본 연구는 D도시 소재 A 노인요양시설에서 근무중인 요양보호사를 대 상으로 왜 대부분의 요양보호사는 여성이며, 특히 연령대는 왜 대부분 50~60대인지, 그리고 요양보호사로의 삶에서 나타나는 사회적 문제들은 무엇인지 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 질적 연구 방법 중 하나인 해석적 현상학을 활용하여 요양보호사들의 경험을 심층적으로 탐 구하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 최종적으로 4가지 테마를 도출하였다. 1) 대다수가 여성인 이유 2) 요양보호사의 직업적 특성 3) 직업적 현실과 사회적 기대 4) 작업환경과 사회적 인식이 이에 해당한다. 이러한 연구 결과에 기반하여 요양보호사의 근로환경 개선 및 복지향상을 위한 정책 적 지원 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of applying properties of asphalt binder other than absolute viscosity (AV) to evaluate the rejuvenation level of the binder from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in recycled asphalt mixtures (RAMs). METHODS : The G*/sin and critical temperature (CT) for determining high performance grade by DSR, and the large molecular size (LMS) using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) were measured simultaneously with the AV of two virgin asphalt binders (58–22 for RAM and 64–22 for normal mix) and recovered binders from a RAP and four RAMs. Based on mix design, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% recycled RAMs were prepared, and the deformation strength (SD) of the RAMs were measured. The AV, LMS, G*/sin , and CT were measured from the recovered binders from each RAM of the SD-tested specimens. Regression analyses were performed between the LMS and AV, G*/ sin and AV, and CT and AV to determine the correlation of each property with the AV. The feasibility of evaluating the rejuvenation level of the RMA binder using the three properties (LMS, G*/sin , and CT) was evaluated. Regression analysis was performed between SD and AV, and the feasibility of using SD instead of AV ≤ 5,000 poise (p) was analyzed to evaluate the rejuvenation level of the RAM. RESULTS : The AV, LMS, G*/sin , and CT of RAM binders increased with the recycling ratio. Mixes with recycle ratios of 20% and 30% satisfied the AV ≤ 5,000 p criterion, unlike mixes with higher recycle ratios. The regression analysis results showed that the R2 values between the LMS and AV, G*/sin and AV, and CT and AV exceeded 0.96. Since these regressions showed extremely high R2 values, it can be inferred that the estimation of binder rejuvenation level using the LMS, G*/sin and CT, i.e., instead of the AV criterion, is applicable. Because SD exhibits high correlation with the binder stiffness, and the regression between SD and AV indicated R2 > 0.98, SD can be applied instead of the AV for binder rejuvenation level estimation. The main advantage of using the LMS and SD is to estimate the binder rejuvenation level without recovering the binder from the mix. CONCLUSIONS : For the binder rejuvenation level estimation of recycled mixes, it is concluded that the LMS by GPC and G*/sin and CT by DSR, and SD can be applied instead of the AV criterion. However, since this study was performed using limited materials, further studies involving many other materials may be performed to generalize the current conclusion.

절대 습도와 이슬점 온도의 관계에 대한 예비 교사들의 인식을 조사하기 위하여 설문지를 투입하였다. 설문 결과 예비 교사들이 “절대 습도와 이슬점 온도는 비례한다.”, “이슬점 온도는 공기 중의 수증기의 질량에 비례한다.”와 같은 견고한 오개념을 갖고 있음을 발견하였다. 예비 교사들이 갖는 이러한 오개념은 절대 습도와 이슬점 온도의 관계에 대한 7차 교육과정과 2007 개정 교육과정 중학교 과학 교과서의 부정확한 서술 내용에서 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 2015 개정 교육과정 중학교 1학년 과학 교과서는 증발, 응결, 압력과 온도 변화에 따른 기체의 부피 변화를 분자 운동의 관점에서 다루기 때문에, 중학교 교육과정에서 이러한 관점을 유지하기 위해 수증기량과 이슬점 온도의 척도로서 수증기압의 도입은 예비 교사와 학습자의 오개념을 방지할 수 있으며, 과학 교육과정을 보다 일관되고 논리적으로 만들 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

파운드와 단테는 시, 지옥편을 상징적 매체로 사용하여 인간 세상에서 절대선의 추구를 강조하고 있다. 파운드는 런던의 현대사회를 지옥으로 묘사하여 현대 문명의 타락과 현대인들의 비도덕적 삶을 질타한다. 반면에 단테는 성경에 토대를 두고 지옥을 설정하여 사후세계의 지옥을 설명한다. 파운드는 플로티노스의 안내로 지옥 여정을 시작하고 끝내지만, 단테는 베르길리우스의 안내로 다양한 지옥을 여행한다. 요 컨대 두 시인은 지옥을 인간의 심리적 상태로 묘사하여 거기서 벗어나기 위하여 절대선을 실천하는 것이 현대인들이 가야할 여정임을 강조하고 있다.

The College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) has focused on relative ranks among students since it started from 1993. In December 2014 The Ministry of Education (MOE) announced that it would adopt an absolute grading system (AGS) for English scores in the CSAT, starting from November 2017, and discard the relative grading. The MOE hoped that the AGS of CSAT English would eventually serve to normalize English education by having teachers place more emphasis on improving students’ communication skills rather than on solving CSAT questions. This paper describes the rationale behind the implementation of AGS for CSAT English by the MOE and how the criteria and grades of AGS have been developed and set. Then current problems arising from the AGS for CSAT English are discussed by touching on its theoretical, practical and political issues based on relevant literatures, public hearings and news media reports, and informal interviews with contemporary teachers of English.

Aggregate Production Planning determines levels of production, human resources, inventory to maximize company’s profits and fulfill customer's demands based on demand forecasts. Since performance of aggregate production planning heavily depends on accuracy of given forecasting demands, choosing an accurate forecasting method should be antecedent for achieving a good aggregate production planning. Generally, typical forecasting error metrics such as MSE (Mean Squared Error), MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation), MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), and CFE (Cumulated Forecast Error) are utilized to choose a proper forecasting method for an aggregate production planning. However, these metrics are designed only to measure a difference between real and forecast demands and they are not able to consider any results such as increasing cost or decreasing profit caused by forecasting error. Consequently, the traditional metrics fail to give enough explanation to select a good forecasting method in aggregate production planning. To overcome this limitation of typical metrics for forecasting method this study suggests a new metric, WACFE (Weighted Absolute and Cumulative Forecast Error), to evaluate forecasting methods. Basically, the WACFE is designed to consider not only forecasting errors but also costs which the errors might cause in for Aggregate Production Planning. The WACFE is a product sum of cumulative forecasting error and weight factors for backorder and inventory costs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed metric by conducting intensive experiments with demand data sets from M3-competition. Finally, we showed that the WACFE provides a higher correlation with the total cost than other metrics and, consequently, is a better performance in selection of forecasting methods for aggregate production planning.

국립해양조사원 39개소 조위관측소의 후빙기조륙운동(Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, GIA)에 의한 지각변동 속도를 ICE-3G와 ICE-5G 모델로 예측하였다. 또한 위도 32˚-38.5˚N, 경도 124˚-132˚E 범위의 한반도 지역을 0.5˚×0.5˚ 격자로 분할하고 각 격자점에서의 GIA 지각변동 속도를 계산하였다. 그 결과 ICE-3G 모델의 경우 한반도 GIA 수직 지각변동은 평균 0.33 mm/yr이고, ICE-5G 모델의 경우 평균 1.21 mm/yr의 속도로 지각변위가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 최신 Ice model인 ICE-5G 모델을 사용할 경우 한반도에서도 약 1 mm/yr 이상의 비교적 높은 GIA 수직 지각변동이 발생하므로 절대해수면 변동을 산정하기 위해서 GIA에 의한 수직변위를 보정해야 함을 확인하였다. 따라서 국립해양조사원에서 제공하는 13개 조위관측소의 상대해수면 변동률에서 ICE-5G 모델에 의한 GIA 지각변동 속도를 보정하여 절대해수면 변동률을 결정하였다. 절대해수면 상승속도를 분석한 결과 GIA 지각변동 속도를 보정한 절대해수면 변동률은 한반도 해역에서 평균 5.04 mm/yr의 상승속도를 나타냈으며, 제주 해역은 평균 8.84 mm/yr로 다른 해역보다 높은 이상 상승률을 나타냈다.

The purpose of the study is to revaluate the new artistic values of Suprematism that immensely influenced the Russian culture in the beginning of the 20th century. Also through studying the relationship between people and costume within works of Malevich, who wanted to portray humanity through his art works, this study will research on how Suprematism not just stood as Russian Avant-garde art but significantly contributed to art and costume expression. The study methods are as follows. First, consider the formative background of Suprematism style of arts. Second, study of the development of Suprematism art through both Suprematism art and Non-objective art. Third, study how Suprematism style of arts is portrayed in art costume through works of Malevich. The results of the study are as follows. The Russian Suprematism art costume strictly originated from the Russian Suprematism style of arts. Suprematism simplified any reproductive element of fine art with a creative energy, which reflects the statement of Malevich that said, "The object does not exist, it only stands as a symbol." In other words, Suprematism abolished ordinary response to basic environment, and created a much more serious reality than the innate reality of the environment. When applied to art costume, such style sought after geometrical simplicity in shape and Neo-Premitivism trait in color. This trend is also expressed in 21st century fashion in new forms of Minimalism or Futurism. In this respect, Suprematism still holds an artistic value in a novel form even after a century since the beginning of 20th century when Malevich first presented Suprematism.

This study is an attempt to prove a relationship between Le Corbusier's utopian attitude towards nature and architectural ideology and ideology by a form of inquiry into sociological interests. That is to find out contradictions and limitations in Le Corbusier's architectural world, namely particularity of his ideology by exploring the base entangled with special interests in the society up until formation of his architectural language. A process of this study is by; 1. Examining of background which affected Le Corbusier's attitude towards nature until the nature became his architectural language; 2. An analysis of Le Corbusier's architectural works. That is, this study's main interest is on formation of Le Corbusier's architectural language by his attitude towards nature which present in residential field especially focused on Villa Meyer and Villa Savoye, two best examples of his villa. 3. This study have a goal to investigate that utopian and ideological conception in architecture of Le Corbusier have a dialectic relationship between them. This goal can be achieved by observing in what ways Le Corbusier's utopian attitude towards nature is expressed in residential architectural language and researching into his inconsistent architectural ideology derived from applying architectural language present in villa to pre-fabricated apartment houses.

사이드 스캔 소-나를 이용한 해저면 음향영상자료의 처리과정에서 가장 첫 번째 단계는 수중예인체의 절대위치를 결정하는 것이다. 예인체를 조사선박에 부착하지 않고 후미에서 수중예인하기 때문이다. 수중에서 음향을 이용하여 위치를 추적하는 장치나 예인체의 움직임을 관측하는 추가적인 지원장비 없이도 절대위치를 계산할 수 있는 기술적인 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 예인항적으로 작성된 모자이크 결과도면에서, 인접한 측선 간의 불일치나 모호하게 접합되는 해저형태를 발견할 수 없었다. 절대위치 계산과정에서 수중예인체의 진행방향이 부드럽게 되는 부차적인 효과가 있다. 그 결과 진행방향에 대하여 수직으로 분포하는 영상자료의 펼침형태가 안정적으로 배열되며 음향조사역(音響照射域)의 평면투영에서 자료의 유실현상도 현저하게 줄어든다. 수중에서 예인하는 방식의 다른 분야 해양조사에서도 이 연구결과의 적절한활용이 기대된다.

Most of Yeats’s works are composed of antitheses which are defined by their rhetoric, form, tone and thematic motifs. If the antitheses are Yeats’s central means of perceiving and interpreting the world, what kinds of experience are posited at the center of his life, and in what way and manner are his conceptions of “unity of being” and “unity of culture” connected with his experience of “tragic joy”? This essay attempts to approach the basic frame of Yeats's mind which perceives and interprets the world as composed of contraries, antinomies and antitheses. In such context, Yeats's idea and experience of tragedy are shown to be constructed ideologically in the situation that is divided by the two classes, namely the declining Anglo-Irish Protestant and the powerfully ascending Catholic middle classes. Yeats’s conception and experience of tragedy are connected with what Michel Foucault calls “the absolute power of death”. Yeats thinks that if the modern poet could enact the poetic authority, he should be able to embody the ancient forms of power. Hence his ideology of tragedy and authority which leads him to enact the oral tradition of ancient magical arts. Yeats thinks that, through the poetic mode of ancient magical arts, modern lyric poet can enact the absolute power of death, breaking the comedic power of modern individualism. Yeats's ideology of tragedy and authority, however, is in constant contradiction with “the life-administering power” of modern world. In spite of his desire to enact the tragic power of ancient bard, the space of his later lyrics remains the complex site of ideological conflicts between the residual forms of traditional Anglo-Irish culture and the dominant cultural forms of modern individualism. (The second part of this essay will be continued in the next issue)

원자력발전소(원전)는 운전기준지진(OBE) 초과지진 발생시 안전성 검사와 시험을 위하여 운전을 정지하여야 하는데, 계측된 지진기록의 누적절대속도(CAV)계산 값이 0.16g-sec를 초과하고 OBE 응답스펙트럼을 초과하면 OBE를 초과한 것으로 고려하게 된다. 이 CAV 기준은 발전소의 지진 특성과 구조물의 특성에 따라 다르므로, 발전소에 적합한 CAV 기준을 설정하여야 한다. 국내 원전에 적합한 CAV 기준 값을 설정하기 위하여, 각 방향에서의 지진하중에 일관되게 반응하도록 고안한 원통모양의 아크릴 봉을 조립한 지진손상표시기(SDI)를 제작, 진동대 시험을 통하여 지진의 세기를 평가하고 국내 원전 내진설계에 적용된 CAV값을 계산한 결과0.3~0.5g-sec으로 나타나 OBE 초과기준으로 CAV기준 값(0.16g-sec)의 적용은 충분히 보수적인 값으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 개발된 SDI는 발전소 운전원이 OBE 초과 여부를 판단하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 운전 정지 후 원전의 지진 피해도를 정량적으로 판단하여 조치를 취하는 도구로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The earthquake risk prediction for dam structure has been considered as an important analysis. The dam has to interact with water in its lifetime, which maybe induces the chemo-mechanical phenomenon on the aging concrete and damage the capacity of the structure. The main aim of this research is to suggest a procedure to predict the operant condition of the dam based on Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) values after some decades. CAV is a method ordinarily used in Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) fields, but in case of a concrete gravity dam, it will be the new addition along with the aging effect of concrete material.