본 증례는 epidermal growth factor receptor 돌연변이 비소세포폐암 환자에서 lazertinib 치료 중 췌장 전이 병변에서 소세포암 전환이 발생한 드문 사례를 보고하였다. 소세포암 전환은 치료 저항성의 기전을 나타내며 이를 확인하기 위해 조직 생검이 중요하다. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor 치료 중 병변의 선택적 진행이 의심될 때는 조직학적 평가를 통해 전환 여부를 확인하고 이에 따른 치료 전략을 변경할 필요가 있다.

The role of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has garnered attention, highlighting probiotics as potential adjuncts in CRC prevention and treatment. In recent years, probiotics and their derivatives have demonstrated mechanisms that may contribute to anticancer properties. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum KCTC 3357, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus KCTC 5033, Limosilactobacillus reuteri VA 103, Bacillus galactosidilyticus VA 107, and Lactococcus taiwanensis VE101 on CT-26 mouse colon carcinoma cells using live cells, heat-killed cells (paraprobiotics), and cell-free supernatants (CFS, postbiotics) through an MTT assay. The results indicate that live bacterial strains, such as KCTC 3357, VA 103, and VA 107, promoted CT-26 cell viability, while heat-killed cells and CFS exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Inactivated forms of KCTC 3357 and VE 101, as well as CFS at 10 mg/mL concentration of KCTC 5033, VA 103, and VE 101, showed the strongest antiproliferative effects. These findings suggest that non-viable probiotic derivatives, such as paraprobiotics and postbiotics, offer promising therapeutic potential for CRC, providing a safer and more stable alternative to live probiotics. However, further research is required to explore their mechanisms of action, in vivo efficacy, and potential clinical applications.

초임계 이산화탄소 조건에서 다중벽 탄소 나노튜브(MWCNT)에 공유결합으로 조합된 폴리(2-에티닐피리디 늄 염) 복합체를 제조하였다. 초기 반응 단계에서 MWCNT 표면에서 형성된 4차염화 2-에티닐피리디늄 염의 활성 화된 아세틸렌 삼중 결합이 MWCNT 표면에서 연속적으로 중합되어 폴리(2-에티닐피리디늄 염)이 공유결합으로 조 합된 MWCNT가 용이하게 제조되었다. MWCNT/폴리(2-에티닐피리디늄 염)의 전기 광학 및 전기화학적 특성을 측 정하고 분석하였다. 해당 복합체의 광발광 피크는 2.04 eV의 광자 에너지에 해당하는 610 nm에서 관찰되었다. SnO2:F/TiO2/N719 염료/고체 전해질/Pt 장치가 있는 준고체 DSSC를 MWCNT/P2EP로 제조하였는데, 이의 최대 에 너지 변환효율은 5.33%였다.

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are used to optimize solutions to problems, particularly those that are analytically impossible to solve. As their name suggests, they are inspired by the biological concepts of genetics and evolution. Our work aims to study and model a silicon-based photovoltaic generator (PVG). Among the various models available is that of the diode. Modeling was used to approximate the PVG output (voltage, current) as a function of two inputs: temperature and irradiation. The parameters of our model were identified using a real coding algorithm, with the cumulative square error was used for selection. To test the effectiveness of our model, we carried out simulation tests on the power-voltage (P-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a wide range of irradiation and temperature variations. This study demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach (GAs) and validates the parameters obtained and used in the single-diode electrical model. The results indicate that the GA technique is a better conventional parameter extraction strategy in terms of convergence. It provides globally optimal solutions.

A red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) from Seoul Zoo died with mild anorexia and sudden respiratory distress. A white globoid mass in the abdominal cavity and multifocal nodules in the kidneys were identified on the necropsy. Histologic examination showed anaplastic, solid patterned neoplastic cells in the kidneys and the mass. Immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin and PAX8 was positive, while heterogeneous antigen expression was present in poorly differentiated neoplastic cells. Overall, the neoplastic changes in the kidneys and the mass were consistent with a renal origin. This case highlights the possibility of further discoveries of metastatic renal cell carcinomas in cranes.

Probiotics have been evaluated as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment in an increasing number of studies. This study investigated the inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of specific Lactobacillus strains on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). The strains assessed were Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri VA 102, Ligilactobacillus (L.) animalis VA 105, and Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri KCTC 3594 (ATCC 23272). The viability of HT-29 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. The findings revealed that cell-free supernatants (CFS) exhibited significant anticancer effects. Heat-inactivated L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri KCTC 3594 induced a pronounced reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, live cultures of L. reuteri VA 105 and L. reuteri VA 102 also showed reduced cell viability compared to the control group. These results suggest that CFS and heat-inactivated cells may be more suitable for therapeutic applications than live bacteria owing to their improved safety profiles and reduced potential for adverse effects. Our findings also emphasize the potential anticancer benefits of these LAB strains.

Background: mTeSR1 is a fully-defined, serum-free medium for the derivation and maintenance of Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This study investigates the impact of incorporating mTeSR1 supplement during in vitro culture (IVC) on blastocyst productivity, qualitative characteristics, and outgrowth potential of bovine blastocysts. Methods: In vitro fertilized (IVF) eggs were cultured in IVC medium (control) with the addition of mTeSR1 supplement at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 5%, respectively. The development rates of fertilized eggs and gene expression patterns of blastocysts were assessed on day 9 of culture. For outgrowth culture, blastocysts were cultured on a mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells (MEFs) for 7 days. Results: In vitro development of bovine preimplantation embryos in the 2% mTeSR1 group was significantly higher than in the control (p < 0.05). The apoptotic index in the 2% mTeSR1 group was significantly lower compared to the control (p < 0.05). RTqPCR indicated that SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (Sox2) gene expression in the 5% mTeSR1 group was significantly higher than in the control (p < 0.05). The 5% mTeSR1 group also showed significantly higher BCL2 associated X (Bax) expression compared to the control and other mTeSR1 groups. On day 9 pi, blastocysts from the control and 2% mTeSR1 groups were cultured for 7 days. The 2% mTeSR1 group showed higher efficiency in forming dome-shaped colonies with stronger SOX2 expression compared to the control. Conclusions: The mTeSR1 supplement supports preimplantation embryo development and prevents apoptosis in blastocysts, leading to the efficient formation of domeshaped inner cell mass (ICM) colonies.

Lactobacillus is a probiotics that improves various diseases and enhances immunity through the activation of cytokines involved in natural immunity. A variety of studies on immunoregulation have been conducted on various Lactobacillus, but few on Lactobacillus johnsonii (Lj) and especially on immune cells. In this study, we investigated how Lj affects the viability and function of RAW264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that Lj decreased the metabolic activity of RAW 264.7 cells and caused a decrease in the number of cells. In Annexin V and PI staining, the viable cells was significantly decreased at 107 cfu/mL Lj concentration. Measurement of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that Lj increased the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Also, Lj increased the expression of CD40 and CD86, confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Taken together, Lj caused decreased metabolic activity and cell viability, but simultaneously increased the expression of macrophage activation markers and TNF-alpha production. Therefore, when an appropriate dosage of Lj is administered, it is expected that the necessary immunomodulation can be increased while minimizing damage on cells. This study provided evidences for the immunomodulatory effects of Lj on RAW 264.7 cells in vitro and is expected to be a valuable information for Lj research.

본 연구에서는 유기계 산화 방지제인 가려진 페놀이 그래프팅된 산화 그래핀(hindered phenol-grafted graphene oxide, HP-GO)을 합성하였고, 이를 도입한 나피온(Nafion) 기반의 복합 막을 제조하여 고분자 전해질 막 연료전지에 응용하 였다. HP-GO는 3,5-디-tert-뷰틸-4-히드록시페닐프로피오닐 클로라이드에 존재하는 염화 카보닐기(carbonyl chloride)와 GO에 존재하는 히드록시간의 치환 반응을 통해 합성되었으며, 합성된 HP-GO를 고분자 기지체 대비 0.01~0.5 wt%까지 포함하는 복합 막을 제조하여 순수 Nafion과의 물성 차이를 비교하였다. 특정 함량의 HP-GO가 첨가된 복합 막은 순수 Nafion에 비해 우수한 인장강도와 수분 흡수율 및 치수안정성을 나타내었다. 특히 HP-GO의 산화 방지 특성으로 인해 HP-GO가 첨가된 복 합 막은 장시간의 펜톤 평가(Fenton’s test) 이후 순수 Nafion 대비 높은 산화 안정성을 나타내었다. 또한 HP-GO에 의한 향상 된 수분 흡수율에 의해 복합 막은 전 습도 구간에서 순수 Nafion 대비 우수한 수소 이온 전도도를 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 산화 방지 특성이 있는 가려진 페놀기를 도입한 산화 그래핀(hindered phenol-grafted graphene oxide, HP-GO)을 합성한 후 탄화수소계 고분자인 sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPAES)을 기지체로 사용한 복합 막을 제조하여 고분자 연료전지 시스템에 응용하고자 하였다. HP-GO는 GO 표면의 하이드록시기(hydroxy group)와 HP의 염화 카 보닐(carbonyl chloride) 간의 친핵성 아실치환 반응을 통해 합성되었으며, HP-GO의 비율을 다르게 첨가한 복합 막을 제조한 후 선형 SPAES 막과의 비교를 통해 성능 특성 변화를 확인하였다. 특정 함량의 HP-GO를 첨가한 복합 막의 경우 선형 SPAES 막에 비해 체적 안정성과 기계적 강도 및 수소 이온 전도도가 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 펜톤 평가(Fenton’s test) 진행 후 막 분해 시간 및 잔여 막 무게 비율이 증가되는 경향을 통해 화학적 내구성 역시 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

In a previous study, beverages containing Centella asiatica extracts (CAE) that exhibited anti-inflammatory effects were prepared. This study aimed to establish the optimal extraction conditions for CAE to enhance its anti-inflammatory activity in functional labeling beverages (FLB-CCS) containing Aloe vera gel powder and Codonopsis lanceolata extract, and to determine their effects on intestinal epithelial cells. Initially, FLB-CCS 1 (containing 3% CAE) and FLB-CCS 2 (containing 1% CAE), which had varying CAE extraction ratios, displayed no significant cytotoxicity in IL-1β-induced inflammatory intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. FLB-CCS 1 significantly more effectively inhibited the production of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), compared to FLB-CCS 2. FLB-CCS 1 also reduced the mRNA expression of genes encoding IL-6 and MCP-1. Additionally, FLB-CCS 1 regulated the expression of IL-1 receptor type 1 by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor p65. In conclusion, these results suggest that an increased CAE extraction ratio (FLB-CCS 1) could enhance the anti-inflammatory activity and serve as materials in functional labeling beverages for intestinal health.

Cell culture is a widely used in vitro tool that enhances our understanding of cell biology, disease mechanisms, drug responses, and the development of tissue engineering. However, there are a number of important drawbacks to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, such as the loss of polarity, altered cell shape, and disruption of cell-extracellular matrix connections. Alternatively, organoids are tissue-engineered, cell-based in vitro models derived from stem cells that can self-organize and differentiate into three-dimensional (3D) structures, recapitulating the morphology and functions of their in vivo counterparts. Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous industrial chemical, has recently gained recognition as an environmental hazard. Previous research has demonstrated that BPA negatively affects the integrity of the intestinal barrier by triggering programmed cell death and suppressing cell growth in human colonic epithelial cell lines. However, a 2D-based cellular study cannot represent its exposure to multicellular organs. This work investigates the impact of BPA on the structure and function of the intestinal barrier. We examine the effect of BPA on the proliferation and tight junction gene expression with two models: the HT-29 colon cancer cell line and an intestine organoid model and morphological changes of intestinal organoid (I/O). The proliferation was increased in a dose-dependent manner with I/O, but at the same concentration, BPA does not increase the significant number of HT-29 cell respectively. Proliferation-related gene and tight junction gene expression pattern was similar between HT-29 and I/O other than Claudin-4. Therefore, this study offers a more precise depiction of the functional and morphological alterations caused by BPA in comparison to traditional 2D cell cultures.

In this study, flow analysis was performed using ANSYS CFX to evaluate the performance of the 30kg hydrogen fuel cell hexa-copter drone in hovering flight. In the case of a hydrogen fuel cell hexa-copter drone, a total of four cooling fans are mounted on the drone's body in two pairs on the left and right to cool the fuel cell module. In order to evaluate the effect of the air flow from the cooling fan on the aerodynamic properties of the hydrogen fuel cell drone as the mounted cooling fan operates, the change in thrust for the case where the cooling fan operates and does not operate was compared and analyzed. Looking at the analysis results, it was found that the presence or absence of the drone's cooling fan had little effect on the drone's thrust through the thrust results for the six wings.

Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key mechanism of skin aging, and the use of antioxidants is an effective strategy to prevent the symptoms associated with ROS-induced skin aging. The components rich in polyphenolic compounds with antioxidative activity were identified by fractionating an aqueous ethanolic extract of Gryllus bimaculatus (AE-GBE) using solvent using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Their ability to migrate H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was then evaluated. The butanol fraction of AE-GBE had the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant effect, followed by the ethyl acetate and water fractions, suggesting that the likely antioxidant components are polar components. Furthermore, the butanol, ethyl acetate, and water fractions effectively reduced intracellular ROS production and DNA damage in HDF cells caused by H2O2. Overall, these findings suggest that the butanol fraction of AE-GBE shows promise as a natural insect-derived antioxidant material, capable of suppressing oxidative stress by showing a stronger antioxidant effect under H2O2 stimulation than the other fractions.

다중 운집 사고는 주로 도시 내 밀집된 공간에서 발생하며, 보행자의 자유로운 이동이 제한될 때 더욱 위험하다. 이러한 상황에서 군중의 물리적 압력이 더해지면 대형 참사로 이어질 수 있어 예방과 신속한 대응이 필수적이다. 사고 발생 가능성을 최소화하기 위해 서는 실시간으로 군중 밀도를 모니터링하고, 위험 상황을 사전에 경고할 수 있는 예측 시스템 구축이 필요하다. 그러나 현재 사용되는 CCTV 기반 모니터링 시스템은 특정 구역에 국한되며, 설치 및 유지 비용이 높아 광범위한 모니터링에는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구 에서는 Cell Transmission Model(CTM)을 기반으로 한 양방향 보행 시뮬레이션 프레임워크를 개발하고, 이를 모바일 통신 데이터로 검증하였다. 연구 과정에서는 먼저 1)단방향 보행 CTM을 구축하고, 2)이를 양방향 보행 CTM으로 확장하여 경계 셀을 재설정하고 유 입량을 조정하는 방식으로 진행했다. 또한, 다중 운집 사고를 구현하기 위해 체류 개념을 추가했다. 검증 단계는 1)대상지 선정, 2)보행 네트워크 구축, 3)시뮬레이션 적용, 4)모바일 통신 데이터와의 비교 검증 순으로 이루어졌다. 대상지는 이태원 참사가 발생했던 이태원 역 부근으로, 20×20m 셀 단위로 보행 네트워크를 구축했다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 모바일 통신 데이터와의 높은 유사도를 보였다. 본 연구 에서 개발한 시뮬레이션은 대규모 행사나 혼잡한 보행 환경에서 군중 밀집을 예측하고, 사고 가능성을 조기에 경고하는 데 활용될 수 있다. 특히, 대형 이벤트나 도시 재난 관리에서 실시간 대응 시스템의 기초 자료로 사용할 수 있다.