Judging by the volume of marketplace failures, it seems that consumer innovators make biased assessments about the value of the innovativeness of new products (Gourville, 2006; Mugge & Dahl, 2013). Research suggests that consumer evaluate offerings based on form (i.e. visual appeal) and function (i.e. utilitarian appeal) (Gourville, 2006; Talke, Salomo, Weiringa & Lutz, 2009; Mugge & Dahl, 2013). In relation to innovative new products, the consumer decision-making path is unclear and the optimal mix of continuity and discontinuity across form and function is unknown. The lack of information regarding how marketers should appropriate resources to maximise returns thus, is an issue that requires resolution. To help resolve this gap, we seek to address two important practical marketing questions in the context of innovative new product introductions: (Q1) What is the impact that discontinuity and continuity across form and function have on new product adoption, and (Q2) What if any, are the underlying mediating mechanisms for different markets? To address these, we collected data from participants based in the United States of America through an online experiment. The participants were presented with four products, comprising variations of a digital camera based of continuity and discontinuity across form and function. The findings revealed that the same product could lead to differing perception of value based on the participant being an innovator or an adapter. The differing perceptions were explained by differences in assessments of potential costs and benefits from the product. Based on the findings of the study managerial recommendations on targeting the right segment for the right product were offered.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the application of familycentered training over the 12-week period by the pediatric physiotherapist on functional balance and activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy. Among the 26 children with cerebral palsy as the subjects were allocated to the experimental and control group. Both groups were subjected to neurodevelopmental treatment by the pediatric physiotherapist. The experimental group, participated in family-centered training program 3 times a week over a period of 12 weeks for the total of 36 sessions, functional balance and activities of daily living were verified through intergroup comparison. There was no significant difference between the outcomes prior to training and after 6 weeks of training, (p>.05) Pediatric Berg's Balance Scale(PBS) and Functional Independence Measure for children(Wee-FIM) increased significantly from those measures after 6 weeks to those after 12 weeks of training (p<.05). Therefore, these results suggest that on family-centered training on children with cerebral palsy has beneficial effects on functional movements and physical activities.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the immediate effects of negative pressure soft tissue therapy on muscle tone, muscle stiffness and balance in patients with stroke. In total, 20 patients with stroke and assigned to the negative pressure soft tissue therapy group (NPST, n=10) or, placebo-negative pressure soft tissue therapy group(Placebo-NPST, n=10). Both groups underwent NPST or placebo-NPST once a day during the experimental period. MyotonPRO was used to assess the parameters for muscle tone and stiffness. Biorescue was used to assess the parameters for balance. Each group showed improvements in muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and balance ability (p<.05). Especially, Muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and anterior length in the limit of stability were the significant improvement on NPST group (p<.05). The results of the study suggest that the NPST is effective in improving muscle tone, muscle stiffness, and balance ability in patients with stroke.

Background: Hemispatial neglect is defined as the failure to attend, report, respond, or orient toward meaningful stimuli provided in the contralateral side of a brain lesion. Objects: This study was conducted to find out the effect of dynamic trunk equilibirum exercise for stroke patients with hemi-spatial neglect. Methods: This study included 21 stroke subjects, randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. The exercise program consisted of 5 sessions of 20 minutes per week during 4 weeks. The line-bisection test, the Albert test, the balance function score, the Berg balance scale, the postural assessment scale for stroke and the modified Barthel index were measured before and after training. All data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for Windows. Between-group and within-group comparison was analyzed by using Independent t-test and Paired t-test respectively. Results: The results of study were as follows: There were significant differences between before and after intervention in both group (p<.05). There were significant differences in the line-bisection test, Albert test, balance function score, Berg balance scale, postural assessment scale for stroke and modified Barthel index between the experimental group and the control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Dynamic trunk equilibrium exercise had a positive effect on patients’ neglect, balance ability and activities of daily living. Further studies are required to generalize the results of this study.

Background: Deficits of both ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) and dynamic balance are shown in persons with chronic ankle instability and the elderly, with the risk of falls. Objects: This study aims to investigate the relationship between DFROM and dynamic balance in elderly subjects and young adults. Methods: Fifty-nine subjects were divided into three groups: ankle stability young group (SY), ankle instability young group (IY) and ankle stability older group (SO). We recruited three old subjects with ankle instability, but excluded them during a pilot testing due to the safety issue. DFROM was measured by weight bearing lunge test (WBLT) and dynamic balance was measured via star excursion balance test (SEBT) in anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial directions. The group differences in WBLT and SEBT and each group’s correlation between WBLT and SEBT were detected using the R statistical software package. Results: The dorsiflexion range of motion was significantly different between the SY, IY, and SO groups. The SO group showed the highest DFROM and IY group showed the lowest DFROM (SY: 45.88±.66˚, IY: 39.53±1.63˚, SO: 47.94±.50˚; p<.001). However, the SO group showed the lowest dynamic balance score for all SEBT directions (SY: 87.24±2.05 ㎝, IY: 83.20±1.30 ㎝, SO: 77.23±2.07 ㎝; p<.05) and there was no relationship between the dorsiflexion range of motion and dynamic balance in any group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ankle DFROM is not a crucial factor for dynamic stability regardless of aging and ankle instability. Other factors such as muscle strength or movement coordination should be considered for training dynamic balance. Therefore, we need to establish the rehabilitation process by measuring and treating ROM, balance, and muscle strength when treating young adults with and without ankle instability as well as elderly people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of heel off stairway walking exercise on the increase of muscle activity and balance activity of the ankle joint muscles in university students with functional ankle instability. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of stairway walking (n=10) and the experimental group consisted of heel off stairway walking (n=11). The therapeutic intervention of the control and experimental groups was performed a total of 12 exercise sessions, 3 times per week for 4 weeks. To compare the two groups, the level of ankle disability was assessed by using the EMG, BT4 and Pedoscan in pre-treatment and post-treatment. Muscle activity increased in both the experimental groups and control groups in each group, however there was no significant difference between the groups. Balance ability did not show any significant difference. This study demonstrates that heel-off stairway walking is effective in significantly increasing muscle activity, however did not significantly improve balance ability.

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

Background: The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale have been used to assess balance function in patients with chronic stroke. These clinical balance scales provide information about potential risk factors for falls. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors of falls and compare the predictive values of the BBS and FAB scale relative to fall risk in patients with stroke through receiver operating characteristic analysis. Methods: Sixty-three patients with stroke (faller=34, non-faller=29) who could walk independently for 10 meters participated in this study. The BBS and FAB scale were administered. Then, we verified the cut-off score, sensitivity, specificity, and the area of under the curve. Results: In this study, the BBS and FAB scale did not predict fall risk in patients with stroke in the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. A cut-off score of 37.5 points provided sensitivity of .47 and specificity of .35 on the BBS, and a cut-off score of 20.5 points provided sensitivity of .44 and specificity of .45 on the FAB scale. Conclusion: The BBS and FAB scale were not useful screening tools for predicting fall risk in patients with stroke in this study, but tho

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of fatigue and stress in seafarers. Ninety healthy adults were recruited and cumulative fatigue, stress index and stress resistance of seafarers were measured using autonomic nervous system analysis device (SA-6000; Medicoa Co. Ltd. Korea). The stress index had a significant correlation with the degree of resistance (p<.01). Cumulative fatigue and the stress index had a strong positive correlation (r=.781) with the stress resistance, cumulative fatigue had a strong negative correlation (r=.782) (p<0.01). Furthermore, the stress index had a strong negative correlation with the degree of resistance (r=.924) (p<.01). The present study indicate that there are significant correlation between the cumulative fatigue and stress index, cumulative fatigue and stress resistance, as well as stress index and stress resistance in the seafarers (p<.01).

최근 전북 지역은 바지락 생산량이 감소하여 2015년에 전국 생산량의 17.8%를 차지한 반면, 충남 지역은 점차 증가하여 49.1% 를 차지하였다. 갯벌은 다양한 저서생물이 서식하고 있고, 조석에 의해 물질이 유출·입되는 특성이 있기 때문에 만의 특성을 고려한 물질 수지를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 2015년 5월과 8월에 곰소만과 근소만의 바지락 어장 지역과 외해지역의 차이를 비교하기 위해 3개의 해역(Sector , Sector , Control)으로 구분하고, LOICZ Model을 이용하여 물질수지를 산정하였다. 분석결과 바지락 성장이 활 발한 5월에 바지락 양식장이 밀집한 곰소만과 근소만 Sector 의 DIP는 각각 207.2 kg/day와 77.2 kg/day로 나타났고, DIN은 4,996.7 kg/day와 926.6 kg/day로 나타났다. 주로 양식생물의 섭식작용에 큰 원인으로 보이며, 근소만보다 곰소만에서 바지락 밀식이 이루어지는 것 으로 판단된다. 따라서 건강한 갯벌 생태계 유지와 지속적인 바지락 생산을 위해서는 밀식을 저감하기 위한 지속적인 관리가 필요하다.

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with the rise in the levels of Green House Gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. To slow down the speed of climate change, numerous efforts have been applied in industrial sectors to reduce GHGs emission and to enhance carbon storage. In the agricultural sector, several types of research have been performed with emphasis on GHGs emission reduction; however, only a few work has been done in understanding the role of carbon sink on reduction in GHGs emission. In this study, we investigated ecosystem carbon balance and soil carbon storage in an agricultural paddy field. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Evaluation of soil C sequestration in paddy field was average 3.88 Mg CO2 ha-1 following NPK+rice straw compost treatment, average 3.22 Mg C ha-1 following NPK+hairy vetch treatment, and average 1.97 Mg CO2 ha-1 following NPK treatment; and 2) Net ecosystem production (NEP) during the paddy growing season was average 14.01 Mg C ha-1 following NPK+hairy vetch treatment, average 12.60 Mg CO2 ha-1 following NPK+rice straw compost treatment, and average 11.31 Mg CO2 ha-1 following NPK treatment. Therefore, it is proposed that organic matter treatment can lead to an increase in soil organic carbon accumulation and carbon sock of crop ecosystem in fields compared to chemical fertilizers.

최근 사회적 변화에 따라 일과 가정의 명확한 경계가 무너지고, 가족이라는 사회구성 기본 단위가 가지 는 의미가 점차 강조되고 있다. 이에 따라 일-가정 균형(work-family balance)을 통해 직장에서의 요구와 가족 내의 책임을 동시에 효과적으로 수행하는 것이 무엇보다 중요해지고 있다. 그러나 기업 내 인적자원 의 효과적 활용을 위해 지난 30여년 가까이 수행되어 온 전략적 인적자원관리(strategic human resource management)에 관한 연구는 이러한 최근의 사회적 변화를 효과적으로 고려하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에 서는 전략적 인적자원관리와 일-가정 균형에 관한 문헌을 바탕으로 종업원의 일-가정 양립 지각이 고몰 입 작업시스템->조직몰입->조직시민행동으로 이어지는 고몰입 작업시스템의 작동원리를 강화하는 효 과에 대해 측정해 보았다. 구체적으로 3개의 조직에 근무하는 368명의 종업원으로부터 2차에 걸쳐 수집한 종단자료를 사용하여 일-가정 양립 지각이 1)고몰입 작업시스템과 조직몰입의 관계, 그리고 2)조직몰입 과 조직시민행동의 관계를 동시에 조절하는 이중조절효과 분석을 실시하였다. 결과에 따르면 고몰입 작 업시스템은 조직몰입을 통해 조직시민행동을 유발하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 일련의 과정에 대한 일-가정 균형 지각의 이중조절효과는 지지되었다. 이에 따른 본 연구의 시사점 및 한계점이 논의되었다.

Background: Rasch analysis has the advantage of placing both the items and the person along a single ratio scale and calibrates person ability and item difficulty onto an interval scale by logits. Therefore, Rasch analysis has been recommended as a better method for evaluating functional outcome questionnaires than traditional analyses. Objects: The aim of current study was to investigate item fit, item difficulty, rating scale, and separation index of the Korean version of the Fullerton Advanced Balance (KFAB) scale using Rasch analysis. Methods: In total, 93 patients with stroke (male=58, female=35) participated in this study. To investigate the item fit, difficulty, rating scale, and separation index of the KFAB scale, Rasch analysis was completed by the Winsteps software program. Results: In this study, all items of the KFAB scale were included in the Rasch model. The most difficult item was ‘standing with feet together and eyes closed’, and the easiest item was ‘two-footed jump’. The rating scale was a 4-point scale instead of the original 5-point scale. Person and item separation indices showed high values that can identify a person with a wide range of balance ability. Conclusion: The KFAB scale appears to be a reliable and valid tool to assess balance function in patients with stroke. Furthermore, the scale was found to discriminate among stroke patients of varying balance abilities.

글로벌 경제 침체 속에서 기업은 날로 높아져 가는 소비자들의 수요를 만족하기 위하여 납기 대응 그리고 LB(Line Balance, 라인편성효율) 향상과 제조원가의 절감을 위한 생산성 향상은 중요한 개선 항목이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 자동차 물류 중 조달물류를 대상으로 하여 불출자의 로드밸런스율을 증대할 수 있는 휴리스틱 알고리즘 개발에 대하여 연구를 진행함으로써 1차 목표 값을 적용하였을 load balancing율은 45.6%에서 91.7%로 개선 된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization and sling exercise on visual analogue scale (VAS), Korean Oswestry Disability Index (KODI), and stability index (ST) in patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP). This study included participants with a VAS scale of 6 or higher and a KOD of 20-40%. They were randomly divided into a mat group (n=15) to perform lumbar stabilization exercises and a sling group (n=15) to perform sling exercises, and then they underwent a four-week experiment. The experimental results of this study were as follows: the VAS and KODI showed a statistically significant difference (P<.05) and a larger effect size within each group after the intervention, it exhibited no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>.05). There were significant differences in ST before and after intervention in each group (P<.05), however there was no significant difference between the groups. The present study suggest that the effects of lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise are similar.

Background: Patients with chronic stroke often shows decreased trunk muscle activity and trunk performance. To resolve these problems, many trunk stabilizing techniques including the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and the diaphragmatic breathing maneuver (DBM) are used to improve trunk muscle strength. Objects: To compare the effects of the ADIM and the DBM on abdominal muscle thickness, trunk control, and balance in patients with chronic stroke. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial. Nineteen patients were randomly allocated to the ADIM (n1=10) and DBM (n2=9) groups. The ADIM and DBM techniques were performed three times per week for 4 weeks. The thicknesses of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique muscle, and external oblique muscles on the paretic and non-paretic sides, Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) score, and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score were used to assess changes in motor development after 4 weeks of training. Results: After the training periods, the TrA thickness on the paretic side, TIS score, and BBS score improved significantly in both groups compared to baseline (p<.05). TIS score was significantly greater in the DBM group than in the ADIM group (p<.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that ADIM and DBM are beneficial for improving TrA muscle thickness in the paretic side, trunk control, and balance ability. Intergroup comparison revealed that TIS score was significantly improved in the DBM group versus the ADIM group. Thus, DBM may be an effective treatment for low trunk muscle activity and performance in patients with chronic stroke.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the complex ankle exercises on balance. 22 participants (male: 14, female: 8) with functional ankle instability were participated. Functional ankle instability was selected to be less than 24 points using the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) with people who had severe ankle sprain and then experiencing ankle giving way. A total of 20 minutes performed three times a week for four weeks with muscle strength and balance exercises. Muscle strengthening exercise was performed with Theraband, and balance exercise was performed with unstable support plates. Biodex balance systemⓇ was used to measure static and dynamic balance. The dynamic balance was selected in grade 2, 4, and 8. The static and dynamic balance (grade: 2, 4,and 8) balance was significantly decreased in anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral directions (p<.05). The instability was significantly increased after exercise (p<.05). These results suggest that complex exercises are beneficial to decreasing the functional ankle instability.