This study presents an analysis of bycatch data concerning Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) along the Korean coast from 2016 to 2021. A total of 503 bycatches were examined, encompassing data on year, month, body length, sex, latitude (N), longitude (E), and fishing gear. Bycatch was the most frequent in waters with a longitude of less than 130°E, particularly in the southern coastal region at a latitude of 35.5°N, with a higher likelihood of bycatch in lower latitudes. Since 2017, a decreasing trend in bycatches has been observed. The sex distribution of bycaught dolphins showed a predominance of males (40%), followed by females (31%), with an unclassified category at 29%, though no statistically significant differences were found (p > 0.05). Seasonal analysis indicated that bycatch predominantly occurred during the winter months, with significant monthly variations (p < 0.01). Pacific white-sided dolphins were primarily ensnared in gill nets and, to a lesser extent, in stationary nets. Statistical analysis by gear type revealed a significant preference for gill nets (p < 0.001). Considering body length composition in relation to latitude, it is suggested that Pacific white-sided dolphins may utilize the southern waters of the East Sea as a potential nursery ground, though this was not confirmed at a significant level, emphasizing the need for further in-depth monitoring and ecological investigations. Given that there are approximately 27 different types of gill nets associated with the majority of bycatches, more detailed research is warranted to divide these gear types into finer subcategories for estimating bycatch relationships, ultimately leading to the development of effective conservation and management strategies.

The United States enforces the seafood import regulations so-called the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and by 2023, all exports of aquatic products and processed fish products by fisheries which have not obtained an “Comparability Finding” from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will be completely banned. Therefore, to respond to the US MMPA, it is critical to identify technologies and methods used in worldwide for reducing bycatch of marine mammals. In particular, marine mammals are frequently caught in five fisheries (trawl, gill net, trap, stow net and set net) in Korea, which is facing a great challenge. This study presented bycatch reduction methods by five fisheries, classified the methods by country, and suggested appropriate reduction methods which can be applied in Korea.

This study investigated the species composition and bycatch status of fishes by fyke net between June and November 2020 in Asanho lake and Chungjuho lake. During the survey period, the catches in Asanho lake were identified as 2,931 individuals of 16 species from a total of six families and in Chungjuho lake were identified as 1,645 individuals of 14 species from a total of eight families. The dominant species in Asanho lake was Erythroculter erythropterus which accounted for 59.6% of the the total number of individuals and 40.5% of the total biomass caught. The dominant species in Chungjuho lake was Lepomis macrochirus which accounted for 48.2% of the the total number of individuals and Erythroculter erythropterus which accounted for 60.2% of the total biomass caught. The bycatch rates of non-commercial species in Asanho lake and Chungjuho lake were 77.0% and 82.6%, respectively. As a result of analyzing the frequency distribution of the total length of Carassius auratus and Siniperca scherzeri, which were the dominant species among commercial species, the bycatch rate of small individuals was 87.1%, and 42.7%, respectively.

서구 기독교와 비잔틴 정교회의 교부들은 악을 ‘결여’로 본다. 􋺷죽은 혼􋺸의 치치코프, 마닐로프, 소바케비치, 플류시킨, 치치코프의 상관 등은 외적 특징, 열정, 영혼, 감정 등의 ‘결여’로 악마성을 드러낸다. 그리고 거의 모든 등장인물 들이 거짓말로부터 자유롭지 않은데, 러시아 정교뿐 아니라, 기독교에서 거짓말 은 악마의 자질로, 악마성을 드러내는 도구로 이해되어 왔다. 􋺷죽은 혼􋺸은 마땅 히 존재해야 하는 ‘덕’과 ‘선’이 부재한 세계를 거짓말과 사기행각이 만연한 세 상으로 그려낸다. 등장인물 모두 속을지 모른다는 두려움과 공포에 휩싸여 있 고, 그렇기 때문에 속지 않기 위해, 손해를 입지 않기 위해 그리고 더 나아가 자 신의 탐심과 욕망을 따라 뻔히 눈을 뜨고서도 뭔가를 더 얻어내기 위해 거짓말 을 한다. 저자는 러시아 정교에서 이야기하는 영적 완성의 계단에서 가장 아래 단계를 보여줌으로써 보다 더 높은 단계로의 영적 도약을 독자들에게 주문하고 있다.

해운 선진국들은 자국의 경제 발전에 따른 선원 임금의 급격한 상승으로 인하여, 선박의 국적을 편의치적 형태로 변경하거나 자국선대의 관리 주체를 외국으 로 이전하여 자국의 선원을 외국인 선원으로 대체하고 있다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에 영향을 받아 국내 외항상선 선원취업자는 육상임금의 급격한 상승, 해상직 근무 기피현상, IMF 외환위기 및 리먼브라더스 사태 이후의 해운회사의 선대 매각 등의 이유로 지속적으로 감소하고 있다. 반면에 외국인 선원은 한국인 선원의 감소와 대조적으로 고용이 증가하는 추세이다. 혼승형태의 선원구성은 과거 1960년대 국적 상선대가 부족한 상황에서 해양계 교육기관을 졸업한 해기사 및 부원을 외국적 외항선에서 승선하면서 시작되었다. 이후 국적 선대의 증가로 인하여 1990년대부터 혼승형태의 선원구성은 외국인 부원과의 한국인 선원의 혼승형태, 외국인 사관 및 부원과 혼승형태로 점차 다양해지고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 외항상선을 중심으로 밀레니얼 세대 선원(내국인과 외국인 모두 포함)이 승선하는 혼승형태의 선박조직에서 선원구성 및 비율의 변화에 따라 발생하는 갈등의 근원을 확인하기 위하여 한국인 선원을 대상으로 설문한 결과를 기초로 갈등의 조율 또는 해결에 필요한 배경을 검토하고, 가설의 설정을 통한 사실관계를 규명함으로서 구체적인 선원관리 개선안을 제시하였다.

In the field of optimization, many studies have been performed on various types of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) for a long time. A variety of models have been derived to extend the basic VRP model, to consider multiple truck terminal, multiple pickup and delivery, and time windows characteristics. A lot of research has been performed to find better solutions in a reasonable time for these models with heuristic approaches. In this paper, by considering realtime traffic characteristics in Map Navigation environment, we proposed a method to manage realistic optimal path allocation for the logistics trucks and cargoes, which are dispersed, in order to realize the realistic cargo mixing allowance and time constraint enforcement which were required as the most important points for an online logistics brokerage service company. Then we developed a prototype system that can support above functionality together with delivery status monitoring on Map Navigation environment. First, through Map Navigation system, we derived information such as navigation-based travel time required for logistics allocation scheduling based on multiple terminal multiple pickup and delivery models with time constraints. Especially, the travel time can be actually obtained by using the Map Navigation system by reflecting the road situation and traffic. Second, we made a mathematical model for optimal path allocation using the derived information, and solved it using an optimization solver. Third, we constructed the prototype system to provide the proposed method together with realtime logistics monitoring by arranging the allocation results in the Map Navigation environment.

최적화 분야에서는 VRP(Vehicle Routing Problem)에 대한 많은 연구가 오래전부터 이루어져 왔다. 기본적인 VRP 모형을 확장하여, 단일차고지와 다수차고지 특성, Pickup and Delivery 특성, Time Windows 특성 등을 고려하여 다양한 모형들을 도출되고 있으며 이들에 대한 보다 나은 해를 구하는데 초점이 맞추어져 왔다. 이들 VRP 모형들은 노드 수의 증가에 따른 NP-Hard 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에 최적화에 초점을 맞추기 보다는 Genetic Algorithms, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing 등의 메타휴리스틱 기법 등을 이용하여 적용할 수 있는 우수한 해를 도출하려 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 시간제약을 가지는 Multi-Depot Pickup and Delivery 모형을 이용하여 3자물류 기업에서 물류 트럭의 할당 및 이들에 대한 운영 상황 모니터링을 지원할 수 있는 시스템 개발에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 수요기업의 요구사항을 반영하여 가장 중점을 두고자 하는 혼적이 가능하고 시간제약을 반영한 해를 도출하고자 했으며 도출된 해를 기반으로 물류를 트럭에 할당한 후 물류 트럭에 대한 GPS기반의 모니터링 시스템을 제안하고자 한다.

본 연구는 지역사회에서 전자감시 장치를 부착한 범죄자의 거주 특성이 재범 가능 성에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 살피는데 목적이 있다. 우리 사회에서 현재 1인 가구 비율이 급격하게 증가하고 있는 상황인바, 범죄자가 누구와 어떤 주거지에 생활하느 냐를 살펴보는 것은 지역사회 교정 차원에서 범죄자의 사회복귀 방향을 판가름 짓는 중요한 일이라고 하겠다. 피해자학 입장이 아닌, 가해자 차원에서 본 연구에서는 위치 추적 전자장치를 부착하고 있는 고위험 범죄자 6,544명의 데이터를 분석하여 1인 가구 비율을 검토하고, 1인 가구와 집단 가구를 혼인관계 및 재범 차원에서 살펴보고자 한다. 연구에 사용된 자료는 2008년 10월 이후부터 2017년 10월까지 우리나라에서 전자장치 부착을 경험한 전체 범죄자이다. 빈도분석 결과, 전체 6,544명 중의 위치추적 전자장치 부착자 중 37.8%가 혼자 살림살이를 하고 있는 1인 가구인 것으로 나타났다. 심각한 것은 전체 범죄자 중 21.2% 가 매우 불안정한 주거 상황에서 노숙을 하거나 숙박업소에서 불규칙한 생활을 하는 주거부정자라는 점이다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 미혼집단 모델에서는 재범을 설명하는 변인으로 연령(-), 경제상태(-), 법 준수 순응도(-), 성범죄, 신상정보 공개고지, 1인 가구(집단 가구) 변인이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 기혼집단 로지스틱 회귀분석에서는 경제상태(-)와 법 준수 순응도(-), 신상정보 공개고지 세 변인 만 재범발생 가능성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 미혼집단 모델과 달리 “1 인 가구” 상황이 기혼집단에서는 재범에 별 영향을 미치지 않는다고 볼 수 있다. 교정 실무자 및 범죄학자들은 전자장치 부착 범죄자들의 혼인 관계와 1인 가구 주 거 상황을 초기 개입 단계에서 면밀히 조사하여 맞춤형 지도, 감독 전략을 수립하고, 지역사회 내 재범 방지 및 범죄자 사회복귀 효과가 극대화될 수 있도록 범죄자의 혼인 상태 및 1인 가구 여부를 재범억제 활동에 적극 활용해야 할 것이다.

본 연구의 목적은 혼산 화물의 폭발사고에 대한 화학반응 경로를 분석하는데 있다. 분석에는 사건-가지분석기법을 적용한 구조 적인 시나리오를 이용하였다. 구조적인 시나리오는 재결서에 기록된 혼산 화물 사고의 내용에서 다양한 화학반응 경로를 추정하여 구축하 였다. 분석에는 화학 이론에 의거한 정성적 분석과 화학 반응식을 이용한 정량적 분석 및 설문조사를 통한 확률적 분석 등 세 가지 방법을 혼합 적용하였다. 분석결과, 사고 발생의 주요 경로는 진한 황산과 물이 반응하여 폭발하는 경로, 혼산과 금속이 반응하여 폭발하는 경로, 특수한 물질과 합성하여 폭발하는 경로 등 세 가지로 나타났다. 이 결과는 재결서에 기록된 경로와 유사함을 알았고, 이를 통해서 본 연구 에서 제안한 화학물질의 경로분석 기법이 타당함을 알았다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 다양한 화학물질 사고의 화학반응 경로 추정에 적 용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to analyze fishing capacity and bycatch by mesh size and entrance size of spring net pot conductedby water tank and field experiment. The water tank experiments were conducted by using traps with mesh size of 22 mm and entrance size of 120 mm and 140 mm, respectively in the water tank of NIFS. The field experiment was conducted using 5 kinds of spring net pot with mesh sizes of 20 mm, 22 mm, 35 mm and entrance size of 120 mm, 130 mm, 140 mm, 360 mm by coastal trap fishery vessel operating around the area of Geoje island. In the result of water tank experiments, the catch of conger eel was 1.5 times higher when using trap with entrance size of 140 mm than that of 120 mm. In the field experiment, when using same mesh size, the larger the entrance size, the higher amount of conger eel catch, bycatch and number of bycatch species. When using the same entrance size, the larger the mesh size, the lower amount of conger eel catch and number of bycatch species, whereas the amount of bycatch showed increasing trend.

Species composition and bycatch rate of the catches by dredge with bycatch reduction device to reduce bycatch were estimated around Yeongil Bay, Korea at June, 2015. Total catches were collected 31 species as Chordata 10 species, mollusca 8 species, arthropoda 6 species, echinodermata 5 species, sipunculida 1 species, annelida 1 species during the experiment at the Yeongil Bay. The dominant species were Scapharca broughtonii, Callithaca adamsi, and Atrina pectinata and they reached 79.9% of the total catch. The catch rate of Scapharca broughtonii and Callithaca adamsi was 69.6% and 10.4% respectively. The rate of bycatch was 20.1%, consisted with Echinodemata 13.0%, Chordata 3.6%. The catch of ordinary dredge was 27 species 1,307 number 85,052g and that of dredge with escapement device was 21 species 1,690 number 91,648g. In conclusion, the dredge gear with bycatch reduction device has higher catch rate of target species and lower bycatch rate to non–target species than ordinary one.

The 1/5 scale–down model of the Bycatch Reduction Device (BRD) from an Argentinean demersal trawl was tested in a circulating water channel. The BRD is designed to help small Hake (merluza, merluccius hubbsi) to escape from a trawl. It is settled in front of a trawl codend, and is equipped with selection grids that help small fish to escape from the gear and guiding panels that help fish to meet with the grids. Bars of the grids are wires covered by the PVC and other parts of the BRD are made of net. When the velocity was less than 0.65 m/sec (2.81 Kont when translated to real towing speed) which is slow speed compared with real towing speed, position between an upper guiding panel and an upper selection grid were good to help small fish to escape. When the velocity was more than 0.8 m/sec (3.41 Knot when translated to real towing speed) which is similar to and faster than real towing speed, it was considered that small fish may have difficulties in escaping because the gap was not enough between an upper guiding panel and an upper selection grid. The lower selection grid was sat on the bottom of the tank without an angle due to the weight that it carries. Improvements were proposed to position the panels and the grids better.

Experiment was set up to analyze bycatch and discards situation including snow crap Chionoecetes opilio of whelk trap. Four types of trap were used: drum type trap with PE net; drum type trap with PBS net; cylinder type trap with PE net; and cylinder type net with PBS net. Three funnels were attached in drum type trap and two funnels were used in cylinder type trap. A fleet of traps was consisted with one hundred traps. 25 traps of each type were set on a line in repeated sequence. Field experiments were conducted with 6 fishing operations in the Uljin waters, East Sea in July 2014. Catch of target whelks were 173,261 g and catch rate was 48.7% of total catch, while bycatch were 182,571 g, 51.3% of tatal catch. The catch rate of bycatch was 2.6% higher than that of target catch. Bycatch weight of snow crap was the highest as 142,987 g and formed about 40.2% of total catch, followed giant octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, 31,762 g (8.9%). Bycatch rate of cylinder type trap was 2.3 times higher than that of drum type trap. Discard rate (discard/(discard+landing)) was 43.6%. Discard rate was the highest at cylinder type trap with PBS net as 63.1%, followed cylinder type trap with PE net as 47.9%, drum type trap with PE net as 33.4%, the lowest at drum type trap with PBS net as 22.1%.

This thesis is the fundamental study on the adaptation of escape device for reducing small size of fish in set-net. The escape devices for experiments were made the grid-type devices with three different slit sizes (15, 20 and 25mm). The experiments of size selectivity on escape devices were conducted by using two kinds of species as black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) and sea perch (Lateolabrax maculatusi) in the experimental tank. The size selectivity curve was fitted by using a logistic function and the parameters of selectivity curve were estimated by a maximum likelihood method. In the results; 50% selection ranges for the grid-type escape devices with three different slit sizes were; a black rockfish was 13.30, 19.22 and 22.06cm and a sea perch was 17.64, 20.91 and 22.78cm, respectively. The 50% selection range of a black rockfish was wilder than a sea perch about 1.1~1.3 time. Therefore, the small size of fish are able to reduce by using the grid type escape device. However, the optimum slit size of grid should be decided to consider the size of target species and economics of catches.

Experimental fishing was carried out to compare the catches of main species and bycatch according to the codend mesh size (raschel, 15mm, 25mm, 35mm, 45mm) of stow net on anchor in the coastal waters of Seocheon after manufacturing five kinds of fishing gears and commercial fishing boat (7.93 tons) was used for it. Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), southern rough shrimp (Trachysalambria curvirostris), beka squid (Loligo beka), cuttle fish (Sepia esculenta), swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) were dominant on the five kinds of experimental fishing gears. Southern rough shrimp was caught from all kinds of fishing gears and catches of anchovy was highest in the raschel codend, southern rough shrimp for 15mm, 25mm, 35mm codend and beka squid for 45mm codend. Bycatch proportion against total catches was 623,376g (28.7%) for 2,171,844g in raschel, 11,932g (1.7%) for 704,451g in 15mm, 3,616g (1.6%) for 221,432g in 25mm, 9,276g (4.9%) for 191,052g in 35mm and 2,724g (5.3%) for 51,431g in 45mm.

This investigation was carried out to research on the actual states for bycatch and discards of catches caught by funnel net from December, 2007 to June, 2010. Fishing grounds were Manheung-dong and Ocheon-dong in the coastal waters of Yeosu. The number of the investigation was 21 in Manheung-dong and 7 in Ocheon-dong fishing ground. In Manheung-dong, the species of catches were 26 of fish, 6 of cephalopod and 5 of crustacean. In Ocheon-dong, the species of catches were 25 of fish, 6 of cephalopod and 4 of crustacean. In the two all fishing grounds, the largest amount of species was revealed as gray mullet. Among these catches, the number of non marketable species that were classified and discarded ones, were 9 in Manheung-dong and 7 in Ocheon-dong. Also, among the marketable species which were small entity or too tiny catches to commercialize and not fresh ones were discarded. The proportion that they dominate in the whole catches was 37.1% in the number of catches and 5.4% in the weight of catches in Manheung-dong, and 6.9% in the number of catches and 0.3% in the weight of catches in Ocheon-dong. In case of Manheung-dong, the monthly discarding proportion was the highest with 59.4% in the number of catches in may and 17.6% in the weight of catches in November, and in case of Ocheon-dong, the both of them were the highest in February, with 28.0% in the number of catches and 5.1% in the weight of catches.

솔껍질깍지벌레(Masucoccus thunbergianae)는 1987년 Miler와 Park이 최초로 보 고하였으며, 우리나라에서는 전남 고흥군 도양읍 비봉산의 해송림에서 고사목이 발생 하면서 피해가 시작되었다 솔껍질깍지벌레는 전남, 전북, 경남, 부산, 울산 등 주로 남․ 서해안 지역의 해송림에서 피해가 발생하고 있다. 솔껍질깍지벌레는 주로 남해안 지 역을 중심으로 피해가 발생하고 있는 반면에 내륙지역의 해송림에서는 피해가 발생되 지 않고 있어 발생양상에 있어 특이성을 보이고 있다. 솔껍질깍지벌레는 주로 부화약 충기나 난낭시기에 주로 바람에 의해 자연확산되나 경우에 따라서는 조경수나 가로수 로 식재할 목적으로 솔껍질깍지벌레 피해목을 굴취하여 다른 지역에 이동, 이식하는 인위적 확산도 있을 수가 있다. 솔껍질깍지벌레 피해임분의 효율적인 관리를 위해서 는 해충의 정확한 분포와 확산양상을 정확히 파악하여야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 해송이 대면적으로 분포하고 있는 지역(92개 시군구 677개 읍면 동)을 대상으로 시료를 채취하여 솔껍질깍지벌레의 단위면적당(φ 1cm) 밀도를 조사 하였고, 출현빈도율을 이용하여 분포도를 작성하였다. 그 결과 솔껍질깍지벌레는 60 개 시군구 373개 읍면동에서 분포하고 있었으며, 소나무재선충병 피해분포도를 중첩 한 결과 혼생피해지는 18개 시군구인 것으로 나타났다. 부산광역시의 경우 조사지역 16개 구군 79개 읍면동 중 16개 구군 65개 읍면동에 분포하고 있었으며, 경남은 19개 시군 204개 읍면동 중 12개 시군 90개 읍면동에서, 전남은 19개 시군 196개 읍면동 중 18개 시군 166개 읍면동에서 솔껍질깍지벌레가 분포하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 솔껍질깍지벌레의 단위면적당(φ 1cm) 충 밀도가 가장 높은 지역은 기장군 장안읍으 로 4.5마리였다. 솔껍질깍지벌레의 충 출현빈도율이 50%이상인 지역은 전남 보성군, 고흥군, 신안군, 울산광역시 남구와 동구로 나타났으며, 지리정보시스템(GIS)을 이용 하여 60개 시군구 373개 읍동의 솔껍질깍지벌레 충 출현빈도율 자료를 기초로 분포도 를 작성하였다.

Test fishing was carried out using six kinds of different mesh sizes (20, 22, 24, 28, 35, 40mm) for springnet-pot to study bycatches according to the mesh size and catches survey was done for another one (mesh size : 22mm, entrance round : 350mm) in Geo-je & Tong-young waters of Korea. On the first sea experiment, it was thought that suitable mesh size of spring-net-pot catching conger-eel over 35cm with decreasing the catches of conger-eel (Conger myriaster) below 35cm was 24mm. On the second sea experiment, commercial catches were crabs (Charybdis bimaculata), octopus minor (Octopus variabilis) and others including conger-eel, and catches proportion was 60% of total catches weights. There was no big difference for the monthly catches. Self-consumption catches were 9 species including conger-eel below 35cm holding 50% of catches in the side of weights. There were 40% of bycatches for the catches weights and 63% for catches numbers in the 22mm mesh size of spring-net-pot having entrance round over 140mm. It showed that 50% of catches weights were discarded.