습지생태계에 심각한 영향을 미치는 침입외래종 황소개구리(Rana catesbeiana)의 생태적 제어를 목적으로 효과적인 생물종을 선발하기 위하여 6종의 토종 포식성 어류와 6종의 조류를 이용하여 황소개구리의 올챙이와 아성체를 대상으 로 포식률을 측정하였다. 본 실험에 사용한 어류 중 동자개(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco), 메기(Silurus asotus), 가물치 (Channa argus) 3종은 황소개구리의 올챙이와 아성체를 모두 포식하였고, 그 중 전자를 더 선호하였다. 그러나 끄리 (Opsariichthys uncirostris), 드렁허리(Monopterus albus), 뱀장어(Anguilla japonica) 3종은 황소개구리의 올챙이와 아성체를 전혀 섭식하지 않았다. 그리고 고니(Cygnus columbianus), 큰고니(Cygnus cygnus), 쇠오리(Anas crecca), 원앙(Aix galericulata), 홍머리오리(Anas penelope), 가창오리(Anas formosa) 등 실험에 사용한 6종의 조류 또한 황소 개구리의 올챙이와 아성체를 전혀 먹지 않았다. 결과적으로, 국내 습지생태계에서 토종 물고기를 이용한 침입외래종 황소개구리의 제어가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

On Cheju Island something happened in ‘peacetime’ under the American Occupation-namely a major peasant war-and after decades of repression Cheju people finally have came forward to tell their stories and demand compensation, and no special pleading about the exigencies of wartime will suffice to assuage the American conscience. What formerly classified American materials document is a merciless, wholesale assault on the people of this island. No one will ever know how many died in this onslaught, but the American data, long kept secret, ranged between 30,000 and 60,000 killed, with upwards of 40,000 more people having fled to Japan (where many still live in Osaka). There were at most 300,000 people living on Cheju Island in the late 1940s.1 This happened when the U.S. was legally responsible for actions taken under its command, but as it happened, instead of punishing the criminals, American leaders directed the suppression of the rebellion and were pleased when it was crushed. The effective political leadership on Cheju until early 1948 was provided by strong leftwing people’s committees that first emerged in August 1945, and later continued under the American Occupation (1945-1948). The Occupation preferred to ignore Cheju rather than to do much about the committees; it appointed a formal mainland leadership but let the people of the island run their own affairs. The result was an entrenched leftwing, one with no important ties to the North and few to the South Korean Workers Party (SKWP) on the mainland; the island was also well and peaceably governed in 1945-47, particularly by contrast to the mainland. In early 1948 as Syngman Rhee and his American supporters moved to institute his power in a separate southern regime, however, the Cheju people responded with a strong guerrilla insurgency that soon tore the island apart.

The present study focuses on the construct of entrepreneurial alertness, investigating the external antecedents of the construct, responding to the call for more research pledged by Tang, Kacmar, and Busenitz (2012). Namely, we examine how receiving feedback, awards and collaboration offers in relation to an individual’s hobby activity influences the development of entrepreneurial alertness dimensions. Additionally, we make a contribution by testing the effect of these external factors in a non-entrepreneurial context of homebrewing communities, that is individuals producing beer at home as a hobby. In line with other form of craft activities, this context has demonstrated a high potential for business start-up development due to the increasing number of new small brewing businesses in North America run by entrepreneurs that were previously homebrewers (Carroll & Swaminathan, 2000). We test our tenets within the complexity theory, where configurations of antecedents are examined in order to gain deeper understanding of the possible outcome (Woodside, 2014), using 213 completed questionnaires. We apply fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA, Ragin 2000; 2008) to achieve a holistic overview of the examined interrelationships (Ordanini, Parasuraman & Rubera, 2015). We find that high feedback is a sufficient condition for high scanning and search, association and connection, as well as evaluation and judgement activities of entrepreneurial alertness. Without feedback, people at the hobby stage engage in their leisure activities solely because they like it. However, receiving feedback in relation to their hobby outcomes provides an opportunity for individuals to develop and experience additional motivations beyond enjoyment, where they understand that the hobby could be commercialized and bring monetary rewards. Moreover, we find that an individual receiving low amount of awards but high amount of collaboration offers may also have high entrepreneurial alertness. Since individuals receive rewards related to the excellent performance in their leisure activity, it may not provide any cue for a potential transformation into a business. However, the more collaboration offers people receive, the more likely they get involved in scanning and search, association and connection, and evaluation and judgement activities of entrepreneurial alertness. Therefore, they are likely to conduct additional search, connect bits of available information and evaluate this business opportunity (Gaglio & Winter, 2009). The findings of this study could help entrepreneurs reflect on their decisions and behaviours during the business start-up planning process, and measure their entrepreneurial alertness and the extent of readiness to engage in business venturing.

Fashion bloggers and their personal brands have attracted significant attention in recent years, as prior research has indicated their importance in shaping the fashion industry. As fashion is cultural-specific social construct, to understand how bloggers’ personal brands are developed, it is critical to examine the practices of bloggers from two different cultures, namely, Taiwanese and American. The two cultures are chosen because fashionable persons in the U.S. are well established and can be considered as qualified brands that accumulate a significant amount of followers and fame. However, this institutional process is still under development in Taiwan where routine practices, norms and rules, and the structural features that serve to guide and constrain the behaviours of individuals have yet been established. To focus on the practices within the institution, the framework of practice theory is applied to analyze how individual bloggers negotiate their ways to become branded persons. Focusing on the best practices in the field, 20 most popular fashion blogs from the U.S. and Taiwan were selected in the sample. The verbal and visual texts visible in these blogs are analyzed. The results suggest that moving from amateur bloggers who take interests in fashion to establishing a well-connected fashionable persona in the fashion industry is a long process of celebrities in the making. The contrasts between the two countries indicate that cultural elements are important factors to consider in understanding the formation of persona-fied brands. It appears that the usual assumption of distinction between the public persona and the private persona does not always imply in persona-fied brands. When the external institutions have yet been established, the practices of such a distinction may prove to be challenging. While all the bloggers included in the sample are still unified persons that encompass both the creation and the execution of the personal brands. U.S. bloggers are slowly moving toward professional management of the brands where they see themselves as persona-fied brands and where other persons may execute the brandable qualities on their behalf. On the other hand, Taiwanese bloggers rarely make such a distinction. In fact, most of the bloggers have yet identified the two facets in their personas. They do not see themselves as micro-celebrities that stand in a higher level of the hierarchy than their fans. They regard themselves as part of a fashionable community where others appreciate their taste. This is evident by the practices of how they organize their communities and how they interact with their fan bases.

본 논문은 아메리칸 르네상스 벽화에 드러나는 와스프 계층의 타자화 전략과 그들의 지배 이 데올로기를 이민의 급증이라는 사회적 문맥 내에서 고찰한 연구이다. 1880년대 이민의 급증으로 사회적 위기의식을 느낀 와스프 계층은 와스프 문화를 지키는 과정에서 그들 문화의 범주를 지형 학적으로, 인종적으로, 종교적으로 제한했다. 이 시기 아메리칸 르네상스 벽화들은 와스프 지배층 의 지배 이념과 이상을 포함하고 있으며, 와스프 계층은 이 벽화들을 통해 지배 이데올로기를 강화 하려 했다. 다문화주의로 변화하는 시기 아메리칸 르네상스 벽화들은 와스프 계층의 상반된 두 가 지 전략을 보여주었다. 한편으로는 이주민들을 자신들의 영역에서 분리해서 자신들만의 공적 영 역을 강화시키는 방식과 또 다른 한편으로는 회유와, 설득을 통해 자신들의 영역으로 편입시키는 방식을 보여주었다.

본 연구는 1970년대 미국에서 사회적으로 큰 이슈를 불러일으 킨 영화 ‘뻐꾸기 둥지 위로 날아간 새’에 대한 영화분석 연구 를 통해 그 당시 정신요양시설의 현실과 문제점을 분석하여 그것이 우리에게 주는 사회복지적 함의를 찾아내 보고자 하는데 연구 의 목적을 두었다. 영화 속에 나타난 그 당시의 정신병원의 문제점을 분석해 보 면, 수용 위주의 시설운영, 수용인에 대한 비인격적 대우, 시설편 의적 프로그램과 운영, 개인적 폭력 등이 있었다. 이러한 문제점 은 40년이 더 지난 현재의 정신요양시설에서도 비슷한 양상을 보 이고 있어 그러한 문제점에 대한 개선책이 필요한 것으로 보인 다. 영화 속 문제점에 대한 개선책으로는, 수용위주의 기능 지양, 정신요양시설에 대한 감독 강화, 정신장애인 위주의 프로그램과 그 운영, 정신요양시설 근무자에 대한 체계적 교육 등을 제시하 였다.

The purpose of this article is to observe some particular characteristics of relationships between Jeju-islanders and government in the era of American Military Rule (1945-1948). More specially, I am concerned with understanding of some aspects of special relationships of conflicts between people and government in Jeju island. In order to examine some characteristics of Jeju islanders’ attitude against the American Military Government, I try to concentrate more on the contexts of policy of American Military Government, examination of contents of policy making at local government level, types of policy-implementation through qualitative content analysis of articles of THE JEJU SHINBO ( only one newspaper in Jeju-do of that period). In using survey method, I am also explaining about why Jeju islanders support dissident groups rather than American Military Government : phenomena of Jeju islanders’ anti-government political orientation. I can learn about some aspects of relationships between people and American Military Government through my research of content analysis on articles of newspaper (the period of analysis : January 1, 1947- April 20, 1948). In the concrete, I have some propositions about relationships between people and government. 1. I can find some experiences common to Jeju islanders’ discontents against policy implementation of American Military Government among painful events which occurred under bad administration. For example, American military government prohibited people from participatingin anniversary meeting of March 1st Independence Movement Day without reason. At day, it was terrific that innocent 6 people had died by pistol shooting of military police force in March of 1947. From my analysis I confirm that hard-liner policy of American military government developed into bad administration that had restructured to support bureaucracy- centered society rather peopleoriented one. 2. I can find that hard-liner policy forming and unreasonable policy implementation had made Jeju islanders’ political orientation worse from pro-attitudes toward American Military Rule to antigovernment mode. I think that it is meaningful task to the extent how to explain anti- government movement of Jeju islanders’ by means of some aspects of conflict relationships between people and government in the policy forming and implementation processes. I concluded that policy direction of American had supported for the framework of anti-communism politics and militaryoriented pattern of organization culture in Jeju island. I think that it is meaningful for me to explain failure and dilemma of policy making in the era of American government that oppressed a peaceful higher expectation of autonomy and desire of Jeju islanders’ toward good administration for democratic nation building.

Generation X and baby boomers represent a significant group that are willing to spend. According to the American Express Open Forum (2013), baby boomers in America between the age 49 and 65 are more in favor of spending than any other consumer group. The Hyundai Research Institute (2015) stated that the market size for baby boomers will increase over 18% annually in Korea. Equally important is generation X, because this group is also reaching a high-earning stage of their lives (Luxury Daily, 2011). Further, they are predicted to take the place of baby boomers as a cash cow for marketers (American Express Open Forum, 2014).This lucrative demographic of baby boomers and generation X is a potential gold mine. Despite the fact that these groups are showing such interest in spending, brands and retailers are not giving them the same amount of attention. While more middle-aged women want to dress more youthfully, retailers and brands are not evolving their products at the same pace (USA Today, 2008). They are finding it difficult to find a solution to meet the needs of this aging but youthful group (USA Today, 2008). Brands such as Chico’s and Ann Taylor are not providing the styles that the women want, so boomers turn to younger brands such as Abercrombie & Fitch, H&M, and Forever 21 (Forbes, 2008). But the younger brands are not satiating their needs, either (Forbes, 2008). While the boomers and generation X are harnessing fashion economic control, the players in the market are lagging behind. To understand what the market must do to meet the apparel needs of baby boomers and generation X, it is pivotal to delve into how they feel about their age and how it affects the factors that influence their purchasing. According to Schiffman and Sherman (1991), aging is more of a state of mind than a physical state. Understanding older consumers through cognitive age (self-perceived age) has been done by many researchers (Sudbury & Simcock, 2009; Szmigin & Carrigan, 2012). Cognitive age indicates how older people view themselves in the context of aging. Barak and Schiffman (1981) stated that elderly respondents identified themselves as a younger age group when they were asked about their age-related feelings and actions. Equally important is understanding how cognitive age affects the physical self, which in this study, is body cathexis. Body cathexis, according to Labat and DeLong (1990), is “the evaluative dimension of body image and is defined as a positive and negative feeling towards one’s body.” While women may feel younger than they actually are, the body is inevitably aging. As Jang and Yoo (2011) reported after studying Korean women in their 40s and 50s, the correlation between cognitive ages and ideal body images were significant, and the younger they feel, the younger body images they desired. In addition, the physical self highly influences a person’s choice of clothing and how they perceive clothing in general (Kwon & Parham, 1994). When clothing is used in a positive manner, it can boost one’s self-confidence (Alexander, Connell, & Presly, 2005). It is also thought to be an extension of the physical self (Horn & Gurel, 1981). By understanding what middle-aged women seek when buying clothes, we can assume how satisfied they are about their body. Thus, the clothing benefits items and purchasing behavior of middle-aged women would most likely reflect the function of their clothing and how they perceive themselves.

In 2010, there were approximately 38.9 million Black Americans residing in the U.S. (Waters, Kasinitz, & Asad, 2014). Caribbean and African-Americans do engage in luxury shopping (Forbes, 2013). A three part theoretical framework has been developed to present this research, including spatial diffusion theory, conspicuous consumption theory, and the Value Chain model. Although there is a vast amount of information on luxury attributes, there is a gap in research surrounding this topic in relation to ethnic groups such as Caribbean and African-American consumers. Hence, the purpose of the study is to examine the impact of luxury brand attributes on Caribbean and African-American consumers. The specific objectives of this study were to identify the main attributes of luxury goods and services; to examine these main attributes and compare Caribbean and African-American consumers; and to study the impact of those attributes on purchase intentions and word-of-mouth on purchase decisions. The study surveyed 440 consumers and interviewed 8 individuals. Participants were West Indians residing in the U.S. and in the Caribbean, and African-Americans residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 64. The data was then analyzed using SPSS. A total of eight (8) interviews were conducted (7 females and 1 male). The consumers ranged from ages 20 to 33. Questions covered the following topics: demographics, lifestyle, sources of appearance, shopping patterns and preferences, and dress and appearance preferences. Texts within the interviews were coded and Cohen’s kappa was also conducted to establish reliability. The main criterion when shopping was style. There were significant differences between Ethnicity and the following: having favorite brands while shopping (Χ2 = 37.741, p = .000); whether or not the respondents’ favorite brands were high fashion (Χ2 = 19.123, p = .000); whether or not respondents liked wearing expensive clothing and/or accessories (Χ2 = 21.200, p = .000); feeling the need to invest in luxury apparel (Χ2 = 20.836, p = .000); respondents thinking that wearing luxury products convey success or accomplishment (Χ2 = 40.936, p = .000); and imitating the way celebrities dress (Χ2 = 37.006, p = .000). The survey revealed that respondents consulted family members, friends, and co-workers for fashion advice. The findings of this study support previous literature in relation to the main attributes of luxury goods. Conspicuous consumption theory explains the behavior of these consumers who may be trying to display their wealth by purchasing expensive items. Word-of-mouth played a significant role in the purchase decisions of both consumer groups. For Caribbean consumers, the main criteria were style and quality, whereas for African-Americans, the main criteria were style and price. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the meaning of soul fashion in American pop culture. This study was conducted using a literature research method based on the prior theses, journals and relevant books. Soul as a concept, originated in African-American communities and evolved from the ideology of Black Power, which prompted Black Nationalism. Soul fashion, which took on two styles in African American culture began to embody black resistance and community pride in the late 20th century. One of these, hip-hop style represented the message of resistance and a sense of beauty outside the mainstream. The other, African–inspired fashion, which utilized a look inspired by African tradition, rejected white supremacy by expressing a proud dignity. As a result, the meaning of “soul” in soul fashion represented by American pop culture resulted in contrasting appearance due to different elements. First, one of its meanings is ironic and sarcastic, and it expressed historical trauma, cultural stereotypes, self-hatred, and self-degradation and, the self-mutilation of African-American by cynically distorting their silhouettes and, using modified materials and patterns, fantastic colors, and extraordinary accessories. Second, the other meanings is the pride and dignity of Black Power, which visualized the concentration of ideas implied by the tradition of African-American, through soul fashion by using fierce traditional of African costumes, unique patterns and accessories.

서평

본 연구에서는 황소개구리 서식지 내에서 토종어류를 이 용하여 습지생태계에 심각한 영향을 미치는 황소개구리의 제어 방법을 연구하기 위해 진행되었다. 연구기간은 2013 년 9월부터 2015년 3월까지로, 2013년 9월에 토종어류인 끄리, 메기, 동자개 그리고 가물치를 선정하여 황소개구리 올챙이 섭식연구를 진행하였다. 그후 10월에 황소개구리 서 식처에 토종어류를 도입하였으며, 2015년 1월부터 3월까지 토종어류를 도입한 서식처와 도입하지 않은 서식처를 모니 터링하여 동물상의 변화를 비교하였다. 섭식 실험은 각각의 토종어류를 1마리씩 수조에 넣고, 각 수조에 올챙이를 10마 리씩 넣은 후 6일 동안 올챙이 수의 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 가물치가 가장 많이 황소개구리의 올챙이를 먹은 것으로 나타났다. 이에 반해, 끄리는 황소개구리 올챙이를 전혀 먹지 않았다. 그 후, 가장 많은 올챙이를 먹은 가물치를 충남지역 내에 위치하고 있는 정체성 습지인 오덕지에 도입 하였다. 2015년에 오덕지와 가물치가 도입되지 않은 습지 인 텃골소류지에 통발을 각각 5개씩 설치하여 동물상의 변 화를 비교한 결과, 오덕지와 텃골소류지에서 출현한 총 종 수는 각각 12종과 8종으로 오덕지가 많았으며, 오덕지는 황소개구리의 올챙이의 비율이 높은 반면 텃골소류지는 올 챙이가 거의 잡히지 않아 성체의 비율이 매우 높았다. 또한 오덕지의 황소개구리 성체는 무게가 200g인 매우 무거운 개체도 관찰되었으나 텃골소류지에서는 무게가 40±7.27g 정도로 작은 개체만 출현하였다. 서식지 면적당 출현한 황 소개구리의 수는 텃골소류지가 오덕지보다 더 많았다. 이를 종합해 보면 토종어류인 가물치를 황소개구리 서식처에 도 입할 경우, 황소개구리의 개체 수 경감 및 서식지 내 종 다양성도 높아질 것으로 판단된다.

2012년을 기준으로 미국의 인구 10만 명당 구금자수 707명으로 세계 최고의 수준이다. 현재 미국의 구금자 수나 구금율은 지난 몇 십 년 동안에 이루어진 변화의 결과이다. 보수주의 시대에 해당하는 1980년대에서 1990년대에 이르기까지 미국은 이른바 강경대응방식(tough-on-crime approach)을 취하였고, 그 결과 구금자수와 구금율이 급격히 증가한 것이다. 강경대응방식은 구금자수와 구금율의 급격한 증가 이외에도 따른 행형예산의 대폭적 증가, 과밀수용 등 처우의 악화, 권한남용 및 인권침해 증가, 행형비리 등 온갖 문제점을 드러내었다. 강경정책은 2000년대에 들어와서도 한동안 지속되다가, 2000년대 후반 세계금융 위기를 맞으면서 예산문제를 감당할 수 없게 된 미국 정부는 기존 대응방식의 문제점을 분석하고 그 대안으로 효율적 대응방식(smart-on-crime approach)을 채택하기에 이르렀다. 이와 같은 새로운 대응방식은 비단 예산 절감의 차원에 그치지 않고, 그동안 강경정책에 가려 묵인하거나 소홀히 취급하였던 인종간 불균형, 청소년·여성 등 취약자에 대한 배려, 사형수의 처우, 민간행형시설의 비효율과 인권침해 등 행형전반에 걸친 문제점들을 하나씩 점검하기 시작하였다. 이로써 현재 미국은 예산절감, 인권신장 그리고 범죄통제라는 세 마리 토끼를 한꺼번에 잡을 수 있는 방안을 마련하기 위해 안간힘을 쓰고 있다. 최근 우리나라에서는 성폭력범죄를 비롯하여 각종 흉악범죄의 실상이 언론을 통해 적나라하게 보도되면서 흉악범죄에 대한 경경대처 여론이 비등하였고, 이에 정치권과 사법부는 형벌가중, 보안처분 확대, 양형기준 인상 등 강경대응방식으로 나아가고 있다. 그러나 이러한 방식은 미국의 경험이 증명하듯 예산의 압박, 인권침해 사례의 증가, 행형비리의 증대와 같은 각종 폐해를 양산할 우려가 다분하다. 필자는 그 동안 미국의 경험은 우리나라가 참조하기에 충분한 시사점을 제공한다고 보고, 구금자수와 구금율의 변화, 인종간 불균형, 청소년, 여성, 노인, LGBT(Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender ; LGBT), 사형수 등 구금을 중심으로 하여 최근 미국 행형의 변화에 대해 살펴보았다.

조선이 19세기 말 20세기 초 제국주의 세력으로부터 국가적 정체성을 유지하려고 할 때 다수의 서구인들이 조선을 방문했다. 이들 중의 일부는 모국으로 돌아간 이후 자신들의 경험을 다양한 형태의 글로 재현했다. 특히 미국에서 파송된 선교사들의 경우 편지, 잡지기사, 팸플릿 안내문, 연설문, 일기, 여행기, 및 기독교 소설과 같은 ‘잡다한’ 글들을 기록했다. 미국 선교사들이 남긴 다양한 출판물 중에서 본 논문은 엘라수 캔터 와그너(Ellasue Canter Wagner)의 김수방과 조선에 관한 이야기들 (KIM Su-Bang and Other Stories of Korea)과 애니 배어드(Annie Baird)의 '동트는 조선' (Daybreak in Korea)을 산문이론으로 접근한다. 일부 학자들은 김수방과 조선에 관한 이야기들이나 '동트는 조선'과 같이 기독교로 개종한 조선인들의 삶을 기록한 서사를 ‘선교소설’로 구분한다. 기존의 주장과는 달리, 본 논문은 배어드와 와그너의 글을 ‘여행서사’로 분류한다. 배어드와 와그너의 작품에 등장하는 조선인들의 삶과 당시 두 선교사 작가들이 글을 쓸 때 처해있던 상황을 볼 때 이들의 글을 여행서사로 보는 것이 더 정확하다는 것이 본 논문의 쟁점이다.

본 연구에서는 지도학의 주요 개념인 투영법과 축척에 관한 미국 학부생들의 이해 상태를 조사하였다. 첫째, 투영법 개념을 테스트하는 인터뷰에서 지도학의 비전문가인 학생들은 두 지점 사이의 대권항로가 지도상에서 직선으로 나타나지 않는 이유에 대해 항공 교통 통제 및 비행기 충돌방지, 높은 산과 같은 장애물 회피, 환승, 코리올리의 힘 때문이라는 네 가지 유형의 반응을 보였다. 본 조사에 참여한 학생들은 투영법에 따른 대권항로의 다양한 표현 형태를 제대로 이해하지 못하였다. 둘째, 축척에 대해서는 기존 연구에서 널리 알려진 대축척, 소축척 개념의 혼동이 가장 흔하게 나타나는 오해였다. 대부분의 학생들이 대축척 지도에서 사용된 ‘대’자라는 용어 때문에 대축척 지도가 넓은 지역을 표현한 지도라고 생각하였다. 그리고 축척이라는 개념 자체를 제대로 인지하지 못하는 학생들도 있었다. 이 연구는 투영법과 축척이라는 두 가지의 중요한 지도학적 개념에 대해 학생들의 이해 상태를 실증적으로 조사했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 이 연구 결과는 추후 지도 관련 정보 디자인이나 효과적인 지리교육 전략 개발 등을 위한 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.