This paper aims to test deep-learning-based Korean language models’ capacity to learn and detect social registers embedded in speech data, specifically age, gender, and regional dialects. A comprehensive understanding of linguistic phenomena requires contextualizing speech based on speakers’ age, gender, and geographic background, along with the processing of syntactic structures. To bridge the gap between human language understanding and model processing, we fine-tuned three representative Korean language models—KR-BERT, KoELECTRA-base, and KLUE-RoBERTa-base—using transcribed data from 4,000 hours of speech by middle-aged and elderly Korean speakers. The findings reveal that KoELECTRA-base outperformed the other two models across all social registers, which is likely attributed to its larger vocabulary and parameters size. Among the dialects, the Jeju dialect showed the highest accuracy in inference, which is attributed to its distinctiveness, making it easier for the models to detect. In addition to the fine-tuning process, we have made our fine-tuned models publicly available to support researchers interested in Korean computational sociolinguistics.

본 사례 연구는 실시간 음성인식을 결합한 설치 작품의 기술, 언어학과 인터랙티브 아트의 융합을 탐구하는 것을 목표로 한다. 따라서 음성인식 기술이 언어라는 축을 통해 ‘Spect’actor’에게 어떻게 전달할 수 있는지에 대한 예술적 관점과 심도 깊은 이해를 도모하고자 한다. 본 연구는 음성인식 기술을 통한 미디어아트 해석 의 가능성을 전반으로 확대하고, 특히 인터랙티브 미디어아트 분야에서 회화적 자동 음성인식을 통한 미디어 아트 해석의 가능성을 넓히고자 합니다.

The coda /s/ is the most extensively studied phonological segment in Hispanic dialectology and sociolinguistics. However, the coda /s/ in Peruvian Andean Spanish has received relatively little attention. This study examines the variation in syllables and word-final /s/ in the city of Cusco, Peru. The statistical analysis of 2400 tokens from 24 sociolinguistic interviews reveals that the Spanish of Cusco is located within the conservative dialects with the predominant use of the sibilant [s] and that coda /s/ weakening is conditioned by linguistic factors, such as word position and the following phonological context. Additionally, younger speakers and those who have higher levels of education weaken codal /s/ more frequently than older generations and speakers with lower levels of education.

이 연구는 한국어를 학습하는 외국인 학습자들을 위하여 인지언어학적 인 관점으로 접근하여 신체 관련 한국어 감정 관용 표현에 나타나는 은 유와 개념화의 방식을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 관용 표현은 그 언어를 사용하는 사람들에 의해 그 의미가 형성된다. 따라서 관용 표현을 생성 한 한국인의 개념화 방식을 알아야 한다. 이에 따라 분노와 불안의 근원 영역을 ‘온도/색깔/명암/전복/분출/경직’으로 분류하였다. 근원 영역이 ‘온도’일 때 개념적 은유는 ‘분노는 뜨거움’과 ‘불안은 차가움’이며 ‘색깔’ 일 때의 개념적 은유는 ‘불안은 죽음’, ‘명암’의 근원 영역에서는 ‘불안은 어두움’이라는 개념화가 일어나고 ‘전복’의 영역에서는 ‘분노는 뒤집함’이 라는 개념적 은유가 일어난다. 또한 ‘분출’은 ‘불안은 땀’이라는 개념적 은유를, ‘경직’은 ‘불안은 정지’라는 개념적 은유를 통해 감정 관용 표현 을 생성하였다. 본고는 신체 관련 한국어의 감정 관용 표현 통해 한국인 의 개념화 방식을 정리하였으며 이 연구가 한국어교육 현장에 기초 자료 로도 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다

This article examines the variations found in the use of ‘eung’ and ‘eo’ in TV dramas and their scripts. Five series of TV drama televised during the 2010s were used as the data for this study, and 3,202 tokens of {eung} and {eo} were collected from the data. Statistical analyses were conducted using Goldvarb X and LVS (Language Variation Suite). Nine variants of {eung} and six variants of {eo} were observed in the data. Regression analyses showed that ‘discourse function’ of {eung} and {eo} was the primary constraint influencing the variation examined. Age was analyzed as another statistically significant factor: Older people used {eung} variants more often than younger people. This result may be taken to indicate either age grading or linguistic change in progress; further research based on careful methodology is in order for its accurate interpretation.

This article started with the purpose of discussing the need for research considering the historical context in sociolinguistic research. To this end, in this paper, the term ‘historical socilinguistics’ was first proposed, and the emphasis was placed on presenting the rationale. (1) Interest in language and society existed widely before the term sociolinguistics was coined. In particular, there are cases where the term 'sociology of linguistics' was used before the emergence of the term 'socilinguistics' mentioned in Lee Ik-seop (1994), mixtures are also found. (2) It was discussed that the interest in the relationship between language and society is to study the history of the language community, and that interest in the 'language community' has a long history in itself despite the diversity of concepts. (3) In this paper, the ‘history related to the linguistic phenomenon of a language community’ and ‘social factors as a linguistic environment’ are to be explored as ‘historical sociolinguistics’. (4) The need to study the historical and social factors of language change was discussed not only in terms of phonological, vocabulary, and grammatical changes, but also in the process of creation and settlement of translated academic terms.

This paper is intended to explore the otherness of ‘non-mainstream’ graduate students specializing in applied linguistics at various departments of English language and literature in Korea. Drawing on Honneth’s theory of recognition and its ideology, it attempted to understand the way their ‘professional identities’ are constructed both within and without the related academic communities. Through interviews and reflection journals, the lived stories of research participants illustrated that their trajectories of growth were not a transmission of knowledge and skills in applied linguistics, and that Honneth’s threefold conceptualization of intersubjective recognition (love, rights, solidarity) was usefully applied to the sociopolitical inquiry of ‘becoming professional.’ They did not feel a sense of affection, were not respected as rights-holders, and did not have mutual esteem and solidarity. The non-mainstream students strived for recognition in the graduate program by voicing their emotions in their qualitative research papers and improving their limited proficiency of English which, however, led to ‘uncritical’ conformity. They lost the emancipatory struggle for their independent and scholarly selves. The model of mutual recognition is expected to show good potential as an analytic tool for understanding the motivational and justificatory basis for social struggles. Further research is suggested to examine how Honneth’s theory can help in understanding people in different disciplines.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the Japanese word, ‘omakase’, is used in Korean newspaper articles and analyze its inflow and settlement in the sociolinguistic background. The word, ‘Omakase’, is frequently used in newspaper articles in the areas of culture, economy, international, and local. It is commonly used in the area of food and beverage, and in some cases, it extends to other areas, such as the economy. The cases of uses in the existing category are sushi omakase, sashimi omakase, and Japanese food omakase. The cases of extensive uses in the food and beverage category are Korean beef omakase, native chicken omakase, seafood omakase, homemade meal omakase, and lamb chops omakase. Examples of use in other categories or creating hybrid w ords include o makase e conomy, omakase n ail, imokase, and Haenyeo-kase. The use of omakase in newspaper articles has gradually increased since 2002, and it has been increasing dramatically since 2013. The reason of its extensive use is considered the influence of various social backgrounds, for instance, the opening of Japanese pop culture or the entryof Japanese franchises into Korea.

By reviewing different theoretical backgrounds behind knowledge, politics, and power of language in critical approaches to applied linguistics, this study introduces a newly constructed foundation for critical research, so called, Foucault’s ‘thoughts from outside.’ In order to understand Foucault’s experience of the outside, this study firstly explores the meanings of prohibition and transgression in literary texts, in which Foucault reflected the question of ‘limits.’ For example, research on Georges Batalille’s works provided an opportunity to consider the meaningfulness beyond the limitation of language. In the late works of governmentality and subjectification, Foucault also reinterpreted Kant’s concept of enlightenment and critique in the philosophy of actuality, defined as the ‘arts of existence’ or ‘critical ontology of ourselves.’ In this study, the critique as ethos is re-valued in an on-going inquiry and experimentation for the autonomous self-constitution of subject, which can be placed in the critical study of language, education, and society. Possible areas of research and L2 education (e.g., translingual practice, identity construction, narrative education) related to Foucault’s technological ways of living, as well as the limitations of this study, are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usage of address terms for professors by undergraduate and graduate students by the sociolinguistic methodology. To this end, this paper applied an integrated approach that combines quantitative analysis based on the response results of multiple-choice questions in the survey and qualitative interpretation based on the response results of subjective questions in both the survey and the in-depth interview. First, through quantitative analysis of the variation in the use of address terms, it was confirmed that “professor” occupies an overwhelming proportion and that the academic field of the speaker is the most important factor. The higher the intimacy with professors, the more “teacher” was used. Next, through the qualitative interpretation of the reason and meaning of using their choice of address terms, the most basic and superficial reason was to follow the experiences and customs in the affiliated community. The use of “professor” had some reasons or meanings such as meeting courtesy and expectations, highlighting privileged status, and equal respect for all the faculty members, whereas “teacher” was used as an expression of intimacy.

El sistema verbal en español no solo expresa el tiempo sino tambiénel aspecto y el modo a través de diversas conjugaciones, por consiguiente, es un sistema muy difícil de adquirir para los alumnos coreanos. En este artículo, desde el punto de vista de gramática pedagógica hemos propuesto unas medidas de instrucción basadas en la gramática cognitiva que puedan aplicarse en el aula. En primer lugar, es útil presentar el esquema cognitivo de varios tiempos verbales en una imagen. En segundo lugar, la perfectividad es una propiedad importante en el tiempo pasado español, mientras que la probabilidad es importante en el tiempo futuro. En tercer lugar, los grados de probabilidad pueden clasificarse como conjeturas o hipótesis y se representan por los tiempos futuros de indicativo como el futuro simple, el futuro perfecto, el condicional simple y el condicional perfecto en las oraciones principales, así como los tiempos de subjuntivo en las oraciones subordinadas. Finalmente, es necesario tener en cuenta que el modo subjuntivo refleja la actitud no asertiva del hablante a nivel pragmático, una construcción que no se realiza en coreano sintácticamente.

This paper examines the variation of the intervocalic /b, d, g/ in the Spanish spoken in one of the Andean Spanish varieties. One of the regional phonological features that characterize the Andean Spanish is the use of occlusive [b, d, g] in intervocalic positions where other standard varieties would favor approximate variants [ß, ð, ɣ]. This research provides the first quantitative study on the linguistic and extra-linguistic factors influencing the use of [b, d, g] in Andean Spanish. A total of 4,080 tokens from 24 speakers in the Tupe district were analyzed via multivariate statistical analysis with Goldvarb X. The results show that the most important extra-linguistic factors are speakers’ gender and age, with old female speakers producing significantly more occlusive [b, d, g] than other speakers. The results also indicate that the speakers are standardizing their use of /b, d, g/ but its process is quite different between the male and female speakers.

This paper analyzes the research progress of language attitudes in the field of sociolinguistics and proposes future research projects. First, the research progress of language attitudes can be categorized into four groups; attitudes to the language itself, attitudes to language variation, attitudes to language use, and attitudes to language identity. Research about attitudes to the language itself is peculiar in that big scale surveys were conducted by the government for linguistic policies. Quantitative survey method is preferable when providing the results in figures. However, it is unsuitable when analyzing the results in depth. Therefore, qualitative research entailed with various research methods is necessary. Research on attitudes toward language variation should be promoted considering the fast speed of linguistic change of the Korean language. So far most studies were about umlaut, euphony, grammatical change in stem and ending. Nevertheless, further studies should expand the research horizon to different linguistic units such as intonation, discourse markers, etc. Research on attitudes toward language use shows the possibility of extending the scope of the field of sociolinguistics. Especially study on anthroponym, commercials, brand names, copies, political slogans should not only be done on language attitudes but also on sociolinguistic respects. Lastly, research on language attitudes of minority groups focused on Korean migrants to Japan(Korean residents in Japan), former Soviet Union(Russian Koreans), and China(Korean-Chinese). However, at present Korea is a multicultural society which implicates that future studies should pay more attention on minority groups of different mother tongues for example immigrant workers, international students, temporary visitors, overseas Chinese, and foreigners who acquired Korean nationality, as well as North Korean defectors and migrant wives.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the term ‘agassi’ by analyzing the pattern of actual language use of it in the aspect of sociolinguistic perspective. Through this work, it will be possible to figure out the change of meaning of the ‘agassi’, and the causes of conflict situations of using it in modern society. In chapter 2, the difference between ‘agassi’ as an address term and as a reference term is represented. Chapter 3 shows the chronicle change in the use of ‘agassi’ being originated from its etymology, ‘agissi’. It turns out that the use of ‘agassi’ has evolved for in the order of Honorific form, kinship and Non-Honorific form. Chapter 4 investigates the tendency and its cause of the negative interpretation of ‘agassi’ in modern society. The reason why the address term ‘agassi’ causes social displeasure is because it is regarded as ‘sexual objectification’. It can be subdivided into three categories: ‘agassi’ is (1) the expression that emphasis sex in social life, (2) associated with specific occupational groups which is socially unacceptable, and (3) used often in the situation of sexual harassment.

This study examined the research on “media language” published in ≪Social Linguistics≫ from the first issue to Volume 27(4) in the viewpoint of research history. First, the media's language was divided into ‘newspaper language’, ‘broadcasting language’ and ‘communication language’ and the published papers were classified by period. Then each paper's achievements were analyzed over time. After analyzing detailed research topics and approaches for each media language and their main flow, individual papers' contents were reviewed. According to analysis results, the communication language research was most actively carried out during the same period. In the media language studies, he discussions were largely concerned with discourse analysis. discourse analysis. The communication language has also changed its aspect according to the change of the hardware and platform on which the communication is based. Media language research so far has focused on individual characteristics according to the unique properties of each medium. However recently, as 3 media such as newspapers, broadcasting and the Internet have been integrated into one, the media language research needs to be discussed from the viewpoint of “language integration.”

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical overview of the discourse-analytic studies in Korean sociolinguistics, mainly analyzing articles published in The Sociolingustic Journal of Korea. To achieve this goal, this article discusses definitions of ‘discourse’ and ‘discourse analysis’, and approaches to discourse. The examination of the articles in the journal shows that major studies in Korean sociolinguistics can be summarized as in the following: (i) functional approaches to language and discourse markers, (ii) conversation analysis and interactional linguistics, (iv) media discourse and critical discourse analysis, (v) analysis of public speeches and advertisements, (vi) electronic discourse (internet and SNS discourse), among others. This overview shows that discourse-analytic studies in Korean linguistics have focused on certain specific topics such as discourse markers, conversation-analytic studies, critical discourse studies, and electronic discourse, differing in topics from sociolinguistic studies in American and other societies. This overview suggests that more sociolinguistic studies need to be carried out in the fields such as intercultural communication, electronic discourse, and gender-based discourse as further research topics in Korean sociolinguistics.

Terms of address and honorifics have been dealt with importantly in the sociolinguistic studies in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to examine the results of sociolinguistic research focusing on the Korean address forms. We look at the main flows and characteristics of the studies, and then review the representative research dividing them into several subtypes. Based on these discussions, we present the direction for the sociolinguistic study of address forms. The sociolinguistic study of address forms in Korea has been in full swing since the 1990s. Recently, there have been increasing attempts to study the use of address form independently from honorifics, and the social awareness of the importance of address forms in Korean use has increased. While early sociolinguistic studies of address forms focused on family titles, there have been many studies on status titles, address forms in internet space, and comparisons between Korean and other languages’ address forms. By studying the address forms from a sociolinguistic point of view and method, we could achieve the qualitative development more clearly than the previous studies that were carried out by identifying and structuring the list of titles. This article reveals the various usages of titles in the social context, and grasp the speaker's intentions, strategies, and conflicts related to the use of them. However, there have been some issues that need to be paid attention to or resolved in future research.

This paper's main purpose is to review research articles on language education with sociolinguistic approach, which have been published in The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea since 1993. It synthesizes the current trends of language education research with the approach that paves the way for future academic sociolinguistic accomplishments. The journal's research studies of language education have mostly focused on Korean and English education along with a handful of other languages. Approximately 150 research studies are categorized and reviewed with emphasis on themes, goals, and their pedagogical implications. As this review is primarily of the articles published in The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, the conclusion suggests that a number of scholars have consistently and persistently conducted meaningful research on language education over the past several decades with a variety of research questions, yielding significant academic achievements. This paper is limited in that it does not represent the whole of research trends of language education studies with sociolinguistic approaches in Korea. However, this synthetical review does provide a general perspective of the overall flow of language education studies from a sociolinguistic perspective.

This study aims to categorize research achievements about language contact based on the papers in the Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea for the last thirty years into five sections, which include bilingualism and diglossia, pidgin and creole, various decision making under language contact situations, loan-words, and dialect contact. This study concludes by offering further research questions that need to be answered in the field of language contact. Early years of sociolinguistics has remained at a level of introducing language contact problems of Europe and Africa, Pacific and Atlantic equator region to the domestic academic circles. However, these achievements have turned out to be the foundation of research related to overseas Koreans bilingualism problem and various domestic language contact problems between Korean and foreign language. Until now, Korean sociolinguistics has mostly handled problems of bilingualism. However, since the early 21st century, the population of international marriage immigrants and foreign laborers has increased at a rapid rate, generating various language contact phenomena. Furthermore, with a recent globalization wave, many foreign languages are more widely used in Korea. In such a flow, it is evident that the Korean society will go through various language contact between Korean and foreign languages. Therefore, systematic and aggressive research on multi-culture family bilingualism, code-switching of Korean speakers, loan-words situation, and the problem of contact between standard language and dialect is needed in the Korean sociolinguistic field.

This study intends to review ≪The Subject's Linguistic Theory≫, the 1st volume of the Linguistics Collection, published in 2005 by the Institute of Linguistics at the Academy of Social Sciences. The Linguistics Collection was published with the aim of summing up the achievements of the linguistics research conducted by North Korea after its liberation from Japanese colonial rule, and the fact that ≪The Subject's Linguistic Theory≫ was selected as the 1st volume of this series means that this field is the best manifestation of the nature of North Korean linguistics. This study aims to see how North Korea's language perception differs from or same as ours, and eventually to explore the possibility of mutual communication of linguistic studies conducted in the South and the North. In section 1, it explains the overall purpose of the study, and in section 2, it examines the process in which the North's linguistic theory, called “The Subject's Linguistic Theory,” has been formed, and in section 3, it analyzes the contents of ≪The Subject's Linguistic Theory≫ (2005), published as part of the Linguistics Collection. In section 4, we attempt to present the necessity of meta-linguistics and the role of social linguistics through the theoretical questions that this 'The Subject's Linguistic Theory' poses to us.