extent, but it is ultimately restricted by the law of Chinese itself.

There are many changes appeared with the Chinese degree adverbs as languages evolve over time, such as the emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and the phrase structures like ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’, ‘巨痛’ are used in our daily communication commonly. This article discussed about the evolution mechanism of the Chinese emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning in perspective of cognitive linguistics. First, we focused on the prototype meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is a adjective and the existing meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is used as a degree adverb. Second, we compared the image schema of the adjective ‘ju(巨)’ with the image schema of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and managed to find the differences between them. Then we studied the evolution mechanism of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning that is metaphor and made ‘ju(巨)’s metaphor mapping model. Third, we chose ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’ and ‘巨痛’ as examples by corpus-based study and used the conceptual blending theory to compared the conceptual blending spaces of them. Lastly, we found a general rule that can have reference significance to the study about the evolution of the other emerging degree adverbs, such as ‘狂’, ‘神’and so on. 저 자

Lee Dynasty (1392-1919) was the last feudal dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Chinese teaching in this period reached an unprecedented peak, and a number of localized Chinese textbooks emerged. This paper first analyzes the motivation of the compilation of these textbooks from the political, ideological and historical aspects, and finds that the compilation of these textbooks is related to such factors as North Korea’s “Shida” foreign policy, the thought of “Muhua” and the use of Chinese characters to mark Korean in history. Secondly, according to the nature, the textbooks used and published by Lee Dynasty are divided into two types: dictionaries and textbooks, and the existing textbooks are counted according to the previous research. Finally, through the analysis of the specific content of the teaching materials, it is found that these teaching materials have the characteristics of paying attention to oral teaching, strong practicability and cultural teaching function.

In this paper, the semantic map model is adopted to study the diachronic evolution and synchronic regional characteristics of the Chinese Verbs “Dai (代)” and “Ti (替)” with the meaning of “substitution”. The semantic evolution of the Verbs “Dai (代)” and “Ti (替)” are complicated, including the evolution in both dialects and general language, which can be clearly shown in the semantic map model. In the general language, “Dai (代)” and “Ti” have different lexical semantic functions. “Dai” mainly has the verbs semantic functions of “substitution”, yet the newer word “Ti (替)” mainly has the grammatical function of “substitution”. In the dialect, the evolution of the two verbs in different regions are not consistent. In northern dialects, the newer word “Ti (替)” is mostly used, yet in some southern dialects, more components of the ancient Chinese are retained, such as the prepositional function of “Dai (代)” in ancient Chinese.

The outbreak of the epidemic on an international scale has brought severe challenges to the Chinese language education of various universities. Both teachers and students have brought new challenges. In order to adapt to the new educational environment, teachers in major colleges and universities adjust their teaching concepts and teaching plans. Especially for international Chinese language education, it faces unprecedented challenges. International Chinese language education was affected by the epidemic and changed the traditional education model, opening a new model of online education. With the advantage of using abundant network resources, online education has highlighted its new breakthroughs, and has gradually highlighted some of the shortcomings of online education. Spoken language and pronunciation, which are particularly important in Chinese education, are affected by issues such as online education that restricts certain communication and timely feedback from students. Aiming at the problems of international Chinese online education, this article analyzes one by one and proposes corresponding solutions. Different from the online teaching of traditional subjects, In the special course of language education, certain online courses of Chinese education need to be improved.

Korean Chinese international trade correspondence belongs to the teaching field of "Special purpose language". It takes various communicative contexts as the premise, and the communicative context is based on the communicative process under the specific working environment of language users. Therefore, it needs appropriate communicative functions to achieve the communicative purpose. In order to achieve the communicative function, the use of specific sentence types obviously contains some convention. The characteristics of high-frequency sentence types in international trade letters have a certain tendency. This paper takes the Chinese E-mail actually generated by the Korean staff of a Korean trading company in their trade with China as the research object, investigates and analyzes its sentence function, and provides empirical data for business Chinese teaching. Compared with the teaching of traditional lingua franca, according to the various social attributes of Korean Chinese international trade exchanges, it is not only the cognitive background of learners and staff, but also the communicative context required by professional work. The core content of teaching should give priority to the specific sentence patterns of communicative function words closely related to work in the actual corpus, and apply them in teaching strategies and methods, To enable learners to acquire the required language communicative competence as soon as possible, it does not emphasize the comprehensive mastery of learning, but can save time and selectively improve communication efficiency.

The isorhyme is an important part of Chinese phonology research. The research into Chinese isorhymes performed in the Korean Peninsula is also no less important, especially from the perspective of East Asian Linguistics. It is of great value to understand the content of isorhymes in the Korean peninsula for understanding the development of isorhymes abroad. By collecting and sorting the research materials on Korean isorhymes and phonology in the past 50 years, this paper analyzes the characteristics and values of studies on Chinese isorhymes in the Korean Peninsula. It summarizes the application of ancient phonology theory, the study on a phonological model of Shengyin Changhetu (《聲音唱和圖》 ), Qieyun (《切韻》 ) and related rhyme books, and studies on rhyming in the three dynasties of Song, Ming, and Qing. In the final analysis, it is concluded that considering the history and current situation related to the studies on Chinese isorhyme in the Korean Peninsula, the fundamental research into the equivalence prosody is of great value.

漢語 中古音의 聲母의 조음 방법을 연구함에 있어, 『東國正韻』(1447)과 『訓蒙字會』 (1527)는 중요한 자료가 될 수 있다. 漢語 中古音을 음소 문자로 표기한 최초의 문자 는 파스파 문자이지만, 파스파 문자는 死語가 되어 음소의 변화 및 후대의 계승 양 상을 확인할 방법이 없다. 반면, 『東國正韻』 한자음은 漢語 中古音과 시기상으로는 거리가 있지만, 漢語 中古音의 운미 8개를 일률적으로 訓民正音으로 표기했고, 全淸·次淸·全濁·次濁 역시『訓民正音』 ｢解例本｣에서 명확히 정의하고 있다.『訓蒙字會』는 우리 현실 한자음을 반영하고 있다고 분석되므로, 『東國正韻』 한자음의 표기가 『訓蒙字會』에서 어떻게 반영되는지를 살필 경우, 『東國正韻』의 편찬자가 분석한 漢 語 中古音의 淸·濁音의 일면을 엿볼 수 있다. 이 중에서 漢語 中古音의 齒音을 고찰 하면서, 淸音의 무성 마찰음 /s/와 全濁의 유성 마찰음 /z/에 대해서 주로 연구하고 자 한다. 일반적으로 漢語 中古音의 全濁 齒音은 /z/로 추정되는데, 『東國正韻』 편찬 자의 관점에서도 그러한지 살펴보는 것이다. 『東國正韻』 한자음의 성격에 대해 異論 이 있어 본고에서는 논외로 하지만, 『訓蒙字會』의 한자음과 비교해서 살펴봤을 때, 『東國正韻』은 표기에서 우리 한자음을 바탕으로 漢語 中古音 四聲七音의 원리를 반영 하고 있다고 평가하는 것을 근거로 본고에서의 논의를 전개한다. 따라서 당시 우리 현실 한자음을 비교적 잘 반영하고 있는 『訓蒙字會』의 한자음을 기준으로 『東國正韻』의 한자음과 면밀히 고찰해 볼 때, 漢語 中古音의 淸·濁音의 특징에 대해 자세히 살펴볼 수 있다.

P’yohaerok was written by the order of King Sŏngjong in June 1488. It is one of the most important drifting records to China in the Ming era, which was published in six different printed versions in the Chosŏn period. There are two sets of versions, each of which is comprised of three. One is in Toyo Bunko, Yomei Bunko, and Kanazawa Bunko, all of which had been printed before Hideyoshi’s Invasion of Chosŏn in 1592. The other printed and published as a part of Kŭmnamjip after the Invasion has been available in South Korea. P’yohaerok is really an excellent work. For not only does it possess an important historical value of the Ming Dynasty but also allows us to discover a variety of linguistic data and phenomena such as nonstandard forms of characters, vocabulary, grammar and phonemes of native languages in the Ming era, etc. From the perspective of linguistic discourse, the author makes a detailed analysis of the Modern Chinese Linguistics of the work.

This article conducts a textual research on the character of ‘畑’ in Grand Chinese Dictionary. Through reviewing Buddhist scriptures and secular literature, the article points out that ‘畑’ is a Japanese character signifying the ‘upland field’. The word of ‘田畑’ found in the scriptures is a Japanese one with two meanings: one, the ‘paddy field and upland field’, and the other, the ‘field’. In Japanese, the former is expressed by ‘田’ and ‘畑’, yet, in Chinese, by adding modifiers before ‘田’. Therefore, when entering into Chinese, ‘畑’ comes to have the same meaning and usage as ‘田’. For this reason, the article considers it possible for ‘畑’ to be a variant of ‘田’ in the Chinese literature. Moreover, ‘畑’ can be thought of not only as a formal variant of the folk character of ‘烟’ but also as a mistaken character of ‘油’ in the scriptures.

Even though Summary of Chinese Historical Lexicology by Jiang Shao Yu is the most important theoretical achievement both of Chinese lexicology in general and of the contemporary one, there are some points to be discussed in a more detailed manner. Of them is that of the absolute synonym such as ‘zhou’ (舟) and ‘chuan’ (船). Considering it worth discussing, this paper holds that ‘chuan’ (船) began in the early and middle stage of Warring States Period, not in the late one of it. For, the use cases of ‘chuan’ (船) in the literature of the middle and late stage of Warring States Period increased, and the frequency ratio of ‘zhou’ (舟) and ‘chuan’ (船) changed in those stages. They are general synonyms rather than absolute synonyms because the former means not merely the boat but also the big boat as in ‘long zhou’ (龍 舟), ‘da zhou’ (大舟) and ‘ju zhou’ (巨舟). Instead of ‘zhou’ (舟) itself referring to the big boat, the meaning of ‘zhou’ (舟) is still the boat, and ‘zhou’ (舟) and ‘chuan’ (船) constitute synonyms in the meaning of the boat, which indicates that the meaning of size comes from its modifying elements.