In this paper, the shape adjustment algorithm of the spoked wheel cable structures with retractable membrane system is studied. The initial tension of the membrane or cable is necessary to form the structure and its value is determined by the design shape. However, due to internal and external environmental influences, its shape may be different from the initial designed shape. In the case of the cable structures covered in this study, tension adjustment is necessary to maintain the designed shape because it influences the tension of the cable depending on the state of the retractable membrane. Therefore, we proposed an adjustment algorithm of an initial shape based on the force method. The effectiveness and validity of the methodology were examined through the applicable cable structures. The results of the shape adjustment analysis of the symmetric spoked wheel cable model were reliable and accurate results were obtained.

Sometimes, it is impossible to install a sensor on a certain location of a structure due to the size of a structure or poor surrounding environments. Even if possible, sensors can be frequently malfunctioned or improperly operated due to lack of adequate maintenance. These kind of problems are solved by the virtual sensing methods in various engineering fields. Virtual sensing technology is a technology that can measure data even though there is no physical sensor. It is expected that this technology can be also applied to the construction field effectively. In this study, a virtual sensing technology based on ARX model is proposed. An ARX model is defined by using the simulated data through a structural analysis rather than by actually measured data. The ARX-based virtual sensing model can be applied to estimate unmeasured response using a transfer function that defines the relationship between two point data. In this study, a simulation and experimental study were carried out to examine the proposed virtual sensing method with a laboratory test on a cable-stayed model bridge. Acceleration measured at a girder is transformed to estimate a cable tension through the ARX model-based virtual sensing.

Porcelain surge arrestor is very vulnerable to earthquake but there is very few information on its dynamic characteristics which are necessary to the seismic design. Therefore, the dynamic characteristics of the porcelain surge arrestor are evaluated considering the variation of its cable tension and stiffness by shaking table test. The test results show that the first natural frequencies are 5.3 Hz and 5.2 Hz in the horizontal x- and y-axis directions, respectively, and higher than 30 Hz in the vertical z-axis direction, respectively. The installation of cable on the surge arrestor reduces the horizontal natural frequencies due to the constraint effect of the cable but cable tension has no effect on the natural frequency. Also, the natural frequency is proportional to the stiffness of the surge arrestor. This test result will be used for the seismic design and seismic capacity assessment of domestic substations and contribute to the stability of the electric power supply under earthquake event.

The method based on various mathematical characteristic equations for identifying tensile forces in the cable structure system are used as response data to reflect the properties of the dynamic sensitivity. The vibration tests have been conducted with respect to levels of applied weight for the sagged cable. In this study, a set of natural frequencies are extracted from the measured dynamic data. Next, existing characteristic equation methods based these extracted natural frequencies are applied to identify tensil forces of the sagged cable system. Through several verification procedures, the proposed methods could be applied to a sagged cable system when the initial material data are insufficiency.

최근 들어 심해역에 대한 개발과 합섬섬유 재질 케이블의 발달로 인하여 저장력 케이블의 사용이 증가되었다. 저장력 케이블은 장력에 의한 복원력이 작기 때문에 대변위가 발생하게 되며, 따라서 기하학적 비선형이 강하게 나타나게 된다. 또한 해양환경에서는 유체 비선형도 작용하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 수치해석적 방법을 통하여 불균일하게 구성된 예인되는 저장력 케이블의 3차원 동적거동 해석을 수행한다. 수치해석에서는 유체 및 기하학적 비선형과 굽힘강성이 고려되며, 유한차분법(음해법)을 적용하여 풀이된다. 비선형 해를 구하기 위해서 뉴톤-랍슨 방법을 사용한다. 대형 행렬을 풀이하기 위하여 불록삼중대각행렬 풀이법이 적용되는데, 이 방법은 일반적인 행렬 풀이법인 가우스-조르단 방법에 비하여 계산시간을 상당히 줄일 수 있었다. 선배열 음탐 케이블에 대한 다양한 예제해석을 수행하였으며, 해석결과는 미국 우즈홀 해양연구소에서 개발된 프로그램 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

This study is aimed to predict the configuration and tension of a towing cable of a side-scan sonar which plays an important role in developing ocean resources. The governing equations of 3-D static equilibrium equations for a flexible cable are derived and solved using a finite difference method. The forces considered in this paper are effective weights, drag forces due to currents and ship moving, and the tension at both ends of the towing cable. The governing equations are non-linear, so an iteration method is applied to solve the equation. A case study is carried out for several different conditions. The result will be useful for predicting the location of a side-scan sonar and to design the towing system.

최근, 텐세그러티(tensegrity)구조개념을 적용한 대공간구조시스템인 케이블돔구조는 구조물 전체의 관점에서는 하나의 자기평형상태를 만족하는 구조로서 돔과 같이 닫힌형상(closed form)의 구조에는 유리한 구조시스템이지만, 보울트(vault)와 같은 열린형상(openform)의 구조에는 적용상 문제가 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 이 문제를 해결하는 방안중의 하나로서, 안정화된 단위요소를 이용하여 장력안정트러스의 기본요소인 단위구조의 안정화를 지배하는 기하학적 매개변수들의 범위를 설정하는 방법이 제안되고 그 변수들의 상호관련성을 규명하고자 한다. 수치해석은, .alpha.가 안정화범위에 있을 경우, 여러가지 경우의 높이에 따른 중심위치(.alpha.), 트러스 부재에 의한 각(.theta.) 그리고 평면상의 비(x/y)와 같은 매개변수의 변화에 따라 안정화에 가장 지배적인 축력모드(N15, N16, N25, N26)들의 상호작용이 조사되었다.

The wireless sensor prototype was developed and the field test result, natural frequencies of each mode in stay-cable, showed 0.5% difference compared to the wired sensor. Also, the cable tension derived by the vibration method was 1.177% difference. As a sensor for managing cable tension, the applicability to bridges was confirmed. In the next study, LoRa LPWAN technology will be applied to various sensors used in structures.

A damage case of parallel strand cable anchorage was introduced, in which 7 strands were slipped from each wedge at the anchorage of the cable stayed bridge in service. Also, a cable damage detection scheme was proposed on the basis of tension force measurement and model updating method by least square estimation to minimize tension variation. The proposed scheme has been verified from analytical simulations and the actual damage case. The damaged cable leading to tension variation more than noise level of cable force measurement was successfully detected with 7~8 strands damage indication of 2% error in the actual strand slippage case.

In the cable wall system, the cable tension force can be changed by the various reasons. After 10 years from the construction of cable wall system in Hamad Medical City Womens Hospital of Qatar, an average of about 16% of the tension force was decreased. Since the tension loss can affect the structural capacity and stability, the re-tightening was carried out up to about 90% of the design tension. Also, the annual regular inspection including the measurement of cable tension is proposed as the maintenance plan.

Currently, the cable safety management of cable supported bridges is calculated by the ratio of the measured tension to the design tension. The measurement of the tension is performed by indirectly estimating the acceleration measured at the cable surface in terms of the tension. The method of converting the cable vibration response (acceleration) into the tension is disadvantageous in that the damage of the individual strand (or wire) in the cable is not clearly reflected in the tension because the measurement is not reliable and is managed only by the total tension. The purpose of this study is to improve the cable safety management system by evaluating how the damage of individual strand of MS type cable, which is mainly applied to cable-stayed bridges, affects the safety level managed by level of cable tension.

In this study, the method of measuring cable tension using the vision-based system was proposed, and a portable digital camcorder was used as a sensor for the measurement of the cable tension positioned at remote distances, considering the user convenience and the cost-efficiency. The vibration method (accelerometer, vision-based system) was used to measure the cable tensions, and the result was compared and analyzed.

This study analyzes the error factors of cable tension estimation method using linear regression and suggests the upper and lower limits of tension error. The tension estimation method using linear regression is affected by errors such as boundary condition, natural frequency, cable length, and mass density. The boundary condition error analyzes the error rate for the case where the error occurs the greatest. The error of mass density and length is analytically derived, and the error of measurement natural frequency is analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation. Among these errors, the boundary condition error and the measurement natural frequency error are expected to be able to present the upper and lower limits of the error that can be caused to the estimated tension by the corresponding error factor.

Because of the characteristics of long-span bridges, the cable tension is considered a critical item in their maintenance. In particular, because the evaluation of the cable tension in a suspension bridge is essential for understanding the general status of the structural system, identifying the initial values of this force in the construction of a bridge and then accurately predicting and comparing its estimated values during traffic use are very important tasks for the maintenance of a suspension bridge. In this paper, to verify the algorithm for estimating the cable tension of hanger cables using the back analysis technique, an ambient vibration test was conducted at a suspension bridge.

케이블지지교량에서 케이블은 하중을 지지하는 주요 부재로, 케이블 장력은 교량의 건전성과 안전도 평가에 있어서 매우 중요한 변수이다. 케이블의 장력을 추정하는 기법으로, 로드셀 및 유압잭 등을 이용하여 케이블의 응력을 직접 측정하는 직접법과 케이블의 형상조건과 계측된 동특성을 활용하여 장력을 역산하는 진동법이 가장 많이 활용되고 있다. 최근 들어 케이블 내부 강재의 응력변화로 인하여 유발되는 자기장 변화를 탐지하는 EM 센서의 연구 및 활용이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 리프트오프 테스트, EM 센서 및 진동법(Vision-based System, Accelerometer)을 적용하여 장력을 측정하고 그 결과를 비교 분석하였다.

In this study, to verify the validity of the dynamic responses of cables with the image processing technique, the lift-off test and vibration method (Vision-based System) were used to measure the cable tensions, and the results were compared and analyzed.

This study was performed to evaluate the cable tension of cable-stayed bridge by using vibration method and Lift-Off Test. As a result, cable tension by the vibration method and Lift-Off Test is most similar.