This study investigated the potential role of dietary factors associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Koreans. The scoping review method was used to evaluate the studies that utilized the secondary data sets comprising the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Articles published between 2012 and 2022 were identified using RISS, KISS, DBpia, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. In all, there were 32 published articles on obesity and 119 on MetS. Obesity research included eight articles on nutrients, 12 on food items/food groups, two on dietary patterns, nine on dietary behavior/eating habits, and one on the dietary index. MetS studies comprised 34 articles on nutrients, 43 on food items/food groups, seven on dietary patterns, 25 on dietary behavior/eating habits, and 10 on the dietary index. Carbohydrates, alcohol, and coffee consumption were the most frequently studied dietary factors for obesity and MetS. The primary areas of study were largely focused on nutrients and food items/food groups. Thus, to overcome the paucity of information on the relationship of dietary patterns and dietary indexes with obesity and MetS, there is a need for further research using the KNHANES and KoGES data sets.

분자생물학적 기술을 이용한 침입해충의 역학조사 방법은 2000년대 초 미국의 western corn root worm이 유럽전역에 발생하였을 때 전파 경로를 추정하기 위한 연구로부터 출발하였다. 이후, 분자마커의 활용을 통해 해충의 원산지를 추정하고, 분산경로 및 이주관계를 분석하는 연구가 상당수 이루어졌다. 분자역학조사는 집단유전학과 분자생태학에 이론 및 실험적 기반을 두고 있어 이들 학문에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 분자마커로는 일반적인 codominant DNA 마커(ex. mtCOI, mtCOII) 뿐만 아니라 초위성체(microsatellite)와 단일염기다형성(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) 마커가 주로 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 시간적, 공간적으로 다르게 샘플링 된 집단을 가지고 유전적 상관관계를 분석하는 기법들이 활용되고 있고, Approximate Bayesian Computation처럼 유입과 확산 경로에 대한 통계적 검증 방법들이 발전하여 이용되고 있다. 본 심포지엄을 통해 분자생물학적 역학조사 방법을 국내외 사례와 함께 소개하고자 한다.

분자생물학적 기술을 이용한 블루베리혹파리(Dasineura oxycoccana) 역학 조사를 위해 국내 9도, 25지역 32개 집단, 미국 10개 지역에서 군집을 채집하였다. 첫째, DNA바코드 분석을 통해 292개체의 유전자형이 조사되었다. 크랜베리 집단과 블루베리집단은 유전적으로 상이하여 기주에 의한 분화가 일어난 것으로 나타났다. DNA바코드에서 과반수이상이 동일하게 나온 haplotype으로부터 천안과 봉화에서 발견된 7개체의 유전적 거리가 10.5%로 나타내었으며, 순창과 뉴저지에서 나온 2개체가 16.6%로 나와 이들은 블루베리혹파리가 아닌 동속의 다른 종(Dasineura sp. 1&2)일 것으로 판단되었다. 둘째, 집단유전학 분석을 위해 12개의 마이크로새틀라이트 마커가 차세대염기서열분석 방법에 의해 개발되었고 이를 활용하였다. 국내외 샘플 29개 집단 632개의 집단유전학적 분석을 실시한 결과 국내 일부 집단들이 미국 집단과 가까움을 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 횡성, 제주, 봉화 일부 집단이 Fst 0.15~0.24로 국내 다른 개체들과 상당한 유전적 차이를 보였는데, 오히려 미국 미시건 집단과 Fst 0.03~0.09로 더 가까운 것으로 나타났다. 이들의 원산지는 각각 미시건과 조지아 남부 인근 지역(플로리다 추정)에서 유래한 것으로 추정되었다. 결과로 볼 때, 국내 발생한 블루베리혹파리는 조사 군집별로 유전적 기원이 전혀 다른 복수의 상이한 집단이 전파된 것으로 보이고, 인위적인 수입루트에 의해 영향을 받은 것으로 추정된다. 이에 대한 상세한 연구내용을 발표하고자 한다.

Recently pathogenic E. coli is one of the main foodborne pathogens resulting in many patients in Korea. To understand the characteristics of pathogenic E. coli outbreaks in Korea, the epidemiological investigation reports of pathogenic E. coli outbreak in 2009 (41 reports) and in 2010 (27 reports) were collected in the web site of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, reviewed and analysed in this study. The main places of the pathogenic E. coli outbreaks were food catering service area (64.8%) and restaurants (25.0%). The main type of the pathogens were EPEC (44.7%) and ETEC (34.2%). EAEC and EHEC was responsible for 10.5 and 9.2%, respectively. Eight of 68 outbreak cases were caused by more than 2 types of pathogenic E. coli which implicates the complicated contamination pathways of pathogenic E. coli. The incidence rate of pathogenic E. coli was 33.6 ± 30.5% and the main symptoms were diarrhea, stomach ache, nausea, vomiting, and fever etc. The two identified food sources were identified as frozen hamburger pattie and squid-vegetable mixture. To improve the food source identification by epidemiological investigation, food poisoning notification to the agency should not be delayed, whole food items attributed the outbreak should be collected and detection method of the various pathogenic E. coli in food has to be improved. In conclusion, the characteristics between the EHEC outbreaks in the western countries and the EPEC or ETEC outbreaks in Korea needs to be distinguished to prepare food safety management plan. In addition, the development of the trace back system to find the contamination pathway with the improved detection method in food and systemic and cooperative support by the related agencies are necessary.

There are differences of Cadmium (Cd) urinary concentration which is considered as indicator of renal tubular dysfunction in other countries, so we have reviewed domestic epidemiological data and suggested Korean health based guidance value (HBGV) for Cd to improve an efficiency of risk management. We decided to apply the WHO calculation model which considered the relationship between dietary intake and Cd concentration in urine sample. It is determined that Cd concentration 2.5 ug/g creatinine in urine as the prevalence of renal tubular dysfunction based on epidemiological data, because there is no renal tubular dysfunction and injury/lesion such as proteinuria at the concentration of 11.63 ug/g creatinine which is the highest Cd concentration in urine from the domestic epidemiological data. It is identified that the ratio between the Cd dietary consumption (8.3~10.4 ug/day) and Cd urinary concentration (0.38 ug/g creatinine) in Korean adult who predicting never been exposed to Cd are 21.8~27.3 and then it is applied to the corresponding model suggested by WHO. Also it is applied that 10% of bioavailability and 50% of excretion rate of absorbed to body (the ratio is 24) were assumed. The estimate of daily Cd consumption level which begins tubular dysfunction is 1 ug/kg bw/day, so we suggest the Korean provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) as 7 ug/kg bw/week.