Road infrastructure development and biodiversity conservation are essential for sustainable development. However, many developing countries struggle to balance them. This study examines the impact of road construction in 24 African countries and evaluates strategies for achieving sustainability. Using a case study approach, road construction variables from individual country reports (2024) were quantitatively analyzed alongside Red List Index (RLI) scores from the Yale University's 2024 Environmental Performance Index Report. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were applied to assess the relationship between road development and biodiversity conservation to provide insights into effective mitigation strategies. Results indicate that in 2024, the average RLI score for the 24 African countries was 64.74, with a 10-year mean decline of -2.85. On average, 17,162.21 ha of biodiversity habitats were cleared for road construction, emphasizing the vulnerability of biodiversity. Burkina Faso (95.4), Mali (92.9), and Botswana (92.2) exhibited strong biodiversity health, whereas Kenya (24.9), South Africa (24.4), Uganda (15.7), and Tanzania (0) faced critical challenges. Wildlife crossing was the most significant predictor in lower-income economies (R² = 0.49, p < 0.0001), traffic volume in lower-middle income economies (R² = 0.35, p = 0.0007), and road width in upper-middle income economies (R² = 0.83, p = 0.0054). Habitat clearance exhibited a weak correlation. These findings highlight the crucial role of road construction variables—particularly wildlife crossings, road width, and traffic volume—in biodiversity conservation across income groups. Targeted road planning is required to mitigate biodiversity loss. These findings contribute to the emerging literature on the impact of infrastructure on conservation, policy guidance, and mitigation efforts in developing countries.

본 논문은 코시 모멘텀(Cauchy’s Momentum) 방정식을 이산화하기 위해 GC-LSM(Geometric Conservative Least Squares Method) 을 사용한 새로운 Meshless 방법을 제시한다. FEM(Finite Element Method) 방법이 구조해석에 널리 사용되고 있지만 무격자 기법은 격자를 이동해야 할 때 장점이 많기 때문에 개발되었다. 본 작업은 무격자 기반의 FSI(Fluid-Structure Interaction) 프로그램을 개발하 기 위한 기틀을 다지는 단계이다. 본 논문에서는 Cauchy’s Momentum 방정식을 GC-LSM을 사용하여 강형식 형태로 이산화하였고, 시간 적분을 위해 New Mark Beta 방법을 사용하였다. 개발된 기법은 1D, 2D 및 3D 벤치마킹 문제에서 검증했으며, 정적 해석 및 동적 해석 결과가 해석해와 비교시 매우 정확한 결과를 보여준다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between conservation activities and the development of tourism in the modern period in the Korean peninsula. The main building of Jangansa Temple, located in Mt. Geumgang, was repaired in the 1930s. During the repairs, the Japanese General-Government actively engaged in the development of Mt. Geumgang and raised funds for the operation of the Korean Peninsula through tourism revenue. The repair work was carried out under the influence of the Mt. Geumgang development project. And its influence is revealed by reviewing official documents recording repair work. This study tried to clarify the relationship between development and repair work through official documents.

본 연구는 풍수를 현대 도시에 응용하기 위해 경상남도 창원시를 대상으로 양기풍수적 입장에서의 해석과 아울러 풍수적 측면에서의 개발과 보존에 대한 제언을 목적으로 한다. 현재의 경남도청을 귀납적 방법으로 혈장으로 선정 한 풍수 분석결과 거시적 맥세의 흐름은 좌우변화와 상하변화를 거친 생룡이지만 개장과 천심의 조건을 불분명하다. 사신사는 풍수적으로 이상적은 모습이 아니지만 혈장 주위에 존재하고 있으며, 물의 흐름은 각지에서 발원한 물이 창원천과 남천으로 유입되며, 이 2개의 하천이 바다로 유입하기전 합류함 으로써 합수의 조건을 충족시키고 있다. 또한 수구처에 한문(춘산, 뒷산)과 수구막이산(부엉산)이 존재함으로써 수구가 좁아야 하며 수구막이가 있어야 한다는 풍수적 조건과 합치한다. 창원의 개발과 보존에 대한 풍수적 제언으로서는 창원은 분지 형태의 장풍 국이므로 공기순환이 원활하지 못한 단점이 있는데 이는 하천의 정비와 녹지 시설의 확충, 대기오염원의 차단 등이 필요하다. 득수의 측면에서는 한문과 수구막이 산에 대한 보존이 필요하며, 주산에 대한 개발행위 억제, 주산인 봉림산을 중심으로 한 형국의 보완 및 회룡고조형에 대한 형국의 보완책이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to improve production efficiency of vitrified-thawed transgenic bovine embryos. Transgenic bovine embryos were produced by injection of FIV-GFP lentiviral vector into perivitelline space of in vitro matured MІІ stage oocytes, and then in vitro fertilization. EGFP-expressing transgenic bovine blastocysts were cultured in serum-containing and serum–free medium. These blsatocysts were vitrified by pull and cut (PNC) container made with 0.25 cm plastic straw. Results indicate that total developmental rates of normal IVF embryo cultured in serumcontaining and–free medium into blastocyst were not significantly different (22.3 vs 21.5%) and those of GFPexpressing transgenic bovine embryo into blastocyst showed no significant difference between serum-containing (13.9%) and–free medium (13.1%). However, developmental rate of GFP transgenic embryo was significantly (P<0.05) lower than its of normal IVF embryos. In additional study, we vitrified GFP transgenic normal bovine blastocysts using PNC vitrification method. Survival rate of vitrified-thawed GFP transgenic blastocyst (23.1%) was significantly (P<0.05) lower than its of normal blastocysts (68.9%). Although, survival rate of vitrified-thawed GFP transgenic blastocyst was lower than its of normal blastocyst, our result may suggested that PNC vitrification method is feasible to cryopreserve transgenic embryos. Our next plan will be the production of GFP express transgenic bovine derived from vitrified-thawed embryos using PNC method.