Several countries have been operating radioactive waste disposal (RWD) programs to construct their own repositories and have used natural analogues (NA) studies directly or indirectly to ensure the reliability of the long-term safety of deep geological disposal (DGD) systems. A DGD system in Korea has been under development, and for this purpose a generic NA study is necessary. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has just launched the first national NA R&D program in Korea to identify the role of NA studies and to support the safety case in the RWD program. In this article, we review some cases of NA studies carried out in advanced countries considering crystalline rocks as candidate host rocks for high-level radioactive waste disposal. We examine the differences among these case studies and their roles in reflecting each country’s disposal repository design. The legal basis and roadmap for NA studies in each country are also described. However because the results of this analysis depend upon different environmental conditions, they can be only used as important data for establishing various research strategies to strengthen the NA study environment for domestic disposal system research in Korea.

Several previous simulation studies using various geochemical models have been carried out in several major analogue sites. The cases are beneficial when these studies provided the possibility of testing the geochemical models to be used to describe the migration of radionuclides in a future radioactive waste repository system. It was possible to interpret the complex transport behaviour of radionuclides such as uranium and thorium in an environment. We organize major natural analogue study sites from the previous literatures that provided information on the general geochemistry of the sites, in terms of groundwater composition and mineralogy. Also, we calculated aqueous speciation and the solid phases most likely to control their solubilities. The results obtained from the previous studies and this study vary depending on the tools used and on the conceptual models followed. Also, the results differed from the actual measured concentrations of trace metals or radionuclide analogues. The results obtained from these tests identify the main mathematical limitations of available geochemical models. However, the modelling results using a geochemical code with the thermodynamic database simulated well the observed behaviour of radionuclides, especially to identify the dominant processes controlling actinide mobilization and fixation. It was a useful outcome in terms of building confidence on the current geochemical tools to predict the concentrations of radionuclide analogues once the major geochemical characteristics were known. This study allows improving specific aspects of geochemical modelling using major natural analogue sites.

마비성 패독(paralytic shellfish poisoning, PSP)에 의한 중독은 와편모조류(Dinoflagellates)가 생성하는 saxitoxin (STX)이 이매패류 등의 먹이활동에 의해 축적되고 이를 사람이 섭취함으로써 발생한다. 최근 분석기술의 발전으로 와편모조류가 STX외에도 gonyautoxin (GTX) group 및 Nsulfo carbamoyl toxins (C toxin) group 등 다양한 유사체들 을 생성하는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이에 CODEX, EFSA 에서는 STX외 유사체의 안전관리를 위해 STX 및 유사체를 STX group으로 관리하고자 하는 움직임을 보이고 있다 . 국내의 경우도 STX 유사체를 생성하는 조류의 발생이 이미 보고되고 있으며 실제 홍합에서 유사체의 오염사례도 소수 보고되고 있다. 따라서 국제적인 움직임에 발맞추어 국내에서도 STX 및 유사체의 group 관리를 위한 준비가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구에서는 STX 및 유사체의 체계적인 모니터링 및 안전관리의 기반을 마련하고자 STX 및 유사체의 이화학적 특성, 생성조류, 국내외 발생현황, 독성 및 상대독성계수, 분석법, 오염현황 및 관리현황에 대한 폭넓은 검토를 수행하고자 하였다.

Recently, a lots of studies have been conducted to imitate real meat with the factors including texture, aroma, taste, and color of meat analogues. Since the color component of meat is diverse and complex, as well as large of degree of change according to cooking, the color imitating has been still challenging. In this study, we selected up a representative meat analogue (tteok-galbi), tracked the color change at three making points as steps of batter, steaming, and cooking. In order to realize the color at these points, three plant-based natural pigments including prickly pear cactus, sweet pumpkin, and mugwort were selected, and the color with optimized ratio was applied to the tteok-galbi. As a result, it was found that 1:3:1 in the batter, 2:1:2 in steaming, and 2:1:2 in cooking were optimal ratios. The results in this study were significant in that it could apply the colors to meat analogues according to the combination of natural pigments derived from plants.

Chemical cross-linking of different plant protein-based meat analogues was examined based on protein solubility of 8 different buffer solutions. The specific chemical bond and their interactions were further analyzed. Isolated soy protein (ISP), mung bean protein (MBP), peanut protein (PNP), pea protein (PP) and wheat gluten (WG) were texturized using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder at 50% moisture content. The results showed that protein solubility of meat analogues significantly decreased after extrusion, compared to their raw materials (P<0.05). The protein solubility of meat analogues increased with increasing reagent in buffer solutions. Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds and their interactions were found in the structure of meat analogues. The highest amount of covalent bond was observed in PP-meat analogues followed by ISP, WG, PNP, and the lowest MBP-meat analogues. The study demonstrated that PP are valuable raw materials for the development of meat analogue, which could promote high cross-linking bonds.

We evaluated the larvicidal and nematicidal activities of 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues against the Asian tigermosquito, Aedes albopictus and the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, organisms of increasing global concern.Among 48 3-acylbarbituric acids analogues, four compounds 10, 14d, 14g, and 19b showed >90% larvicidal activity againstAe. albopictus at 10μg/mL concentration, and one (compound 10) showed the strongest larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus,with a LC50 value of 0.22μg/mL. Only compound 18 showed strong nematicidal activity against pine wood nematode.Most active compounds possessed similar physicochemical properties; thus, actives typically had ClogP values of around1.40-1.50 and rel-PSA values of 16-17%.

The potential abilities of 3-methylbenzaldehyde derived from Myosotis arvensis oil and its structural analogues to actas new acaricide and mite kit (mite color deformation) against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) were evaluated in thepresent study. Based on the LD50 values, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (0.78 μg/cm3) had highest vapor action against T.putrescentiae, followed by 2,4-methylbenzaldehyde (1.14 μg/cm3), 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde (1.29 μg/cm3), 2-methylbenzaldehyde (1.32 μg/cm3), 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde (1.55 μg/ cm3), 3-methylbenzaldehyde (1.97 μg/cm3), and4-methylbenzaldehyde (2.34 μg/cm3). The color deformation of seven methylbenzaldehyde analogues mixed with2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde against T. putrescentiae showed mite color deformation, from coloress to reddish brown, andvaluable to distinguish with the naked eye. In addition, there was no antagonistic interactions between 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehydeand the methylbenzaldehyde analogues. These finding suggests that the methylbenzaldehyde analogues could be developedas dual functional agent to protect from fall in the commercial value of stored food products.

Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.

The purpose of this study was to isolate an active constituent from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata leaves and evaluate its insecticidal activity against Pochazia shantungensis nymphs and adults. According to chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, the active constituent of E. caryophyllata leaves was identified as eugenol. Based on LC50 values and structural analogues of eugenola gainst the P. shantungensis nymphs and adults, isoeugenol (LC50, 83.29 and 91.03 mg/L) exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, followed by methyl isoeugenol (105.61 and 114.48 mg/L), eugenol (124.44 and 143.24 mg/L), methyl eugenol (126.31 and 143.84 mg/L), and acetyl eugenol (165.11 and 170.06 mg/L). Insecticidal activity against P. shantungensis was dependent on the presence of a functional group in 4-ally-2-methoxyphenol. These results indicate that E. caryophyllata oil and eugenol analogues might be potential alternative synthetic insecticidal agents.

Cordyceps species are known to produce numerous active components and are used for diverse medicinal purposes because of their varied physiological activities, including their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Cordycepin, one of adenosine analogues, differs from adenosine in that its ribose lacks an oxygen atom at the 3' position. Cordycepin has been reported to be a main effector molecule in Cordyceps extracts that executes antiviral activities against several viruses including influenza virus, plant viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), murine leukemia virus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In addition, adenosine and its deaminase inhibitor showed strong antiviral potentials that were about 4,000 times more potent than the activity of the direct inhibitory effect by adenine arabinoside on Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, suggesting adenosine itself plays an important role to produce antiviral activities. In this study, we show that cordycepin and adenosine possess antiviral and antitumor activities against EBV and EBVassociated gastric carcinoma, respectively. Furthermore, we report epigenetic mechanisms used by cordycepin and adenosine to exert their antiviral and antitumor effects.

본 연구에서는 계피 정유 3종의 구성성분을 분석하였고, 미국선녀벌레에 대한 살충활성을 검정하였다. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde을 포함한 9종의 계피 정유 구성성분과 21종의 유사 물질을 미국선녀벌레 약충에 대해 살충활성을 검정한 결과, hydro-cinnamic acid가 반수치사농도 1.55 mg/cm 2로 가장 좋은 살충활성을 보였으며, geranic acid도 1.59 mg/cm 2로 높은 살충 활성을 보였다. Cinnamaldehyde를 포함한 hydro-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamdyl alcohol, cinnamyl acetate, dibutyl phtalate, anethole, a-cyano cinnamic acid, (s)-perillyl alcohol, methyl cinnamaldehyde, bonyl acetate 12종이 중간정도의 활성(1.60 - 4.94 mg/cm 2 )을 보였으며, 다른 물질들은 살충활성이 낮거나 없었다. 미국선녀벌레 성충에 대해서는 eugenol 이 반수치사 농도 10.81 mg로 가장 높은 살충활성을 보였으며, geranic acid (30.68 mg)도 높은 살충력을 보였다. Cinnamaldehyde 등 9종이 반수 치사 농도 105.44~255.76 mg의 살충활성을 보였다. 다른 18종의 물질은 활성이 낮거나 없었다. 실제 포장인 인삼포장에 발생하는 미국선녀벌레에 대한 적용시험에서 cinnamon bark 정유와 cinnamon green leaf 정유가 각각 82.3%와 82.9%의 높 은 살충활성을 보였다. 농업환경에서 고독성 합성살충제의 사용을 줄일 수 있는 방안으로 본 논문에서 선발한 계피정유가 미국선녀벌레의 약충 및 성충 방제에 유용한 수단으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Fumigant toxicities of 20 plant essential oils, and fumigant and contact toxicities of the components of active oils and their analogues against adzuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) were investigated. Fumigant toxicity varied with plant essential oils and concentrations. The 24-h LC50 values against adult C. chinensis were 3.14, 6.68, 8.59, 8.90 and 10.23 mg/L air concentration for Gaultheria fragrantissima, Illicium verum, Croton anisatum, Aniba roseodora, and Bursea delpechiana, respectively. To elucidate structure-activity relationship of methyl salicylate (MS) and trans-anethole (tA), fumigant and contact toxicities of MS, methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate (M3HB), methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (M4HB), methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (M2MB), methyl 2-acetoxysalicylate (M2AS), methyl benzoate (MB), salicylic acid (SA), trans-anethole (tA) and 1-methoxy-4-propylbenzene (PB) were investigated. The 24-h LC50 values of fumigant toxicity were 3.48, 5.36, 6.39 and 9.27 mg/L air concentration for MS, MB, tA and PB, respectively. The 24-h LD50 values (µg/beetle) of contact toxicity were 28.89, 33.27, 33.56, 44.81 56.31, 38.59 and 69.20 for MS, M2AB, M2MB, MB, SA, tA and PB, respectively. Structural differences were identified that may contribute to understanding the insecticidal activities of methyl salicylate and trans-anethole.

The surfaces of most atmosphereless solar system objects are referred to as regolith, layers of loosely connected fragmentary debris, produced by meteorite impacts. Measurements of light scattered from such surfaces provides information about the composition and structure of the surface. A suitable way to characterize the scattering properties is to consider how the intensity and polarization of scattered light depends on the particle size, composition, porosity, roughness, wavelength of incident light and the geometry of observation. In the present work, the effect of porosity on bidirectional re ectance as a function of phase angle is studied for alumina powder with grain size of 0.3 μm and olivine powder with grain size of 49 μm at 543.5 nm. The optical constants of the alumina sample for each porosity were calculated with Maxwell Garnett eective medium theory. On using each of the optical constants of alumina sample in Mie theory with the Hapke model the variation of bidirectional re ectance is obtained as a function of phase angle with porosity as a parameter. Experimental re ectance data are in good agreement the model. For the olivine sample the effect of porosity is studied using Hapke (2008).

The binding affinity constants (p(Od)50) and molecular docking scores (DS) between porcine odorant binding proteins pOBP (1HQP) and pPBP (1GM6) as receptor and a series of tetrahydrofuran-2-yl (A & B) analogues as substrate, and their interactions were discussed quantitatively using three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models. The statistical qualities of the optimized CoMFA models for pOBP were better than those of the CoMSIA models. The binding affinity constants and DS between substrate and receptor molecules were dependent upon steric and hydrophobic interaction. The DS constants of the substrates into the binding site of OBP (1HQP) were bigger than those of PBP (1GM6). The resulting contour maps produced by the optimized CoMFA model were used to identify the structural features relevant to the binding affinity in binding site of pOBP.