本文以“介词（到、在)+NP”为研究对象，进行句法和语义方面的分析，考察汉语“介词（到，在)+NP”结构在动词后充当结果补语的区别。很多句法结构都要求具有一个动补结构。句法上必须带补语的句子中，要求“在NP”和“到NP”结构作为补语的有“把字句”、“物体存在句”、“物体处置句”、“空间移动句”和“时间移动句”。我们将“到+NP”和“在+NP”结构在动词前充当状语和在动词后充当结果补语的区别分别来讨论。“在+NP”结构做结果补语和状语的区别我们将其归纳为五类， “到+NP”结构做结果补语和状语的区别我们将其归纳为三类。“介词（到、在)+NP”结构可以位于动词前也可以位于动词后。根据时间顺序原则（PTS)，“介词（到、在)+NP”结构时间上先于动词的状态可以接受它排在动词前。但是，如果“介词（到、在)+NP”结构是通过动作出现的结果，时间上结果出现于动词之后，因此不能接受“介词（到、在)+NP”结构排在动词前。“介词（到、在)+NP”结构位于动词后面时，具有[+终点], [+到达], [+完成], [+附着], [+达成], [+结果], [+实现], [+持续]等语义特征；“介词（到、在)+NP”结构位于动词前面时，不具有这些语义特征。但是，有些动词和介词结构之间的时间顺序是模糊的，所以PTS不起作用，这时“在+NP”做结果补语和做状语，其意义差别不明显，这种动词主要有两类：第一类是“死”，死的动作是瞬间发生的，但是死后的状态一直持续；第二类是“住”、“生活”、“工作”等动词，它们本身具有持续的状态，而不是短暂的动作。

The content of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The typical structure of nominal expressions in Mandarin Chinese is analyzed as [DP [NumP [ClP [NP ]]]]. (2) NP is a lexical category which describes the contents of entities or notions. (3) NumP is a functional category which denotes the number of entities described by a noun, and ClP, too, a functional category which makes nouns of Mandarin Chinese countable. (4) DP has the function of mediating between the description provided by NP and entities in the real world the description is applied to. It gives referential meanings such as “Definite”, “Indefinite”, and so on. (5) When D is lexically filled, DP has a definite referential meaning. A null determiner functions as an existential operator to produce an indefinite meaning. (6) A DP with a null determiner can appear only in the lexically governed position due to Empty Category Principle. (7) A sequence [Num+Cl+N] can be interpreted as having two structures, a DP with a null determiner and a NumP. (8) Bare nouns can be interpreted as “indefinite”, “definite”. An indefinite bare noun has the structure of [DP e [NP N ]] and a definite bare noun, [DP Ni [NP ti ]]. (9) In general, pronouns and proper nouns always carry a definite referential meaning and so can appear in D. (10) The pronouns and the proper nouns appearing in N do not denote a specific entity. Their meanings are similar to common nouns which denote types or kinds of entities. (11) NP"s can not be used as an argument but as a predicate.

Morphosyntactic and prosodic information is accessed by native speakers of North Gyeongsang Korean when interrogatives are interpreted. The present study investigates the interface between these structures. To do so, the study analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the dialect’s yes/no and wh-questions, and then examines the rate of comprehension and acceptance of the two types of the interrogatives in a perception test. The prosodic structures in the test are modified by transplantation, the results of which allow us to find out the following. First, presented with the interrogatives whose syntactic and prosodic structures did not match, the native subjects of Gyeongsang Korean relied more on the prosodic structures than on the syntactic ones. Second, changes in prosodic structures had a strong influence on simple sentences, but relatively less so on complex sentences. These results lead to the conclusion that prosodic structures are the decisive factor in syntactic interpretations, and, accordingly, are intricately intertwined with the syntactic structures during the processing of interrogatives.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the syntactic structures of long-from causative constructions should be derived within the same clause projected by ‘-ke ha-.’ The previous studies suggest that the syntactic structures of long-from causative constructions be divided into two types: one is that the causees are positioned in the main clause and the other is that the causees are positioned in the embedded clause. However, in this paper it is pointed out that there are some problems with the studies and the causees in the constructions should be placed in the embedded clause.

The purpose of this paper is to confirm that the syntactic structures of morphological causative constructions should be derived by considering the properties of the verb bases such as the transitive verb bases and the intransitive verb bases according to Son (2006). This means that the causee in the constructions may be an agent, depending on the verb base types mentioned above. On the contrary, it is claimed that the causee in the constructions cannot be an agent in Kim (2010) and Park (2012a, b) because the causee cannot be compatible with an agent-oriented adverb like 'ilpule' (on purpose). In this paper, I give some pieces of evidence for Son’s (2006) argument and further show that the causee could be matched with an adverb like 'hayekum' (make) which has the function that makes the noun just before it become the agent of the caused event in the causative constructions. Finally, it is proposed that the syntactic structures of morphological causative constructions should be subdivided on the basis of the context as well as the verb base types.

This paper aims to examine the diachronic development of gerunds and analyze their internal structure and grammatical function. In OE and Early ME nominal gerunds behaved like nouns describing actions. From Late ME and onwards nominal gerunds began to acquire verbal properties. A verbal gerund in Present-Day English is composed of mixed projections [＋N,＋V]. The [＋N]-feature denoting nominal properties is related to licensing a gerund's logical subject. The [＋V]-feature denoting verbal properties is connected with licensing its verbal complement. So, it is necessary to stipulate a functional category Gerund Phrase in the internal projection of gerunds. Thus, the head Ger of the Gerund Phrase makes it possible to combine nominal and verbal features within the 'V＋ing'. The Ger bears the uninterpretable verbal feature [＋V] that is checked against the interpretable feature [V] of the verbal complement. It also bears the interpretable nominal feature [＋N] that functions as a nominalizer and guarantees a gerund's logical subject. As for the Case identification of a gerund's logical subject, it is spelled out as a genitive at the DP level when it is selected as the genitive form morphologically. But it is spelled out as an accusative when EPP attracts a nominal element as a clausal gerund's logical subject onto the FinP-TPdef level where the [FinP－finiteness] renders default Case feature to be accusative.

The primary purpose of this paper is to descriptively analyze the syntactic aspects of the Old English version of the Buckling Homilies. Written in two hands in Old English, only a single manuscript exists today. Consisting of nineteen sermons that appear to be occasional pieces, corresponding to certain Sundays and Saints` days in the liturgical calendar, the style of the Buckling Homilies is "more popular than learned" because of the "less homogenous audience being addressed." The main concerns of this paper are focused on the description of syntactic structures, such as NP, VP, and PP, and some syntactic aspects are also discussed on passive, tense, extrapositon, etc.

In an effort to pave the way to understanding the syntax of the Participial Perception Verb Complements(PPVCs) in English, this paper examines various syntactic phenomena of PPVSs in light of generative grammar. By making three proposals on syntactic grounds, the parer resolves problems and answers questions surrounding the constituency, category and internal structure of PPVCs and case checking of the overt subject DP in the position right behind the perception verb. The advanced proposals are as follows: (a) PPVCs are single constituents with both nominal and clausal properties; (b) PPVCs are categorically TPs dominated by DPs in Davies and Dubinsky`s (1999) sense; (c) along the minimalist lines suggested in Chomsky (2000, 2001), the overt subject DP of PPVCs has its [-interpretable] case feature checked against the matrix perception verb as in the typical ECM construction.

Chang Wook Lee. 2001. Feature Transmission Hypothesis in Syntactic Structures of Korean and English Anaphors. Studies in Modern Grammar 25, 75-90. This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between anaphor and its antecedent by the feature checking theory. In the ambiguous anaphoric constructions, the feature checking theory cannot properly capture the antecedents because there exist no two feature checking processes in the Minimalist Program. To solve this problem, I propose Feature Transmission Hypothesis as an alternative. That is, the ambiguous anaphor moves to AGRo, then AGRo checks the anaphor`s feature. After this process, AGRs attracts AGRo and features of AGRo are transmitted to AGRs. Finally, AGRo lets AGRs trigger the feature checking. This hypothesis is also examined to several kinds of structures such as honorific construction, reciprocal anaphoric construction, multiple anaphoric construction, etc.

Bo-Geun Hwang. 2001. An Analysis of Syntactic Structures of the Parker Chronicle. Studies Modern Grammar 23, 107-126. The analysis of the phrasal structures of the Parker chronicle reveals that the frequency of Adj+N (97.0%), Gen +N (99.2%), and Prep+N (96.3%) is much higher than that of N+Adj, N+Gen, and N+Prep. In appositional constructions, Head+Appositive (89.2%) is higher than Appositive+Head in frequency. In word-order patterns of the intransitive verbs, the V-2 type (58.2%) is predominant in the independent and main clauses, but in dependent clause the V-3 type (80.69%) is prevailing. As for the transitive verbs of the independent and main clauses, the frequencies of the types of V-1, V-2, and V-3 are 12.1%, 40.8%, and 47.1%, respectively; in the dependent clauses the V-3 type (81.6%) surpasses those of V-1 (2.6%) and V-2 (16.8%) in frequency. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the word-order pattern underwent changes, to a considerable degree, from SOV in the primitive Old English to SVO in the Old English recorded in the Parker Chronicle.

Han, Sang Woo. 1999. How to Approach Old English Syntactic Structure. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 179-190. The aim of this paper is to show (a) that both the SOVI hypothesis and the double underlying structure hypothesis have some problems in the explanation of Old English syntactic structure, and (b) that in studying Old English syntactic structure, we must put our eyes on existing Old English manuscripts more than before. Old English was a language in the mist of a change from SOV to SVO word order. Therefore, we cannot approach Old English with current synchronic linguistic theories only. Finally I would like to emphasize the importance of studying Old English manuscripts in advance to modern linguistic theory, and propose a SIOV underlying structure with a leftward verb- movement rule to explain various types of Old English word orders.

Hwang, Bo-geun. 1998. Syntactic Structures of Beowulf. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 1-26. The main purpose of this paper is, on the basis of hypotheses of Vennemann`s(1975) and Stockwell(1977b), to analyse the syntactic structures-Genitive/ Noun, Adjective/Noun, Adverb/verb, Preposition/Noun, and Comparative/Standard-and word-order patterns used in Beowulf, and to compare them with word-order patterns of prose, i.e., of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) and Pastoral Care (Pastoral). The analysis of the syntactic structures (as shown in Table 7) leads to the conclusion: the arrangement of Genitive/Noun, Adjective/Noun and Adverb/verb shows the OV(/XV) word-order patterns, while that of Preposition/Noun and Comparative/Standard VO(vo) ones. By the analysis of word-order patterns of the sentences in Beowulf the conclusion can be drawn. (1) in the independent/main clauses, the highest frequency is found in V-2 type(SXV/XVS) in the intransitive verbal structures; reversely, but in the transitive ones V-2 type(SOV) has the highest fequencty. (2) in intransitive verbal structures of the dependent clauses, V-3 type is the highest in frequence; of the word-order patterns of transitive ones, V-3 type is dominant. In comparison of word-order patterns of Beowulf with those of ASC and Pastoral, can be said: (1) in the independent/main clauses, the highest frequence of SVX in Beowulf is supposed to be related to the peculiar metrical system(alliteration and caesura), and the highest XVS in ASC and Pastoral is due to the time/place-adverbs, found in the sentence-initial position, serving to bring forth new information; SOV is made dominant in Beowulf by the omission of subjects coreferential to the subjects/objects of the preceding sentences, while in ASC and Pastoral the highest in frequency, SVO, has such syntactic characteristics as the subjects are pronouns or proper names; (2) in the dependent clauses SXV/SOV are the highest in frequency in Beowulf, while in ASC SVX/SVO is the hightest for the same syntactic characteristics as in independent/main clauses; in Pastoral the frequency of SVX is higher than SXV, but SVO and SOV show nearly the same frequency, though the former is a little higher.

In order to understand the characteristics of a middle construction and explain its formation, we should inspect the lexical stucture, the syntactic structure and the logical form of it synthetically. A middle construction is derived by the diathesis alternation that causes the object of a transitive verb to realize as the subject of syntactic structure. This change implies the cognitive process from the description of an individual event to the statement of a general state. A middle construction has two argument. The one is the understood but unexpressed implicit argument which has generic agent θ-role at the lexical category. The other is the explicit argument of subject at the syntactic structure which was the object with theme/patient. or with affected θ-role at the lexical structure. The middle verb of activity or accomplishment doesn`t describe a specific event but a noneventive state. A transitive verb changes into a middle verb which incorporates with the abstract morpheme. of an aspectual delimitedness feature in course of undergoing a `change of state` in the syntactic derivation. If a transitive verb becomes a middle verb, it should select the argument with theme or patient θ-role as its new subject suppressing old one. Accordingly a middle verb usually combines with a manner adverbial or prototypical tense aspect. The formation of a middle construction can be explained principlely through the morphological checking theory that attracts the formal feature of lexical items to the functional category at the syntactic structure or at the level of logical form.

This article aims to account for the syntactic structure of a passive sentence within Principles and Parameters(=PP) theory and Minimalist theory of Chomsky. According to PP-theory, as the inflectional ending morpheme -en of passive verb absorbs the θ-role assigned to the subject NP of a passive sentence, the subject position at D-structrue is empty. The object NP of passive verb moves to the non-θ-position of the subject in S- structure because -en absorbs the objective Case assigned to the object NP. In Minimalist theory the syntactic property of a passive sentence is characterized by a single complement hypothesis, or the lexical structure representation of an unergative verb in shell structure and of a de-adjectival verb in inner structure. In the inner structure the complement of a head V is projected by the de-adjectival verb. This de-adjectival verb assigns a θ-role theme to the specifier NP of VP through predication relation. The NP of inner Spec position moves to the Spec position of AGRsP to be checked against tense and Case feature. The tense verb be selected as the head V of the shell structure also moves to the AGRs position of AGRsP to be checked against tense and agreement feature of functional heads. This morphological feature checking is operated through Spec-head or head-head agreement before Spell-out.