2019년 농촌 인구는 전년도보다 7만 명 감소하였으며, 60대 이상이 전체 농촌 인구의 69%를 차지하면서 노동력 부족이 심화되고 있다. 또한 기후 변화로 인한 폭염과 가뭄뿐만 아니라 농업 생산에도 큰 피해가 발생하고 있어, 농업용수 절감과 자원 낭비 감소가 필수적이다. 현재 농가에서는 파종 후 초기 육묘기에 분수 호스를, 성장기에는 점적 테이프를 사용하지만, 두 가지 장치를 함께 설치하면 노동력과 비용이 증가하고 관수 효율이 낮아 용수 낭비와 폐기물이 많아지는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 원거리 살수 기능을 가진 분수 호스와 직하 점적 기능을 수행하는 점적 테이프의 장점을 결합한 복합형 분수 호스를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 공급 압력만으로 두 가지 기능을 수행할 수 있도록 충돌형 Dripper를 설계하였으며, 내부 유로의 최적 설계를 통해 충돌각, 충돌율, 단면적의 형태 및 크기, 공급 압력 등의 요소를 조절하여 원거리 분사와 직하 점적을 동시에 수행할 수 있도록 하였다. 실험을 통해 충돌각 20° 및 30°에 대한 다양한 Dripper 설계 조건을 평가한 결과, 충돌각 30°에서 중첩율 30.0%(0.50×0.50 mm, 중첩 거리 0.15 mm)의 Dripper가 가장 우수한 성능을 나타냈다. 이 설계는 0.5 bar의 낮은 압력에서는 직하 점적 기능을 수행하고, 1.0~2.0 bar의 높은 압력에서는 원거리 확산 살수가 가능하여 기존의 분수 호스와 점적 테이프를 하나의 장치로 대체할 수 있다. 이 연구를 통해 농업 노동력 절감, 관수 비용 절감, 용수 절약 및 관수 폐기물 감소 등의 효과를 기대할 수 있으며, 복합형 분수 호스의 실용화를 위한 설계 기준을 제시하였다.

This study aims to measure the current control waveform of an injector in real time using the developed monitoring system and verify its compliance with the manufacturer’s control waveform requirements. The measured operating waveforms include a peak current phase of 20A and a hold current phase of 10A. The injector of the engine was tested at 1500 RPM and 2000 RPM under conditions of normal fuel injection, small fuel injection, and large fuel injection. In this research, a real-time monitoring system was designed, incorporating an FPGA board and RS232 communication for PC interaction. This system is capable of measuring four channels simultaneously. Furthermore, it is expected that the system could measure up to 12 cylinders concurrently with the addition of more current probes while maintaining the same system configuration. The real-time collection of output waveforms using the developed monitoring system confirmed that the injector operates correctly and meets the manufacturer’s requirements.

Toilet liquid-type cleaners utilize operating technology that employs buoyancy mechanism to inject uniform amount of cleaning solution. Flow characteristics of velocity and pressure distributions in the flow field of toilet flush cleaner injection device have been analyzed with CFD method. The flow rate decreases near the inlet of the system, where it contacts the container of the cleaning liquid bottle. It then increases near the injection device stopper and decreases again as it moves toward the system outlet The height of the cleaning solution decreases from 12 cm to 3 cm when using the spray device, the average outlet velocity decreases by approximately 73%. The solution level difference increases from 1.616 cm to 3.216 cm, the inlet velocity decreases by approximately 4.1%~5.6%. These predicted results can be widely applied as basic conceptual design data for highly efficient toilet flush cleaner injection device.

3Y-TZP (3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties including high fracture toughness, good abrasion resistance as well as chemical and biological stability. As a result, they are widely used in mechanical and medical components such as bearings, grinding balls, and hip implants. In addition, they provide excellent light transmittance, biocompatibility, and can match tooth color when used as a dental implant. Recently, given the materials’ resemblance to human teeth, these ceramics have emerged as an alternative to titanium implants. Since the introduction of CAD/CAM in the manufacture of ceramic implants, they’ve been increasingly used for prosthetic restoration where aesthetics and strength are required. In this study, to improve the surface roughness of zirconia implants, we modified the 3YTZP surface with a biocomposite of hydroxyapatite and forsterite using room temperature spray coating methods, and investigated the mixed effect of the two powders on the evolution of surface microstructure, i.e., coating thickness and roughness, and biological interaction during the in vitro test in SBF solution. We compared improvement in bioactivity by observing dissolution and re-precipitation on the specimen surface. From the results of in vitro testing in SBF solution, we confirmed improvement in the bioactivity of the 3Y-TZP substrate after surface modification with a biocomposite of hydroxyapatite and forsterite. Surface dissolution of the coating layer and the precipitation of new hydroxyapatite particles was observed on the modified surface, indicating the improvement in bioactivity of the zirconia substrate.

In order to investigate the optimum condition of the autofrettage process for the diesel engine fuel injection pipe, different values of autofrettage pressure, pressure rising time, pressure holding time, and repetition of autofrettage process were applied. Autofrettage was performed by applying the hydrostatic internal pressures of 604MPa, 535MPa, 500MPa on the fuel injection pipe, corresponding to theoretical 50%, 30%, and 20% overstrain levels, respectively. The autofrettage residual stresses in the injection pipe were experimentally determined by using X-ray diffractometer. As the overstrain level increased, the magnitude of compressive residual stress at the bore increased. It was found that the rising time to reach the autofrettage pressure, holding time at the autofrettage pressure, and repeated application of the autofrettage pressure on the pipe had no significant influence on the residual stress distributions.

This study is to investigate the effect of material for GPF on the PM reduction characteristics before the improvement of filter efficiency in GPF. The material of GPF was changed to ceramic and metal. The ceramic material was applied to SiC, and the metal materials were employed to STS 310s, STS 316s, and STS 410s. The number of honeycomb and wall thickness were set to 200CPSI, 0.3987mm, respectively. The inlet mass flow was fixed at 0.00695kg/s. The inlet air temperature was changed from 500K(0s∼350s) to 1000K(400s∼900s). It was found that the differences in loading amount according to the GPF materials were difficult to observe because the pore density and porosity were set to be the same to affect only the mechanical properties. STS 310s with the highest temperature value had the fastest regeneration time. However, as time goes on, SiC had the highest regeneration rate characteristics. The reason is that the high-temperature region in the GPF by the high-temperature exhaust gas was rapidly transferred toward the outlet due to the high thermal conductivity of SiC.

In this study, the effects of fuel injection pressure changed from 45 to 65 MPa on combustion and emission characteristics were investigated in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fueled with diesel and palm oil biodiesel blends. The engine speed and engine load were controlled at constant 1700rpm and 100Nm, respectively. The tested fuel were PBD20 (20 vol.% palm oil biodiesel blended with 80 vol.% diesel fuel). The main and pilot injection timing was fixed at 3.5°CA BTDC and 27°CA BTDC (before top dead center), respectively. The experimental results show that the combustion pressure and heat release rate increased. In addition, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and maximum combustion pressure increased with an increase of the fuel injection pressure. Hydrocarbon (HC), smoke opacity and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased, but oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions increased as fuel injection pressure increased.

The effects of different spray angles (90°, 85°, 80°) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Y2O3 coating layer prepared using the atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process were studied. The powders employed in this study had a spherical shape and included a cubic Y2O3 phase. The APS coating layer exhibited the same phase as the powders. Thickness values of the coating layers were 90°: 203.7 ± 8.5 μm, 85°: 196.4 ± 9.6 μm, and 80°: 208.8 ± 10.2 μm, and it was confirmed that the effect of the spray angle on the thickness was insignificant. The porosities were measured as 90°: 3.9 ± 0.85%, 85°: 11.4 ± 2.3%, and 80°: 12.7 ± 0.5%, and the surface roughness values were 90°: 5.9 ± 0.3 μm, 85°: 8.5 ± 1.1 μm, and 80°: 8.5 ± 0.4 μm. As the spray angle decreased, the porosity increased, but the surface roughness did not show a significant difference. Vickers hardness measurements revealed values of 90°: 369.2 ± 22.3, 85°: 315.8 ± 31.4, and 80°: 267.1 ± 45.1 HV. It was found that under the condition of a 90° angle with the lowest porosity exhibited the best hardness value. Based on the aforementioned results, an improved method for the APS Y2O3 coating layer was also discussed.

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between control system of Bosch system and that of Delphi system by measuring the high and low voltage waveform, current waveform and fuel injection quantity of D-2 and R- engines. Waveform measurements are used the PICO scope and the CDS tester. The injectors of D-2 and R-engines were tested under no load condition using injector with normal fuel injection quantity, injector with small fuel injection quantity and injector with many fuel injection quantity. The relation between current energy and fuel injection quantity shows that the injector variation rate of D2-engine is much larger than that of R-engine. The injector current energy of the D2-engine was more linear than that of the R-engine, therefore making the system more stable. Although the control system of the D2-engine is a more stable system only in terms of the durability of the internal parts of the injector, the injector of the R-engine has a good response because the current value is large.

In this study, the effect of various pilot injection timings on combustion and emission characteristics were investigated in a common-rail direct injection (CRDI) diesle engine fueled with diesel-ethanol blends. The engine speed and engine load were controlled at constant 1500rpm and 70Nm, respectively. The tested fuels were DE0 (pure diesel fuel), DE5 (5 vol.% ethanol blended with 95 vol.% diesel oil), DE10 (10 vol.% ethanol blended with 90 vol.% diesel oil) and DE15 (15 vol.% ethanol blended with 85 vol.% diesel oil). The main injection timing was fixed at 0°CA TDC (top dead center), while various pilot injection timings including 25°CA BTDC (before top dead center), 20°CA BTDC and 10°CA BTDC were selected as the experimental variable. The experimental results showed that various pilot injection timings had little effect on the peak value of cylinder pressure, but had great influence on the start of combustion. The peak value of heat release rate (HHR) increased with the increase of ethanol content. However, the peak value of HRR reduced as the pilot injection is delayed. The diesel fuel containing 10% ethanol had a highest peak value of combustion pressure compared with the others, while the pilot injection timing occurred at 25°CA BTDC. On the other hand, the exhaust emissions of DE10 was also the lowest compared with the others. In addition, with the increase of ethanol content in diesel the PM and NOx emissions reduced.

In this study, the direct water quenching technique is applied to validate the applicability of direct water quenching as a cooling method in the hot stamping process of 3.2 mm thick boron steel sheet. Cooling performance of conventional die quenching and direct water quenching is compared. Higher cooling rate is obtained by hot stamping with direct water quenching compared to die quenching. As the flow rate of cooling water increases, the cooling rate increases, and a high cooling rate of 71 oC/s is achieved under flow rate conditions of 0.8 L/min. Through direct water quenching, the cooling time required for sufficient cooling of the sheet is reduced. Full martensitic microstructure is obtained under flow rate condition of 0.8 L/min. Hardness increases with increasing flow rate. From these results, it is verified that the direct water quenching is applicable to the hot stamping of thick boron steel sheet.

Single crystals, which have complexed composition, are fabricated by solid state grain growth. However, it is hard to achieve stable properties in a single crystal due to trapped pores. Aerosol deposition (AD) is suitable for fabrication of single crystals with stable properties because this process can make a high density coating layer. Because of their unique features (nano sized grains, stress inner site), it is hard to fabricate single crystals, and so studies of grain growth behavior of AD film are essential. In this study, a BaTiO3 coating layer with ~ 9 μm thickness is fabricated using an aerosol deposition method on (100) and (110) cut SrTiO3 single crystal substrates, which are adopted as seeds for grain growth. Each specimen is heat-treated at various conditions (900, 1,100, and 1,300℃ for 5 h). BaTiO3 layer shows different growth behavior and X-ray diffraction depending on cutting direction of SrTiO3 seed. Rectangular pillars at SrTiO3 (100) and laminating thin plates at SrTiO3 (110), respectively, are observed.

The spray characteristics of two working fluids operating with a bi-fuel injector were investigated. A bi-fuel injector simultaneously sprays two working fluids, both of which possess different properties. An effervescent atomizer containing two separated aerator tubes was employed as the bi-fuel injector. Vegetable oil and kerosene were the working fluids. The mixing ratio and ALR were the experimental parameters. The mixing ratio is the mass fraction of vegetable oil in the total amount of working fluids. The ALR represents the ratio of the atomizing gas to the working fluid mass flow ratio. In order to examine spray characteristics, the spray angle, droplet size distribution, cumulative volume fraction, Sauter Mean Diameter and span factor were measured using a high resolution video camera and a Laser Diffraction Particle Analyzer. From the experimental results, spray angle is decreased with as the ratio of kerosene to vegetable oil in working fluid is increased. Regardless of ALR, SMD was the smallest when the only working fluid was kerosene and uniformity was the most stable when the only working fluid was vegetable oil.