본 논문은 예이츠와 셰익스피어가 문학적 도구로서 ‘유령’을 사용함에 있어 서로 다른 입장과 목적을 갖고 있었음을 전제로 그들이 극작품에서 ‘유령’이라는 도구를 어떻게 사용하는지에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다. 셰익스피어 유령극의 전형적인 특징은 유령을 마주하게 되는 인물이 대부분 죄를 지은 인물이라는 점인데, 특정 유령을 사용함으로써 캐릭터의 심리에 대해 많은 것을 드러내고, 이를 통하여 관객들의 공감적 반응을 이끌어낸다. 반면, 예이츠는 유령을 마주하는 인물보다는 유령 그 자체가 목적이었기 때문에 셰익스피어와는 유령에 대한 사용방식이 다를 수밖에 없었다. 예이츠는 극작가로서 그 자신만의 가치를 갖고 있었다.

코로나19 이후 중국경제의 잠재적 리스크에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 그 가운데 하나가 부동산 리스크이다. 중국의 중소도시는 신도시 개발 붐과 함께 팔리지 않는 주택재고가 증가하고 있는데 이를 중국 사회에서는 유령도시라 부른다. 본 연구는 대표적인 유령도시인 간쑤성의 란저우신구를 통해 유령도시의 현황을 파악하고 유령 도시 해소를 위한 지방정부의 정책을 살펴보는 것이 목적이었다. 연구결과, 주택 재 고를 해소하기 위해서는 인구유입을 위한 장책의 보완과 거주의 편리성을 제공하는 정책이 필요하다.

The active development of the global marine trade industries has been known to increase the inflows of marine invasive species and harmful organisms into the ecosystem, and the marine ecological disturbances. One of these invasive species, Ciona robusta, has now spread to the Korea Strait, the East Sea, and Jeju Island in connection with the climate change but not the Yellow Sea in Korea. Currently, the spread and distribution of C. robusta is increasingly damaging aquaculture and related facilities. Therefore, this study aims to identify the spread of C. robusta and potential habitats and to secure a data for the prevention of effective management measures due to climate change as well as damage the reduction in future through the prediction of spread. We used environmental variables in BioOracle. Also, the potential habitat and distribution of C. robusta was predicted using MaxEnt, a species distribution model. Two different RCP scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) were specified to predict the future distributions of C. robusta. The results showed that the biggest environmental factor affecting the distribution of C. robusta was the salinity as well as

이 논문은 1916년의 부활절 봉기 이후에 쓰인 극작품 2편을 읽는다. 이 두 희곡은 그의 시에서 “모든 게 변했네”라는 주장을 수정하고 대신 혁명 후의 현재 의 상흔의 끈질김을 극화한다. 􋺷꿈꾸는 해골􋺸에서는 한 젊은이가 부활절봉기에 가담했 다가 아일랜드서해안에서 경찰에 쫓기면서 디아뮤드와 데보길라의 혼을 마주하고, 그 들의 반역으로 로마의 침공을 받고 아일랜드가 식민지화 되었다고 말한다. 􋺷캘버리􋺸 (1920년에 쓰였지만 그의 생전에 공연되지 않았다)는 비정통적인 그리스도 수난극으 로 예수가 성금요일에 지신의 수난을 다시 꿈꾸는 것을 극화한 것이다. 여기서 예수는 자신을 십자가에 못 박은 로마 군인 세 명, 유다, 나사로와 마주친다. 비록 부활절봉 기위와 직접적 관련이 없어 보이지만, 이 극은 어떤 의미에서 부활절이 재연한 수난에 대한 강한 반어적인 비난으로 읽힌다.

A native species to the European ocean, the tunicate Ciona intestinalis now appears worldwide, from sub-Arctic to tropical regions. C. intestinalis generally occurs as an opportunistic fouling organism on artificial substrates in harbors or aquaculture. This study focused on estimating the early growth pattern of C. intestinalis under various temperature conditions. Adults were collected from the Guryungpo harbour in November 2017, and their artificially inseminated eggs were used for the study. The growth of the C. intestinalis was investigated at 8 constant temperatures, ranging from 12°C to 26°C, at 30 psu. Results indicate that the growth of C. intestinalis increased with increasing temperature. The growth was sluggish at 12°C, and decreased at 26°C. The optimal temperature for growth of C. intestinalis was therefore estimated to be between 20°C and 24°C.

A nineteen years old male patient showed a cystic lesion in left maxillary canine to premolar area (#23-#25). This lesion was asymptomatic, and found during his routine radiological check in local clinic. In the radiological observation the cystic lesion showed round radiolucent image containing many calcified bodies which were usually small but irregular in shape, expanding tumorously and resulted in the displacement of canine and second premolar in the absence of first premolar. The lesion was surgically enucleated, and a cystic fibrous tissue containing abnormal teeth was removed and examined pathologically. With the histological observation of tumorous odontogenic epithelium including many ghost cells, which were closely associated with abortive teeth, the lesion was finally diagnosed as CCOT associated with complex odontoma. The ghost cells of CCOT was strongly positive for β-catenin, GADD45, and LC3, and slightly positive for MMP-9, while they were rarely positive for BCL2, Wnt1, HSP-70, and p38. Therefore, it was presumed that the ghost cells of CCOT might undergo dormant cell state through altered cytodifferentiation stimulated by severe growth arrest, DNA damage signaling, and abundant autophage formation.

Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) is a rare neoplasm, representing 1.9% to 2.1% of all odontogenic tumors. Peripheral DGCT is a rare tumor with only 25 cases previously described in the English literature. The majority of cases have been reported to occur in the anterior part of the jaws. A rare case of peripheral DGCT is reported, located in the lingual side of the anterior mandible of a 68-year-old man. The patient presented a pedunculated painless growth of 1.5cm in diameter. Radiographically, no bone involvement was found. The lesion was excised and histologically characterized by islands of epithelial cells showing ameloblastoma-like features within fibrous background tissue. Dysplasic dentin and ghost cells with calcifications were frequently observed. Areas showing a connection between tumor cells and the overlying mucosa were also identified.

유령거미속의 4신종, Pholcus chiakensis n. sp. (치악유령거미; 신칭), P. gajiensis n. sp. (가지유령거미; 신칭), P. juwangensis n. sp. (주왕유 령거미; 신칭), P. palgongensis n. sp. (팔공유령거미; 신칭)을 기재한다. 그리고 기지의 17종과 함께 신종들의 검색표를 제공한다.

Although the mechanism of the abnormal calcification in the calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) was not elucidated so far, it has been known that the ghost cells are closely related to the calcification, producing dystrophic globular cementum-like materials, comparable to pilomatricoma in epithelium1). Here, we presented a case of COC occurred in left maxillary canine area of 23 years old female, exhibiting a collection of aberrant ossification admixed with basophilic ghost cells in comparison with seven cases of COC. In the polarizing microscope observation with Masson trichrome stain the present case clearly disclosed the typical birefringence of bony tissue, stained red in von Gieson stain, indicating the collagenous backbone. Some ghost cells showed the features of interdigitating epithelial attachments, empty spaces of nuclei, and reticular basophilic cytoplasms, which were similar to the basophilic ghost cells of philomatricoma. The present case demonstrated the aberrant ossification by basophilic ghost cells in COC similar to the ossification of pilomatricoma

Odontogenic ghost cell tumor (OGCT) is considered as a neoplastic counterpart of the calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC). β-catenin mutations have been described in COC suggesting a critical role in its histogenesis. In this study, we report a patient with OGCT contains a missense mutation on codon 3 (ACT -> TCT). Immunohistochemistry showed nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membranous accumulation of β-catenin in the tumor cells. TUNEL assay showed positive signals in nucleated cells adjacent to the ghost cells. Our data suggest that β-catenin plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of OGCT. OGCT may developed by improper differentiation process coordinated by WNT signaling pathway. Further studies are needed to determine a genotypic/phenotypic characteristics of ghost cell containing odontogenic lesions.

A case of odontogenic ghost cell tumor (OGCT) with clear cell components occurred in the mandible of a 63-yearold man. The tumor revealed ameloblastomatous type epithelial components together with clusters of ghost cells and dentinoid juxtaposed to the odontogenic epithelium. In addition, some areas of the tumor tissue showed sheets and islands of clear, glycogen-rich epithelial cells, separated by a thin fibrous connective tissue stroma. Both ameloblastic and clear cells showed positive immunoreactivities for cytokeratin 19 and AE1/3. It is not known whether this tumor represents a clear cell differentiation of a preexisting OGCT or a separate and distinct neoplasm derived de novo from odontogenic epithelium. This tumor was preferred the term clear cell odontogenic ghost cell tumor, which captures the clear cell components, one of the tumors most prominent distinguishing features