The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the bridges to the globalization of trade. The BRI will achieve all its goals and help each participant nation's economy flourish. Expanding international commerce and reducing inequality among participating nations are indicators of stronger economic growth. This study intends to investigate how the Belt and Road Initiative affects global trade and equality among its participants and elaborate the people perception on BRI in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study uses secondary data to compare the BRI members, while the original data was collected using a survey approach. The four factors evaluated in secondary data are globalization, international trade, equality, and business environment. K-mean cluster, One-way ANOVA, and Partial Least Squares were used for data analysis. The survey is conducted in English on two platforms (online and offline), they are analyzed by Homogeneity of Variances test. The findings indicated foreign debt, political stability, level of corruption, education index, and life expectancy are the differences in the business environments that account for this. If the member nations in the Belt and Road Initiative have favorable conditions in terms of political stability, education, and life expectancy, they will succeed in terms of globalization, international trade, and equality. In addition, the nation should have little foreign debt and less corruption. The last, both Malaysia and Indonesia have positive perception on the BRI and support the country to participate on it.

Bangladesh enjoys an advantageous geographical position. It has been a transit station for businessmen from South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia and even Europe since ancient times. It is located at the intersection of China Economic Circle, South Asia Economic Circle and ASEAN Economic Circle, and is an important country along the belt and road initiative. The “Belt and Road” initiative was supported by Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Since the “Belt and Road” initiative was put forward, China and Bangladesh have achieved remarkable results in policy communication, facility connectivity, smooth trade, capital financing and people-to-people communication. However, China and Bangladesh still face challenges in the political, security, economic and social fields to jointly build the “Belt and Road” initiative. In the new period, China and Bangladesh should strengthen political communication, promote the docking of China-Bangladesh development strategies, strengthen facility connectivity and industrial cooperation, promote cultural exchanges, promote the upgrading of cooperation between the two countries, and jointly build a high-quality “Belt and Road” initiative.

The global economy has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, and countries around the world urgently need to restore economic growth. As countries in Eurasia become more and more closely connected, it is inevitable for China's Belt and Road Initiative and South Korea's new Northern policy to connect. In this context, what matters is the connection of the railway network. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the integration of the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) into the Eurasian railway network by connecting the Korean Terminal Railway (TKR) with China's China-Europe freight trains. The results show that there is an interactive positive correlation between railway freight volume and GDP, and South Korea is expected to become the logistics center of East Asia and improve its status and influence in the world center. Within the Korean peninsula, the railway connection can draw North Korea into a larger multilateral agreement system, and South Korea can use external forces within the system to push North Korea to seek more economic cooperation and actively promote the reunification process. The economic development of Northeast Asia also plays a positive role in the economic recovery of the three provinces in northeast China.

port is the intersection of highway, railway, waterway and other transportation modes, and is the key to realizing integrated transportation. There are many excellent ports around the Tumen River Region. With the obvious location advantages, Tumen River Region is an important part of Tumen River regional cooperation and development, and is the key to realizing the “borrow port to sea”, which is raised in “China Tumen River regional cooperation and development planning outline -- regard Changjitu area as the development and opening leading area” (referred to as “planning outline”). This paper focus on the main ports in the Tumen River region, taking them as the research object. Furthermore, the paper makes the strategic plan for the port cluster in the Tumen River region as well as puts a collaboration scheme is proposed by analyzing the research reviews of the Tumen River region and the present situations of the main ports.

이 논문은 중국의 일대일로 (Belt and Road Initiative)가 아세안 국가들에게 확산되어 중국이 이 지역에서 지배적인 세력이 될 것인가 하는 질문을 던진다. 이 문제를 탐구하기 위해 아세안 국가 지도자들의 대중국 접근과 정치적 동학, 그리고 중국의 정치군사적 세력 확대에 대한 견제라는 두 변수를 중심으로 분석할 것을 제안한다. 이 두 변수를 중심으로 분석할 때 아세안 국가의 일대일로는 중국 일방적으로 추진되는 것으로 단순화 시킬 수 없다는 것을 알 수 있다. 첫째, 아세안 개별국가 정치지도자들이 자국 경제발전의 필요와 정치적 동학에 따라 일대일로의 구체적 사업들을 받아들이고 조정하는 경우가 빈번하다. 둘째, 아세안 국가들은 중국과 경제교류를 지속하지만 동시에 정치적, 군사적으로 중국의 영향력 하에 지배되는 것을 거부하고 견제한다. 이와 같이 경제적 실리를 추구 하면서 동시에 중국의 세력 확대를 견제하는 전략을 헤징 (hedging)전략으로 설명한다. 실제 일대일로 케이스로 친중적인 미얀마와 말레이시아를 들어 이 나라 들에서 정치적 변화에 따라 일대일로 사업이 취소되고 재조정된 경우들을 살펴 본다. 이 두 나라를 비롯하여 아세안 국가들은 대부분 경제발전의 필요상 경제적으로 중국과 협력을 유지하지만 중국의 정치군사적 세력 확대로 자국이 위협 받는 것을 견제한다. 이것은 국가에 따라 차이는 있지만 헤징전략으로 설명할 수 있다. 즉, 헤징의 개념으로 설명하면, ‘경제적 실용주의’로 경제협력을 추진하며, 다른 한편 정치군사적으로는 중국을 견제하여 다른 인도-태평양 국가들과 협력하는 ‘간접적 밸런싱’의 전략을 취한다는 것이다. 아세안은 중국의 지배적 영향 하에 들어가기를 원치 않으며 ‘아세안 중심성’을 유지하려 할 것이다.

Bilateral profound friendship between China and Pakistan and the "all-weather strategic partnership" have given great support to mutual cooperation. China and Pakistan are moving forward to the goal of "economic corridor construction as the center, Gwadar port, transport infrastructure, energy and industrial cooperation as the points to form the ‘1+4’ economic cooperation and common development". However, the relationship between the two countries is also facing some challenges in the process of sustainable development, among which the populist in Pakistan is gradually emerging. If left unchecked, it may lead to a great threat to CPEC and other cooperation. Therefore, strengthening basic research on populism in Pakistan is of great significance for enhancing the all-weather strategic cooperative partnership and ensuring the smooth implementation of the CPEC. After reviewing the current research status and deficiencies of populism theory, this paper analyzes populism from the dimensions of social classes, religions and regions, so as to deeply understand the breeding source of populism. From the perspective of class, populism in Pakistan has distinct characteristics of class antagonism. From a religious perspective, there is a deeply rooted political psychology among the Pakistani people. From a regional perspective, the traditional social structure of Islam in Pakistan determines that the loyalty of individuals to religion, family and a smaller region is greater than the loyalty to the nation state.

This article focuses on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a potential cause of trade, investment, financial, maritime, energy trade and intellectual property disputes. In so doing this contribution discusses the increasing “systemic rivalry” among authoritarian, neoliberal and ordo-liberal conceptions of international economic law and the resulting legal problems in the settlement of BRI disputes inside the EU countries, whose courts may not recognize arbitration awards by Chinese arbitration institutions and may hold Chinese investors accountable for disregard for human and labor rights in their BRI investment inside the EU countries.

In order to facilitate its Belt and Road Initiative, China has issued dozens of policy documents and detailed guidelines, improved its legal and supervisory systems, and taken full advantage of all existing cooperation mechanisms at the bilateral, regional, sub-regional and multilateral levels. The current cooperation mechanism is characterized by non-systemicity, which makes it dependent upon other existing regional cooperation mechanisms. In fact, it has no uniform institutional structure, nor any dispute settlement mechanism. Although this non-systematic approach is based in China’s successful experience in opening up to outside influence and in the flexibility that enabled its rise to global prominence, this very flexibility also poses challenges to the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative by leaving it open to conflict with existing regional cooperation mechanisms. Therefore, to ensure the success of the Belt and Road Initiative, China should undertake a systematic plan for implementation by establishing a comprehensive legal framework; streamlining paths to economic cooperation; and institutionalizing the cooperation mechanism with a formal dispute settlement mechanism at its core.

Southeast Asia has become a key area for the development of the “Belt and Road’ initiative (BRI). At present, among the six economic corridors planned by the BRI, Southeast Asia has covered two of them – the China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor and the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor. In the meantime, Southeast Asia is also an important part of ”21st Century Maritime Silk Road“ initiative, and thus can been considered as a sample of demonstration for the globalization strategy of the BRI. This study finds that in recent years, China-invested infrastructure and connnectivity building (particularly the railway constructions) have been growing fast in Southeast Asia. In addition, a number of China-ASEAN industrial cooperation zones have been established. Together with an increasing number of enterprises settled in these zones, transnational supply chains have begun to take shape. In this context, China’s private-owned enterprises have also started to expand their investment in the Southeast Asian markets. Nonetheless, the BRI has been confronted with problems and challenges, and has been criticized for the lack of risk management, profitability, sustainability, localization and public support. It shows that the export of ”China Model“ can be problematic, as it remains not adapted to other countries’ local conditions. This research first looks at the achievements of the BRI in Southeast Asia, and then examines the problems and challenges in these projects. Finally, this article also aims to provide a number of policy recommendations to the Chinese government.

“일대일로” 이니셔티브가 지속적으로 발전하고 있으며 이로 인해 많은 외국인들 이 중국어와 중국문화 대한 큰 관심을 가지고 있다. “일대일로” 배경하에 외국인을 대상으로 한 중국어교육(즉 대외중국어교육)이 활성화 되는 반면, 대외중국어 교육 수준 재고를 위한 많은 연구가 필요하다. 특히 사자성어는 중국어 실력을 판단하는 하나의 중요한 측정도구이고 사자성어의 난이도를 측정할 수 있으면 중국어능력 평가시 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다. 하지만 기존 연구는 대외중국어교육 중 사자성어의 난이도 측정에 대한 언급조차 없었다. 본 논문은 대외중국어교육시 가장 많이 쓰이는 대강(权威大纲) 5세트, 고급단계 종합교재(高级阶段综合教材) 4세트, 그리고 “국내외 대외중국어교재 데이터베이스(国内对外汉语教材语料库)”에서 나타난 사자 성어를 CLL데이터베이스의 사자성어과 사용빈도(使用频次) 및 피복률(覆盖率)등 치수로 비교하였다. 그리고 HSK 동태작문데이터베이스 (动态作文语料库)의 편차률 과 비교한 결과로 900개의 사자성어를 지정하였다. 이어서 이 900개 사자성어로 질과 양적인 연구를 통해 3가지 난이도로 구분하였다. 또한 이를 외국인 학생 대상으로 층별교습법(分层教学法, hierarchical teaching)을 통해 교습하여 실증연구하 였다. 연구결과로 사자성어 난이도를 측정하여 층별 교습 시 효과가 더욱 좋다고 나타났고, 학생도 빠르게 사자성어를 습득할 수 있다는 결론도 도출하였다.

In 2013, China unveiled its dream of retrieving the ancient Silk Road by undertaking massive infrastructure projects and adding value to ports around the Silk Road. The Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI”) refers to China’s proposed Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road This big project has recently been accepted by Nepal. Nepal has its own foreign direct investment (“FDI”) laws and policies. This paper aims to analyze these laws and policies from the perspective of China’s BRI. The specific objective is to explore the importance of BRI in Nepal and the major challenges for its implementation in reference to Nepalese FDI laws and policies. The essence of BRI is to promote regional and crosscontinental connectivity between China and other countries along the Belt and Road. The BRI is relevant to social, cultural, and economic development of its associated countries. Trans-Himalayan connectivity, political transition of Nepal and property right of Nepal is the leading challenges for BRI implementation in Nepal.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a new model of international cooperation and new platform for global governance under contemporary international law. The Initiative will promote basic principles of international law, playing the mediating role of preventing disputes and resolving various risks in the process of establishing a new pattern of global governance. The Initiative is in line with the new trend of international cooperation and development in the 21st century, representing a new round of the process of reforming international political economy. It is a useful attempt to enhance China’s contribution to economic co-prosperity and political stability among the countries along the Belt and Road. This paper tries to understand the BRI under contemporary international law. Part two will discuss the status of the BRI. Part three will investigate the influence of the BRI. Part four will analyze the function of contemporary international law for co-building the Belt and Road.

Considering the large number of civil, commercial and investment disputes that arise between Chinese investors and their counterparts along the Belt and Road, it is necessary to establish a dispute settlement mechanism. The open, cooperative and non-institutionalized features of the Belt and Road Initiative require the reform and improvement of China’s domestic dispute settlement mechanism for foreign civil, commercial and investment disputes; and bilateral and multilateral dispute settlement mechanisms between or among China and the Belt and Road countries should be strengthened. When appropriate, China may propose the establishment of a multilateral dispute settlement mechanism that is especially designed for the Initiative. The status quo of dispute settlement mechanisms between China and the Belt and Road countries necessitates the establishment of a preset mechanism that uses arbitration as the primary approach, litigation as the secondary approach, and mediation as an alternative.

China’s OBOR Initiative charts a path for trade and investment cooperation between China and States along the OBOR. Indirect expropriation stands as a crucial issue for the successful implementation of the OBOR initiative. This mainly owes to the large size of investment projects and investment funds, scant regulation of indirect expropriation in the IIAs signed between China and OBOR States, and the diverse political and economic environments of these many States. This article examines the definition and identification standards of indirect expropriation under OBOR IIAs. It will also reveal that indirect expropriation is poorly defined and insufficiently identified in most agreements. It is argued that OBOR IIAs should be revised to regulate indirect expropriation in such three aspects as preambular declaration of host State regulatory freedom, definitional clarity of indirect expropriation, and guidance for its identification. This approach would facilitate a more stable investment environment and contribute to the success of the OBOR initiative.

Recently, China's economy has entered a state of rapid growth from high growth to the growth of the so-called “The New Normal". In such a situation, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeas become the key of project The Chinese Dream. The cultural construction in "The Belt and Road" Initiative is really the key areas. According to this judgment that we say: "The Belt and Road"Initiative contains several important cultural significance. Its main contents are as follows: On the one hand, "The Belt and Road"Initiativeis not only the main spirit inheritance policies of socialist culture in contemporary Chinese, and The Chinese Dream future cultural policy to realize the plan. Second, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeis an important measure to spread China excellent traditional culture, create a good national image. Third, "The Belt and Road"Initiativein the construction of "people connected" is to expand cultural exchanges and strengthen people-to-people exchangesas the key target practice. Fourth, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeof advocacy and practice means to seek spiritual world through trade exchange settlement. This is to achieve the unity of the world "the Chinese Confucian philosophy, advocated "multicultural coexistence", "harmonious but different" pattern of world civilization. In a word, "The Belt and Road" Initiativeis not only an economic strategy, but more important is to promote along the cultural exchanges between the people all over the country. Chinese government is convinced that only relying on the profound Chinese culture, in order to overcome the difficulties "The Belt and Road "Initiative, finally realize the harmonious and win-win old world.

At present, the social development speed is getting faster and faster, and the construction speed of many industries is gradually rapid, and excellent results have been achieved. Under the strategic background of the “Belt and Road” initiative, logistics trade has entered a more critical period of development, obtaining more opportunities and platforms, but also facing more challenges, which requires logistics trade enterprises to do more exploration and research. Maintain the status quo of steady operation of logistics trade. This paper explores the development path of logistics trade under the background of “Belt and Road” initiative, hoping to maintain a good situation of logistics trade.