The historical local chronicles of Chongqing during the Ming and Qing dynasties as well as the Republic of China period valued both history and geography while also emphasizing humanities. The generic toponym characters best indicate the geographical type to which individual toponym belongs, and accommodates the changes in natural and social characteristics of the southwest region in China. The Grand Dictionary of Chinese Characters is an authoritative large-scale Chinese language dictionary, serving as a bridge between national language norms and the reality of people’s spoken language. It focuses on reflecting the origin, evolution, and actual usage of toponymic characters, but has quite limited absorption and utilization of toponymic materials from local chronicles. In order to investigate the lexicological value of local chronicles, this article uses the historical local chronicles of Chongqing to supplement the pronunciation, explaination, use cases, and inter-character relationships of the generic toponym characters compiled in The Grand Dictionary of Chinese Characters.

The cooking method {炒 (stir-frying)} is a commonly used verb in daily life, closely related to our existence. Its appearance in transmitted texts did not occur until the Han Dynasty. The term {炒} was historically represented by eight model of characters, though only six were actually used, each with numerous variant forms. During the Han Dynasty, {炒} was recorded using “𩱦” and “㷅”, with “𩱦” being the predominant choice. In the Six Dynasties period, “ ” remained the standard. After the emergence of “炒” and “煼”, both characters were widely adopted across subsequent dynasties, with “炒” becoming the conventional form, though it never fully supplanted “煼”. This trend was also interspersed with the use of simplified variants like “㷅” and “𩱦”. Investigating the historical graphic representation of {炒} holds significant importance for understanding the development of Chinese culinary techniques and interpreting related transmitted texts.

The ‘I bǎ you (this/that) + NP’ sentence pattern in modern Chinese, represented by the novel Journey to the West, has always been a hot topic in academic research. The various explanations made by predecessors from grammatical perspectives cannot well answer the reasons why this patttern only appears in the abusive context, nor are they in line with the pursuit of natural language habits in oral expressions. From the perspective of dialects and slangs, especially the commonly seen cases in modern dialect areas such as Wuhan and Yimeng, combining the process of writing Journey to the West and the source of language materials of which, interpreting ‘bǎ’ as a abusive word in folk vulgar language not only answers the unsolved questions, but also makes the ‘bǎ’ clause sentences more appropriate, natural and reasonable. With the development of language, the emotional color of the abusive word “ba” for scolding gradually weakened, eventually becoming a common pet-phrase in vulgar oral language.

The studies of Chinese Phonosemantics in Korea have developed progressively since the introduction of Chinese characters to the Korean Peninsula. Scholars throughout history have emphasized the documentation of Chinese character pronunciation and meaning in the compilation of rhyme books and dictionaries, utilizing Hangul annotations to distinguish between Chinese character pronunciations and Sino-Korean character pronunciations. Hwadongjeongeumtongseokunko (華東正音通釋韻考, Park Seong-won, 1747) serves as a representative work, with historical records such as Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄) and the preface of Saseong Tonghae (四聲通解) also containing relevant records. As of the end of 2024, the studies of Chinese Phonosemantics in Korea have more than ten related works and over a hundred academic papers, categorized into three main areas: (1) studies on phonosemantic books (approximately 65%), with a focus on the sound and meaning of Buddhist scriptures and Tripitaka Koreana (高麗大藏經) research, represented by the team of Lee Kyoo-Kap; (2) dictionary research (about 15%), identifying Sungyeong Eui’ui (順憬音義) as the earliest Korean dictionary and clarifying its literature type; (3) researches on the relationships between sounds and meanings (around 20%), including Kim Young-Chan’s argument for the independence of phonosemantics, and Yum Jae-Ung’s investigation of specific correspondence of sound and meaning. The studies of Chinese Phonosemantics in Korea exhibits distinctive local characteristics, and future directions include strengthening and expanding Chinese Phonosemantics in Korea as a discipline, incorporating computational linguistics to advance digitalization and corpus-based approaches, and contributing to the internationalization of Chinese Phonosemantics studies.

From its emergence in the late Han Dynasty to its independence in the Qing Dynasty, Chinese phonosemantics has produced numerous phonosemantic works and accumulated rich research achievements up to the present. Classifying and organizing these achievements and compiling the Bibliography of the Achievements on Chinese Phonosemantics is an inevitable requirement for the scientific construction of the discipline of Chinese phonosemantics. The Bibliography of the Achievements on Chinese Phonosemantics serves the practice of building an independent knowledge system in China. It not only provides material basis for the construction of the discipline of Chinese phonosemantics but also offers considerable academic convenience for researchers entering this field, thereby enriching and expanding the content of general phonosemantic research.

For a long time, the teaching concept of “monism” has made the field of international Chinese teaching focus on “words”, not “Chinese characters”. Chinese characters that are difficult to teach and learn have not been effectively improved. In 2021, the introduction of the “Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education” set a new direction for international Chinese education, and the practice of listing a handwritten Chinese character list separately for the first time also reflects the importance of Chinese character teaching. Long before the introduction of the “Grading Standards”, a small number of international comprehensive Chinese textbooks had compiled handwritten Chinese character lists, but there were many handwritten Chinese characters that were not included in the “Grading Standards”. This kind of Chinese characters or have a large number of strokes, or the shapes of the strokes are more difficult, or the structures are more complex, or the ability to form words is weak, etc., which is exactly the opposite of the characteristics of the “Grading Standards”. According to the results of the relevant analysis, it can provide practical reference for the compilation of Chinese characters in textbooks in the future.

이 글은 사역원에서 행해진 한어 역관 선발 방법을 알아보고 당시의 외국어 교육 방법을 살펴서 당시 사용한 한어 교재가 현재의 외국어 학습 교재와 차이점이 없음 을 알아보았다. 또한 조선왕조 실록과 역관이 기록한 통문관 자료를 통해 당시의 교 육 방법과 한어 학습서의 교육 내용이 의사소통 중심 교육이면서 담화 상황을 제시 하고 각종 어휘를 익히는 방식으로 진행되었다는 사실을 확인했다. 또한 역관의 직 제와 시험 내용 등을 통해 사역원에서 사용한 한어 학습서는 중국의 글에 당시 중국 어 발음과 뜻을 한글로 풀이한 것으로 운서와 회화, 어휘사전 등으로 이루어진 자료 들로 현재 어학 교육방법의 관점에서 살펴보아도 체계적인 교재이다. 역관이 한어학습을 위해 사용한 교재는 학습의 난이도를 고려하여 초급 교재는 노걸대언해(老 乞大諺解), 중급 교재로 박통사언해(朴通事諺解), 고급 교재로 오륜전비언해(伍倫 全備諺解)가 사용되었다. 조선시대 역관이 중국어를 학습하기 위해 사용한 교재에 대한 대부분의 연구는 연구자의 전공에 따른 개별적 연구가 다수이고 이를 외국어 교육과정이라는 측면에서 전체를 다룬 연구는 없었기에 연구의 의의가 있다. 사역원 의 한어 교육방법 역시 현재 외국어로서 한국어를 교육하고 사용하는 교재와 큰 차 이가 없었다. 당시에도 여러 유형의 담화 상황을 제시하고 이에 따른 의사소통 중심 의 교육 방법을 통해 어휘를 익히고 학습했다는 사실은 외국어 교육을 위한 교수요 목과 언어기능의 통합적 교육을 목표로 하는 현재 의사소통 교육방법가 다르지 않았 다. 이 연구는 당시 사용된 역학서의 국어학적 연구의 바탕 위에, 역사적 관점에서 역관의 직제와 운영 방법에 대한 연구가 이루어지고, 외국어 교육적 관점에서 교재 의 내용 구성이 어떠하였는지를 살펴보는 다학제적 접근방법을 적용한 연구이다.

After a comprehensive analysis of the meaning of chao (抄) and chaoshou (抄手) as well as depicting the extended series, it can be seen that no later than the tenth century, chao [抄(钞)] which means “picking by fingers” was extended to mean “arched hands salutation” and became the word chaoshou1 (抄手1). At least in the 1260s, the meaning of chao (抄) was infected by cha5 (叉5), and chao (抄) produced chuigong (垂拱, two-handed fork caged in the sleeve) meaning. At least in the first half of the 15th century, the meaning of chaoshou (抄手) was infected by chashou6 (叉手6), and chaoshou (抄手) produced the meaning of “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”; Between the 16th and 19th centuries, due to its prominent image characteristics, chaoshou3 (抄手3), which means “hands crossed over the arms in front of the chest”, had metonymic extended into a flour made food chaoshou4 (抄手4). The transmission path of the chaoshou4 (抄手4): Sichuan, Chongqing (do not distinguish which is the cradle) > Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hubei (do not distinguish the order). Under the dominant role of the implicit meaning of the chaoshou2 (抄手2), as the homomorphic word of the root word chaoshou4 (抄手4), maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) reassembled: the meaning of maichaoshou4 (賣抄手4) evolved from “selling flour made food chaoshou (抄手)” into maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2, having nothing to do), resulting in the local characteristic maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2). As a phenomenon of word meaning development with backtracking characteristics, the emergence of maichaoshou2 (賣抄手2) deserves attention.

This paper explores the standards for selecting language materials during the study of the diachronic grammar of Classical Chinese. The accuracy of language materials is crucial for ensuring the scientific validity of research conclusions. Due to previous limitations in research on the language materials of the Spring and Autumn period, such as posteriority and singularity, this paper argues that the increasing availability of excavated documents, especially ancient literary texts, provides a reliable research foundation for describing the grammar of Classical Chinese during this period. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: 1) Which language materials should be used for the study of the grammar of Classical Chinese during the Spring and Autumn period? 2) Why should these language materials be selected? 3) What are the standards for selecting language materials during this period? The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the diachronic study of Classical Chinese grammar.

In the phonosemantic books listed in Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文), Chunqiu Zuoshi Yin (春秋左氏音) authored by Fu Qian during the late Eastern Han dynasty is the earliest one, marking it as the first work in Chinese phonosemantics studies. From that point, the study of Chinese Phonosemantics has spanned over two millennia. In 721 AD, during Kaiyuan ninth year of Tang Dynasty, Yuan Xingchong presented the Kaiyuan Qunshu Sibu Lu (開元群書四部録) in 200 volumes. It established the “Exegesis of the Classics” category, which included Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文), altering the dependent relationship of phonosemantic books to the classics. It also introduced the “Interpretation of Ancient Texts” category for exegetical books, and the “Traditional Chinese Linguistics” category exclusively for books on Chinese characters and phonology books, subtly forming a structure divided into character, phonology, exegesis, and phonosemantics, which is a significant event in the history of Chinese phonosemantics studies. In Year 1041, during the first year of the Qingli reign of Emperor Renzong of Northern Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu compiled the state bibliography Chong Wen Zong Mu (崇文總目) and moved Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文) from the “Exegesis of the Classics” category to the “Traditional Chinese Linguistics” category. Works like You Mao’s Sui Chu Tang Shu Mu (遂初堂 書目), Chao Gongwu’s Jun Zhai Du Shu Zhi (郡齋讀書志), and Chen Kui’s Zhong Xing Guange Shu Mu (中興館閣書目) followed this arrangement, affirming the Chinese linguistic attributes of phonosemantic books, having profound and far-reaching implications. During the Qing Dynasty, Xie Qikun’s Xiao Xue Kao (小學考) established “Phonosemantics” as a distinct category, encompassing various phonosemantic books from the Han and Wei dynasties onward, without restricting them to the type of Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文). This positioned phonosemantics alongside exegesis, character, and phonology as one of the four major branches of traditional Chinese linguistics, solidifying its academic status. In addition to Xiao Xue Kao (小學 考), other significant works of the Qing dynasty, such as Lu Wenchao’s Jing Dian Shi Wen Kao Zheng (經典釋文考證), Wu Chengshi’s Annotations on Prologue of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音序録疏證), Prologue of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音序録), Differentiation of Jing Ji Jiu Yin (經籍舊音辨證), Huang Zhuo’s Collation on Jing Dian Shi Wen (經典釋文匯校), and Hong Liangji’s Han Wei Yin (漢魏音), have become vital works in the disciplinary history of Chinese Phonosemantics. Entering the 21st century, the research in Chinese phonosemantics studies has seen expansive and deeper developments, particularly in the studies of Tang and Five Dynasties’ Buddhist Scriptures phonosemantics and correspondence of sound and meaning. The former was a weak area in earlier Chinese phonosemantics research, while the latter addresses the core issues of the field. Seizing this opportunity, Chinese scholars formally proposed the disciplinary concept and objectives of “Chinese Phonosemantics”, leading the establishment and in-depth exploration of its theories, materials, and research methods, creating an unprecedented surge of interest in the field.

Zhong Hua Zi Jing is Chinese teaching material promoted nationwide and overseas for the purpose of “fast literacy and early reading”, which covers Level 4 Chinese characters specified in the HSK exam outline. Its content includes knowledge of fifty major categories, including astronomy, geography, human relations, history, and the like. Therefore, this study is based on Xu Tongqiang’s sinogram-based theory. This paper proposes a teaching plan using the Zhong Hua Zi Jing in teaching Chinese as a foreign language in order to achieves positive results in vocabulary and Chinese character learning. A survey was first conducted on Korean students in years three and four of the Chinese language major to demonstrate their level of understanding of Chinese characters included in Zhong Hua Zi Jing, and to elucidate the level of understanding of Chinese characters Zhong Hua Zi Jing. Then, the necessity and specific solutions of using Zhong Hua Zi Jing to teach vocabulary mainly based on Chinese characters was explored.

To transform old words into new words is a very efficient mode of word derivation in contemporary Chinese, which mainly involves the transformation of word form and the transformation of meaning. In the process of transforming the old words language users have created a lot of new words that are very novel in form or meaning based on the relationship between Chinese characters in terms of sound, shape and meaning or the structural features of Chinese characters. This paper lists more than 130 new appellations including sound-based words, form-based words, meaning-based words and words produced by changing the structure of Chinese characters, names the ways how old words transform into new words as JieYinFuXing, XieYinFuYi, BieJieFuYi, FanBeiFuYi, GaiZiBianXing and describes the transformation process of these words. These lexical phenomenons reflect some language psychology such as pursuing new differences, playing jokes and mental association. They have some impacts on the lexical system of contemporary Chinese as they open up new ways for the generation and change of contemporary Chinese words, they supplement the word-making methods and lead to some unconventional combinations in contemporary Chinese lexis. This paper intends to further clarify the important role of Chinese characters in word creation and word development, and deepen the understanding of Chinese Character study and contemporary Chinese lexicology.

Countries in the Chinese character cultural sphere share the Chinese Zodiac that assigns twelve animals to each year a person is born based on the order of arrival, so-called Tti. The twelve animals reflect the psychological characteristics of human life and are regarded as more special than other animals. Thus, the animals are used in idiomatic expressions as a vehicle to more properly describe human feelings and thought. This study therefore analyzed the semantic features of the twelve animals to explore the Chinese perception about the animals. The study result can be summarized as below: The representative semantic features of the twelve animals are as follows: [Villain], [Thief], [Misdeed], [Harmful], and [Heinous] for Rat; [Big] for Ox; [Villain], [Ferocious], [Cruel], [Heinous], [Foe], [Causing Fear], [Causing Risk], [Harmful], [Aggressor], and [Predator] for Tiger; [Agile] and [Quick] for Rabbit; [Emperor], [King], [High Status], [Authority], and [General] for Dragon; [Villain], [Aggressor], [Greedy], [Cunning], [Heinous], and [Vicious] for Snake; [War] and [Military] for Horse; [Weak], [Sacrifice], and [Dangerous Situation] for Sheep; [Nominal] for Monkey; [Small], [Slight], [Trifling], and [Useless] for Rooster; [Shabby], [Vulgar], [Bad], and [Foolish] for Dog; and [Shabby], [Vulgar], and [Wicked] for Pig. The negative semantic features were dominant in all animals except the dragon, which is consistent with a tendency that the animals are generally used to emphasize the negative aspects of a person. The semantic features of the animals are also presented in various domains of action, psychology, personality, morality, size, episode, speed, status, position, geographical features, attitude, shape, living, means, situation, etc.

국제 중국어 교재에 초과 한자와 초과 어휘가 존재한다는 것은 객관적인 사실이다. 이는 학생 이 텍스트를 이해하는데 영향을 주며, 교사가 수업을 진행하는데 있어서도 피하기 힘든 문제이 다. 본고는 《국제 중국어 교육 중국어 수준 등급 표준》를 기준으로, 『發展漢語』 고급 종합 교재에 포함되어 있는 초과 한자와 초과 어휘를 연구 대상으로 삼았다. 코퍼스 기술을 바탕으로 빠른 식별과 태깅을 진행하여, 『發展漢語』 고급 종합 단계 교재에 나타난 초과 한자와 초과 어휘 현황을 분석하였다. 또한, 초과 한자를 기준으로 真性과 假性으로 구분하고 글자 단위의 의미와 어휘 단위의 의미의 연관성을 근거로 교육 방법을 제안하였다. 한자와 연결되는 동사를 함께 가르치고, 한자와 어휘를 연결하여 학습시키는 방안은 학생의 중국어 학습 능력을 향상시킬 것이다.

The study of Chinese vulgar characters is one of the important contents in the study of modern Chinese characters, and it is also one of the important contents in the study of the dissemination of Chinese characters. Based on the 81 poems and more than 300 folk characters in the Vietnamese Chinese document “Giới Hiên Collected Poems”, this paper explores the nature of Chinese vulgar characters and related issues. The nature of Chinese vulgar characters can be characterized from the perspective of Chinese character shape, structure and function: Vulgar characters are used by the civil community, with different forms of different forms, different components of the composition of the word, often used to record and correspond to the orthography of the Chinese character. Clarifying the nature of “vulgar characters” is of great significance to its ontology research, modern Chinese research, and Chinese character dissemination research.

This paper takes six Chinese Textbooks in the late Korean Dynasty compiled by Wang Weihui and others as the research object, selects and counts the high-frequency words, and analyzes their characteristics from the aspects of syllable number, part of speech, use in modern Chinese, meaning content, dialect background and so on. It is found that only monosyllabic words and disyllabic words appear in the high-frequency words in the late Korean Chinese textbooks, and the parts of speech are mainly verbs and nouns. Modern Chinese uses some words of high-frequency words, and some high-frequency words are no longer used. In terms of meaning and content, high-frequency words are highly related to commercial and trade activities. At the same time, there are some spoken words and a large number of northeast dialect words.

“Zhe” in the structure of “V1 zhe V2” in the Chinese translation of Qingwen Zhiyao is a counter translation of the Manchu adverb affix “- me” “- fi” “- hai, - hei, - hoi”. There are some special uses of this structure in Chinese translation, such as the combination of the tentative state and the continuous marker “zhe”, and the non continuous verb enters the “V1 zhe V2” structure as V1. The reason is that it is influenced by Manchu. The interference characteristics of Manchu language are weakened in the adaptation of Qingwen Zhiyao. By investigating the literature of the Qing Dynasty, it is found that the usage influenced by Manchu such as “Xiang zhe qiao” and “Zhuo liang zhe” once entered Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, and disappeared in modern Chinese with the decline of Manchu. The Chinese version has traces of Southern Mandarin, and the adapted version reflects the characteristics of Beijing Mandarin. The principle of iconicity has different constraints on the word order of verb conjunction in Manchu and Chinese. The text adaptation follows the law of sentence pattern development and reflects the prescriptive direction of Chinese sentence pattern development. Language contact affects the development of relevant sentence patterns to a certain extent, but it is ultimately restricted by the law of Chinese itself.

There are many changes appeared with the Chinese degree adverbs as languages evolve over time, such as the emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and the phrase structures like ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’, ‘巨痛’ are used in our daily communication commonly. This article discussed about the evolution mechanism of the Chinese emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning in perspective of cognitive linguistics. First, we focused on the prototype meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is a adjective and the existing meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is used as a degree adverb. Second, we compared the image schema of the adjective ‘ju(巨)’ with the image schema of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and managed to find the differences between them. Then we studied the evolution mechanism of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning that is metaphor and made ‘ju(巨)’s metaphor mapping model. Third, we chose ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’ and ‘巨痛’ as examples by corpus-based study and used the conceptual blending theory to compared the conceptual blending spaces of them. Lastly, we found a general rule that can have reference significance to the study about the evolution of the other emerging degree adverbs, such as ‘狂’, ‘神’and so on. 저 자

Lee Dynasty (1392-1919) was the last feudal dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Chinese teaching in this period reached an unprecedented peak, and a number of localized Chinese textbooks emerged. This paper first analyzes the motivation of the compilation of these textbooks from the political, ideological and historical aspects, and finds that the compilation of these textbooks is related to such factors as North Korea’s “Shida” foreign policy, the thought of “Muhua” and the use of Chinese characters to mark Korean in history. Secondly, according to the nature, the textbooks used and published by Lee Dynasty are divided into two types: dictionaries and textbooks, and the existing textbooks are counted according to the previous research. Finally, through the analysis of the specific content of the teaching materials, it is found that these teaching materials have the characteristics of paying attention to oral teaching, strong practicability and cultural teaching function.

In this paper, the semantic map model is adopted to study the diachronic evolution and synchronic regional characteristics of the Chinese Verbs “Dai (代)” and “Ti (替)” with the meaning of “substitution”. The semantic evolution of the Verbs “Dai (代)” and “Ti (替)” are complicated, including the evolution in both dialects and general language, which can be clearly shown in the semantic map model. In the general language, “Dai (代)” and “Ti” have different lexical semantic functions. “Dai” mainly has the verbs semantic functions of “substitution”, yet the newer word “Ti (替)” mainly has the grammatical function of “substitution”. In the dialect, the evolution of the two verbs in different regions are not consistent. In northern dialects, the newer word “Ti (替)” is mostly used, yet in some southern dialects, more components of the ancient Chinese are retained, such as the prepositional function of “Dai (代)” in ancient Chinese.