In order to determine the future direction of Busan City’s tree planting policy in accordance with changes in automobile fuel and air pollutants, this study selected representative tree species planted in Busan and identified the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emission rate and characteristics of each species. First, representative tree species were selected for each street tree species, forest tree species, and park tree species, and the emission rate and major components of BVOCs were investigated for each tree species. Furthermore, by comparing the ozone generation potential (POCP) for each tree species, tree species with a low emission rate were selected. According to the POCP comparison, P. yedoensis, G. biloba, Z. serrata and C. retusus were selected as roadside tree species, P. densiflora and C. obtusa as forest species, and A. palmatum, C. japonica, and Q. myrsinaefolia were deemed suitable for park species. However, in the case of P. occidentalis, Quercus, and M. glyptostroboides, the emission rates of BVOCs were found to be high. Despite this, these tree species were found to display excellent CO2 absorption and carbon storage. The concentration of NOx in the city center is likely to decrease due to the current trend of transitioning to eco-friendly cars worldwide, resulting in less cars that rely on fossil fuels. Therefore, in the current climate where NOx emissions are still high, planting tree species with a low BVOCs emission rate would be an optimal approach. On the other hand, if the NOx concentration in the city is found to be very low due to changes in automobile fuel use, planting tree species with excellent BVOCs emission capacity and CO2 absorption would be ideal.

Yeosu National Industrial Complex is one of Korea’s representative petrochemical industrial complexes where crude oil refining and petrochemical companies are concentrated. According to the results of the 2021 chemical emissions survey, during the process of manufacturing, storage, and transportation at the Yeosu National Industrial Complex, various hazardous chemicals, including hazardous air pollutants, volatile organic compounds and odorous substances are being emitted into the air, affecting the surrounding environment and the health of residents. The Ministry of Environment is applying strengthened standards by designating the Yeosu National Industrial Complex as an air conservation special measure area and establishing odor management areas to manage the air environment. Nevertheless, odor complaints continue to be registered and related complaints increase when turnaround work is carried out. Since air emissions are not counted during periods of turnaround as normal operations are temporarily suspended, it was difficult to establish policies to reduce odor complaints because the source of emissions and emission quantities cannot be ascertained with certainty. In this study, the extensive Yeosu National Industrial Complex was subdivided into 4 areas using a mobile vehicle equipped with PTR-ToF-MS capable of real-time analysis without sample pretreatment being carried out. Measurements were repeated during the day, night, and dawn while moving around the internal boundary of the plant and the boundary of each region where turnaround activities were being carried out. As a result, the recorded measurement for acrylonitrile was the highest at 6340.0 ppb and propyne and propene were measured the most frequently at 128 times each. Based on these results, it will be possible to help reduce emissions through process improvement by efficiently operating air measurement networks and odor surveys that conduct regular measurements throughout the year and providing actual measurement data to the plant. Also, it will help reduce odor complaints and establish systematic air management policies.

국내 대기오염물질 배출량 통계에 따르면 상당한 대기오염물질이 선박에 의해 발생하고 있다. 따라서 선박으로부터의 대기오 염물질 배출 제한과 항만지역 대기질 개선을 위해 다양한 정책들이 시행되고 있고, 국제적으로도 선박에 의한 해양오염 방지를 위해 국 제 협약 등이 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 실제 운항하는 선박에서 배출되는 대기오염물질 측정에 관한 연구와 실험은 거의 이루어지고 있 지 않아, 본 연구는 이동식배출가스측정장비(PEMS)를 사용하여 실제 운항하는 9,169톤급 선박에서 발생하는 대기오염물질 배출량 평가에 대한 방법과 가능성을 제시하였다. RPM과 부하에 따라 배출량의 차이가 있었으며, NOX 배출량은 497-2,060ppm, CO2는 1.55-6.9%, CO는 0.002-0.14% 수준이다. 엔진 제조사에서 제공하는 Shop Test에 명시된 배출량과 실제 측정된 배출량에 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 대상선박 의 전 항해구간에서 발생하는 각 대기오염물질 최대 배출량이 PEMS 측정 구간에 포함되는 것을 확인하여, 총톤수 10,000톤급 이내 선박 에 PEMS 활용 가능성을 검증하였다.

In Korea, five major ports have been designated as sulfur oxide emission control areas to reduce air pollutant emissions, in accordance with Article 10 of the “Special Act on Port Air Quality” and Article 32 of the “Ship Pollution Prevention Regulations”. As regulations against vesseloriginated air pollutants (such as PM, CO2, NOx, and SOx) have been strengthened, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries(MOF) enacted rules that newly built public ships should adopt eco-friendly propulsion systems. However, particularly in diesel–electric hybrid propulsion systems,the demand for precise control schemes continues to grow as the fuel saving rate significantly varies depending on the control strategy applied. The conventional Power Take In–Power Take Off(PTI–PTO) mode control adopts a rule-based strategy, but this strategy is applied only in the low-load range and PTI mode; thus, an additional method is required to determine the optimal fuel consumption point. The proposed control method is designed to optimize fuel consumption by applying the equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS) to the PTI–PTO mode by considering the characteristics of the specific fuel oil consumption(SFOC) of the engine in a diesel–electric hybrid propulsion system. To apply this method, a specific fishing vessel model operating on the Korean coast was selected to simulate the load operation environment of the ship. In this study, a 10.2% reduction was achieved in the MATLAB/SimDrive and SimElectric simulation by comparing the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of the ship to which the conventional rule-based strategy was applied and that to which the ECMS was applied.

본 연구에서는 국내 서로 다른 지리적 특성을 갖는 지역에서 발생되는 해륙풍에 의한 항만 내 선박 대기오염물질의 항구도시 확산 범위를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 대상 지역은 서해안(인천항 및 평택·당진항), 다도해 지역(목포항), 남해 및 동해(부산항 및 마산항), 동해 산간 지역(동해·묵호항)으로 선정하였다. 해륙풍 발생과 그로 인한 항만 내 선박에서 기인하는 대기오염물질의 확산 모사를 위하여 비선형(Non-linear) 및 비정상(Unsteady) 거동의 국지 순환풍 모사가 가능한 HOTMAC-RAPTAD 프로그램을 활용하였으며, 모사 기간은 전형적인 여름 날씨인 7월 중순으로 하였다. 그 결과, 해륙풍의 발생 특성과 항만에서 발생되는 대기오염물질의 주변 지역 확산 거동이 지역 마다 서로 다르게 나타났는데 연구 대상 항만인 인천항, 목포항, 부산항, 동해·묵호항에서 배출되는 대기오염물질은 항구로부터 각각 27~31km(서울 서쪽 일부 지역), 21~24km(무안 남부), 20~26km(김해 및 양산 인근), 22~25km(태백산맥 능선 지역)까지 영향을 끼치는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 향후 효과적인 항만 지역 대기질과 선박 대기오염물질 관리에 있어 매우 중요한 기초 수단으로 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The correlation among gaseous air pollutants (odorous compounds, greenhouse gases) and meteorological parameters was analyzed in-depth using measurement data at a barn and ambient in a naturally ventilated dairy farm. Both concentration and emission data (loading rate and emission rate), which more accurately express the actual pollutant emissions, were used in the correlation analysis. Gaseous air pollutants (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane) and meteorological factors (relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, solar strength) were measured for one week in July 2013. The upper and lower outliers of measured data by inducing 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) were eliminated. After eliminating the outliers and grouping according to data magnitude, the correlation analysis among gaseous compounds and meteorological factors was conducted using the average values of each group. In the correlation analysis, data for the emission rate (barn) and the loading rate (ambient) showed a better correlation than concentration data. Gaseous air pollutants except for hydrogen sulfide in the barn showed a good correlation. Hydrogen sulfide might not be produced from manure or animal origin. Rather, the compound may be produced by flushing water, which was flushed at periodical times (every six hours). Ammonia emissions increased with increasing temperature, and this increase can be affected from greater exertion of feces by frequent water drinking in a high-temperature condition. In the ambient, the correlation for all gaseous air pollutants was better than that in the barn, because those air pollutants from manure, animals, and flushing water origins were sufficiently mixed in the atmosphere. Wind speed also showed a good correlation with all gaseous air pollutants.

본 연구는 화력발전소 배출로 인한 지표면 오염물질 농도의 시·공간적 영향을 실측 자료를 바탕으로 정량적으로 분석하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 배출과 농도 관계의 정량적 분석을 위해 우선 기상 조건과 주변 배출원의 영향을 고려하였다. 이를 위해 자료의 선택과 관측지점 선정 과정을 제안하였고, 선정된 지표면 시·공간 자료에 K-Z 필터와 경험직교함수(EOF) 분석 기법을 적용하였다. 사용된 자료는 2014-2017년 4년의 기간 동안 당진과 태안 화력발전소 굴뚝 자동측정기기의 농도값을 이용하여 산출한 한 시간 평균 배출량 자료와 지표면 대기오염농도 측정망 자료이다. 기상 자료로는 최근 배포 중인 ERA5 재분석자료와 기상청 종관기상관측소 한 시간 평균 자료가 사용되었다. 발전소만의 영향이 최대한 보이도록 기상 효과와 지리적인 요인을 고려하여 선택한 시간대의 선정된 관측소 자료만을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 지표면 대기오염물질의 EOF 첫 번째 모드는 SO2, NO2, PM10 모두에 대해 97% 이상의 변동성을 설명하였다. 또한 지표면 농도장의 EOF 첫 번째 모드의 시계열은 화력발전소 배출과 유의미한 상관성을 보였다. 결과적으로 당진 화력발전소 SO2, NO2, TSP 시간 당 배출량이 각각 10%가 감소하면, 남서풍 계열의 바람에 의해 직접 영향을 받는 서울 수도권 지표면 평균 SO2 농도는 0.468 ppb (R=0.384), NO2는 1.050 ppb (R=0.572), PM10은 2.045 μg m−3 (R=0.343) 정도가 감소한다고 판단할 수 있다. 태안화력발전소의 경우, SO2, NO2, TSP 배출량을 각각 시간당 10% 씩 감축하면, SO2는 0.284 ppb (R=0.648), NO2는 0.842 ppb (R=0.683), PM10은 1.230 μg m−3 (R=0.575) 정도가 감소될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 태안화력발전소는 당진화력발전소에 비해 수도권지역 농도에 미치는 영향은 작았으나, 상관관계는 더 높았다.

In this study, real-time monitoring of air quality using a real-time mobile monitoring system was conducted to identify the emission characteristics and current status of air pollutants and odorous substances that are mainly generated in domestic dyeing industrial areas and to trace the pollutant sources. The concentration of toluene in the industrial area was detected up to 926.4 ppb, which was 3 to 4 times higher than that of other industrial areas. The concentration of methylethylketone was 124.7 ppb and the concentration of dichloromethane was 129.5 ppb. Acrolein concentration was highest at E point at 521.6 ppb, methanol concentration was highest at D point at 208.8 ppb, and acetone concentration was highest at M and N points at 549.3 ppb. The most frequently detected concentration of pollutants in the air quality monitoring results in the industrial area was, in descending order, toluene > methanol > acrolein > dichloromethane > acetone, which was similar to the chemical emissions used in the industrial area by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register data. The concentration of odorous substances measured in real time was compared with the concentration of minimum detection, and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was about 10 times higher than the concentration of minimum detection at A point, which was judged to be the main odorous cause of A point. In the future, if the real-time mobile measurement system is constructed to automatically connect wind direction/wind speed, PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) data and SEMS (Stack Emission Management System) data, etc., it was judged that more accurate monitoring could be performed.

본 연구에서는 선박용 엔진을 활용하여 E2, E3 사이클 시험 결과로부터 연료 내 황 함유량 변화에 따른 대기오염물질 배출 특성을 조사하였다. 테스트를 위해 사용된 엔진은 360 PS의 엔진(Doosan L126TIH engine)을 활용하였고, 동력계로는 Horiba-Schenck사의 400㎾급 동력계인 W400을 사용하였다. 엔진에서 발생되는 대기오염물질 계측을 위해서는 오스트리아 AVL사의 FTIR과 SPC 장비를 배기라인 후단에 장착해서 사용하였다. 실험 결과로는 E2, E3 사이클 모두에서 연료 내 황 함유량이 증가할수록 THC와 CO의 단위 출력 당 배출량은 감소하고 입자상물질은 증가하였다. 연료의 황 함유량이 증가할수록 동점도가 증가되어 엔진의 연료소모율이 좋아지는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 본 연구에 사용된 엔진의 경우 연료 분사압력이 일정한 상태에서 동점도 증가에 따른 분무입자의 평균입경이 커짐에 따른 연소 상태가 개선되었기 때문이라 생각되어진다. 질소산화물의 경우 이번 연구에서는 황함유량의 변화에도 배출량에서는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다.

This study investigates the indoor air quality conditions of the total of 52 buses depend on seasons, time and others. We evaluated the CO₂and PM10, the controlled parameters in express buses by Ministry of Environment and VOCs and HCHO, the non-controlled parameters. The CO₂concentration during peak commute times was 38.5% in summer and 15.4% in autumn, which are higher than the normal. But, PM10 concentration was influenced by the outside air not number of passengers. The concentration of VOCs were not related with other parameters such as number of passengers, seasons, and driving time. And then, the formaldehyde concentration was not related with seasons as it showed little difference between summer and autumn.

In this study, the loading rates (or emission rate) and concentrations of air pollutants (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP)) emitted from a naturally ventilated dairy facility were analyzed and compared to enable a better understanding that are in close proximity to each other, air pollution status. In general, the pollution patterns should be similar in measurement sites that are in close proximity to each other, and this hypothesis was fundamental to our approach in this study. For the comparison in nearby different sites, monitoring points were located at inside (source site) and outside the dairy building (ambient site), and concentrations and wind velocity were simultaneously monitored in real time. The patterns of PM2.5 emission rate and loading rate were similar in the source site and the ambient site which was consist with the hypothesis, while the PM2.5 mass concentration were not similar in both sites. As well as PM2.5, the emission rates (source site) of gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were highly correlated to their loading rates (ambient site), while the concentrations of CO2 and N2O were not similar. Therefore, wind velocity, which is included in the emission or loading rate, should be simultaneously monitored with the concentration at the same measurement points for better understanding of the air pollution status.

선박의 오염물질 배출에 대한 규제는 최근 IMO/MEPC(국제해사기구/해양환경보호위원회)를 통해서 진행 중이다. 선박오염원 에서 배출된 오염물질은 국지적인 요인에 의해서 연안지역을 비롯하여 육지로 확산될 수 있다. 인천과 같이 선박 배출 오염물질에 노출 되어 있는 항구 도시에서 선박오염원 조절은 연안지역의 대기질 관리정책을 효율적으로 고안하기 위해서 반드시 필요하다. 연안지역의 대기오염물질 중 선박에 의한 NOx와 SOx의 농도는 전체 NOx와 SOx 농도의 각각 14 %와 10 %를 차지한다(NIER, 2008). 연안도시지역의 대기질은 국지적인 순환에 의존하는 오염물질의 확산 경향과 선박의 수에 영향을 받는다. 선박오염원으로부터 배출된 오염물질의 확산 을 WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)의 기상장을 기초로 CALPUFF(California Puff model)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 그리고 연안도 시지역의 대기확산모델은 정박한 선박과 입·출항하는 선박으로 나누어 각각 점오염원과 선오염원으로 구분하여 모의하였다. 선박척수 82~84척을 기준으로 NOx의 총 평균 배출량은 입·출항시 각각 6.2 g/s, 6.8 g/s이었고, SOx의 총 평균 배출량은 입·출항시 각각 3.6 g/s, 5.1 g/s 이었다. 정박 중인 선박의 NOx와 SOx에 대한 총 평균 배출량은 각각 0.77 g/s, 1.93 g/s이었다. 육풍의 영향으로 인하여 인천항으로부터 내 륙으로 진행되는 오염물질의 수송이 억제되었고, 내륙의 SOx와 NOx 농도가 일시적으로 감소하는 원인이 되었다. 해풍에 의해 NOx와 SOx가 내륙으로 확산되었고, 내륙의 NOx와 SOx의 농도가 점차 증가하였다. 인천항과 인접한 지역의 오염물질의 농도는 해륙풍의 영향 보다 인천항에 정박 중인 선박오염원에 의한 영향이 더욱 크게 반영되었다. 본 연구는 연안도시지역의 대기질 정책고안과 배출기준을 정하는 것에 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

Modeling은 기상의 흐름, 화학반응 및 대기오염물질의 형성과정 등 대기현상을 과학적으로 이해하고 개발계획 및 대기 개선에 따른 정책수립의 기초자료로 활용된다. 최근 컴퓨팅 계산능력이 발전 하면서 수치모델의 모델링 영역과 모델결과의 이용분야가 점차 다양해지고 있으며, 오염물질 발생원으로 부터 시간의 흐름에 따라 오염물질농도를 예측이 가능해졌다. 본 연구는 일산열병합발전소 및 고양시 소 각장 주변지역을 대상으로 CALPUFF 확산모델을 적용하여 대기 중 배출 된 NO와 TSP의 확산을 모사 하고, 실제 측정결과와 비교함으로써 배출원에 의한 주변지역의 기여농도를 검토하였다.1, 2차 NO2 기여율 비교 결과 A-3 지점이 타 지점에 비해 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 이는 열병합발 전소 및 소각시설에서 배출되는 질소산화물의 영향이 타 지역에 비해 비교적 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 1, 2차 TSP 기여율 비교 결과 A-5 지점이 비교적 타 지점에 비해 다소 높게 나타났으나, 기여율 값이 매우 낮음에 따라 열병합발전소 및 소각시설에서 배출되는 먼지에 의한 영향은 비교적 낮다고 판단된다.

The indoor air quality of residences has been regulated by designating recommended standard levels of pollutants for newly built apartments. But as of yet, no related guideline has been established for dwellings that are already occupied. From a sociological viewpoint, the gap between the rich and poor has been gradually increasing with economic development, and this has extended to the diversification of house types and living environments. Specifically, people who have the lowest income levels may live in temporary houses such as vinyl greenhouses and shanty houses, and their living environment is mostly inadequate as a result. In this study, we surveyed the indoor air quality in normal and socially vulnerable houses after the occupation stage and tried to figure out the main factors influencing indoor air quality. Airborne fungi are detected more frequently in lower living standard houses. Put another way, the concentration of airborne bacteria and the volatile organic compound levels are much higher than in normal dwellings.

The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the removal characteristics of gas/particulate phase pollutants for the present system. Experimentally, we performed to estimate the pressure drop and air pollution removal efficiency with physical variables such as stage number, tube velocity, tube diameter, water spray (NH4OH), and so on. It was concluded that the pressure drop was shown below 111 mmH2O lower than that of the existing scrubber (centrifugal spray chamber, over 200 mmAq) at inlet velocity 3.46 m/s and 5 stage. The particular removal efficiency of this system was to be significantly higher at 99.8% in comparison with that of the existing scrubber for 5 stage, inlet velocity 3.46 m/s and NH4OH (aq) 300 mL/min. It was estimated that the removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO2 were 80% and 70% at system inlet velocity 2.07 m/s and NH4OH (aq) 300 mL/min respectively. Additionally, the present collection system was to be considered as an effective compact system for simultaneous removal of air pollutants (gas/particulate) due to much higher removal efficiency and appropriate pressure drop without a demister.

The main object of this study is to investigate the collection characteristics of an electro-static multi-staged impaction system, experimentally. The experiment is carried out to analyze the characteristics of pressure drop and collection efficiency for the present system with the experimental parameters such as the inlet velocity, stage number, applied voltage and shape of discharge electrode, etc. In results, the pressure drop is shown below 148 mmH2O lower than that of the conventional bag filter at inlet velocity 3.46 m/s and 5 stage. For 5 stage , the collection efficiencies are to be 97.4, 99.0% with the applied voltage 0 kV at the inlet velocity 2.07, 3.46 m/s, while 98.4, 99.9% with 40 kV of a sharp edge discharge electrode. Additionally, the present system is to be considered as an effective compact system for a removal of particulate pollutants from marine diesel engines due to much higher collection efficiency and appropriate pressure drop.