This study focused on the grammaticalization of tou(透)， using the theory of grammaticalization analysed the relationships among the meanings of tou., and discussed the conditions and mechanisms during the grammaticalization process of tou. According to the results of this study, the ethmological meanings of tou-- guo and tiao, were great influnce on the meaning development of tou. The common semantic features between guo and tiao are [out of the border]and [transendence]. Beside that, reanalysis was also played an important role on the grammaticalization of tou. Through reanalysis, the verb tou got the function as a complement. The grammaticalization follows the principle of continuity, which has the advantages of semantic and syntactic conditions. We found out that metaphor, reanalysis and analogy played important parts together during the grammaticalization process of tou.

Place attachment is the bonding based on positive affection in the interactions between people and a place that significant for the harmonious relationship between people and the environment. Scannel and Gilford (2010) considered the dimensions of place attachment and proposed the theoretical framework of Place, Person, and Process (PPP), which should be systematically studied from the perspective of person, place, and psychological processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the theory of place attachment and put forward the hypothesis for the structural model. The potential variables of the model were analyzed, and the correlation coefficients were obtained. In view of the results of the structural model analysis, relevant policy proposals were put forward. After the questionnaire investigation on the Haneul Park in Daejeon city, the data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method, and the model with 19 measurement items was established. The results showed that the hypothesis model was suitable for the data because the 𝒳² test of the model fitting was not significant (p=0.349), and it had a better model fitting index. The results demonstrated that the place, cognition, affection, and behavior have significant effects on place attachment (p<0.05).They play the most important role, considering that the relationships between the variables, correlation coefficients between cognition and affection, cognition and behavior, and behavior and affection were significant (p<0.01). This showed that the place attachment process for the park visitors involved the psychological emotional cycle of cognition, affection, and behavior. To increase the interest of visitors and the rate of revisit, it was suggested to increase the diversity of the park facilities and to meet the needs of local residents when the construction and renovation of neighborhood parks is undertaken. In internal aspects, the paper studied in detail the psychology or expectations of park visitors and showed the importance of the analysis of their emotion, cognition, and behavior. This analysis can be a starting point for the design and renovation of the neighborhood parks. It should improve visitor satisfaction and strengthen the attachment of visitors to the neighborhood parks.

This paper aims at studying how the effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on the elderly’s depression, cognition are. The questions of this paper are as followings. 1. What is the demo-social characteristics of elderly in Uisung nursing home? 2. What are the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on the elderly’s depression, cognition? In this paper, we collected the data by interviews through questionnaires and observations during program. The results of the analyses of the elderly in Uisung nursing home are as follows. In the demo-socio factors, the elderly’s average age is 78, The score of depression of experiment group is 47 in comparison of the previous test 52. The score of cognition is 14 in comparison of the previous test 13. Although there is a little difference between test group and experiment group in post test of MNSE-K, depression, the differences of test group and experiment group in post test of MNSE-K, depression are statistically meaningless. With a view of this point, we can conclude that we need more observation of the effect of the animal assisted therapy in nursing home Uisung area in spite of better conditions than before. The agency to solve the elderly depression, cognition in nursing home need more observation to recognize the important factors affecting the elderly’s depression, cognition in Uisung Kyungbuk Area. In reality, the elderly in nursing home feel more better than before therapy, which implication is very meaningful in elderly welfare.

목 적: 제주지역 안경사 특성에 따른 직무 중요도와 교육 필요도를 분석하여 산업체에서 요구하는 직무 능력을 갖춘 안경사 양성을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 하였다. 방 법: 2016년 4월 3일부터 2016년 5월 2일까지 제주지역 안경 관련 산업체에 근무하는 안경사 90명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 결 과: 응답자의 성별, 산업체 업종, 경력, 직위 및 사업장 주소지에 따라 직무 중요도와 교육 필요도에 대한 인식 차이가 나타났다. 결 론: 안경사의 특성에 따라 직무 중요도와 교육 필요도에 대한 인식이 다르게 나타났으며, 따라서 산업 체에서 요구하는 직무분야별 능력을 강화할 수 있는 특화된 교육 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 치매환자에게 전래동화 플래시애니메이션을 활용한 작업중심의 회상치료를 적용하여 인지기능과 상호작용 및 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 C시의 노인전문병원에서 총 24명의 치매환자를 실험군(12명)과 대조군(12명)으로 나누어 주 3회, 매 회기 40분씩 총 6주간 18회기의 회상치료 프로그램을 적용하였다. 중재효과를 검증하기 위해 사용된 평가도구로는 인지기능은 간이정신상태검사-한국판(Mini Mental State Exam-Korean; MMSE-K) 과 노인용 작업인지 평가도구(Loewnstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment for Geriatric population; LOTCA-G)를 이용하였고, 사회적 상호작용은 사회행동척도(Social Behavior Scale; SBS), 문제행동은 신경정신행동검사-간편형(Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire; NPI-Q)으로 중재전 후에 평가하였다. 결과분석은 기술통계와 비모수통계를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 실험군과 대조군의 사전-사후 점수들을 비교한 결과 MMSE-K의 총점에서 두 집단 간 유의미한 차이가 있었고, LOTCA-G에서는 총점과 하위항목 중 실행력과 기억력 항목에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났음을 확인할 수 있었다. SBS의 경우 총점과 언어적, 비언어적, 대화내용의 세 가지 하위항목 모두 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, NPI-Q점수를 비교한 결과 심각도와 고통정도의 총점을 포함하여 세부항목 중 초조/공격 성의 심각도와 고통정도, 우울의 고통정도 항목에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론 : 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 치매환자에게 전래동화 플래시애니메이션을 활용한 작업중심의 회상치료 프로그 램을 적용하였을 때, 인지기능유지 및 사회적 상호작용의 향상과 문제행동 완화에 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Although the internationalization decision making process amongst managers from developed nations has been extensively studied, this phenomenon has been sporadically explored among managers from newly opened and transition economies. Given the risks and commitment inherent in international market entry, a thorough understanding of the decision making process of managers in such dynamic markets becomes crucial in charting the firms’ future direction. Hence, drawing on concepts from cognitive science, this study aims to explore cognitive biases and mental models for international market entry decision making among managers from a transition economy, namely Myanmar. Myanmar is recognized as Asia’s last large economy to become globally linked. Myanmar has long posted a negative trade balance, with the import value nearly double that of exports. The country’s population of 54 million, its abundance of natural resources, and its economic integration in the fastest growing region of the world have attracted firms of global brands such as KFC and VISA, who strive to gain market access. After decades of military rule, Myanmar’s ‘open’ economy is dominated by state-run enterprises in heavy industries, with growing opportunities for the private sector to aid in the growth of the domestic market as well as to exploit foreign market opportunities. Scholars from a diverse range of disciplines have argued that elements of an organization’s international strategic abilities stem from managers’ cognitive processes that balance national, industry, organizational and functional issues (Prahalad & Doz, 1987). This study explores Myanmar decision-makers’ strategic cognition, which describes the information-filtering or sense-making process by which strategic issues are interpreted (Finkelstein, Hambrick & Cannella, 2009). The fact that management and marketing research in Myanmar contexts is virtually nonexistent, understanding the strategic decision making processes of managers in Myanmar is warranted, given the significant business opportunities for and within this country in transition. Strategic cognition describes the how cognitive structures relate to the decision process in terms of strategy formulation and implementation (Narayanan & Zane, 2011). Cognitive structures refer to the manager’s beliefs about the environment, the state of the organization, and the business portfolio. The strategic cognition perspective presumes that managers rely on their belief structures when undertaking a strategic decision task (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). According to Finkelstein et al. (2009), managers’ ability to deal with complex decisions is inhibited by cognitive biases as well as interpretive frames. Such biases, in part, influence which information is attended to and how it is interpreted. ‘Biases’ and ‘frames’ in decision making receive considerable attention in the strategic decision making literature because they often lead to committing decision errors. While there are a number of cognitive biases, our interest lies in framing bias (Kahneman & Tversky, 1984) because the interpretation of economic gains and losses are highly relevant for strategic decision making. Framing bias occurs when modifications in the way a decision problem is presented, focusing either on the potential gains or on the potential losses of alternatives, result in a change in the decision-makers’ initial preference, such as when a decision maker becomes risk-averse when gains are highlighted while becoming more risk-taking when losses are. Two propositions are tested in this study. First, if we assume that framing bias influences strategic decision making under complex and uncertain contexts, we should discover substantive differences in managers’ risk preferences. More specifically, differences should be found when managers are presented with alternative versions of elaborated problem scenarios that are the same in all aspects except for the fact that the alternatives have been systematically manipulated in terms of (1) the potential gains (positive presented version) or (2) the potential losses (negative presented version). Second, prior research reports that strategic cognition is influenced by personal characteristics (e.g. educational background) and values as well as organizational characteristics (e.g. firm size, firm age) (Finkelstein et al., 2009; Hambrick & Mason, 1984). With this in mind, we should observe significant differences in risk preferences between participants of different demographic and trait groups. This study implemented an experimental investigation into the potential framing and priming effects arising from a strategic marketing decision problem of whether to develop a new marketing plan to serve the home market or to commit marketing resources to the export market. The stimuli were adapted from those developed by Hodgkinson et al. (1999), which were crafted to solicit responses to a case scenario that described a convincing strategic investment decision encountered by a firm that provides innovative automotive vehicle fast paint-drying systems. This scenario was deemed appropriate for the Myanmar context given that the participants were familiar with automobiles and auto painting services. The scenario was moderately adapted to suit the Myanmar context, with a fictitious local firm, Yannawa Co., which was faced with domestic intensified competition and up-and-coming advanced technology product substitution. The case scenario was explained with about 260 words that describe Yannawa’s 10-year history, the domestic industry environment and Yannawa’s objective to achieve a profit of $3 million. A photo of a modern fast-drying automotive painting system was included in the stimuli. Participants were instructed to assume the role as one of Yannawa’s board of directors and were asked to choose one option between a ‘less-risky’ alternative (focus on the domestic market) with a higher likelihood of occurrence and a ‘riskier’ alternative (invest in overseas markets) that had two possible outcomes that had different likelihoods of occurrence. Framing effects were manipulated as positively and negatively worded versions. In the negatively framed version, participants had to choose between (A) developing a new marketing plan to serve its home market with a 100% chance this option will lead to profits of US$1 million below management’s targeted level or (B) committing its marketing to the export market overseas, with a 33% chance to reach the targeted level and a 66% chance to earn profits of US$3 million below management’s targeted level. In contrast, in the positively stated version, participants were asked to choose between (A) developing a new marketing plan to serve its home market with a 100% chance to earn profits of US$1 million or (B) committing to the export market with a 33% chance for profits of US$3 million and a 66% chance to make no profits at all. To control for potential priming effects, the presentation order of the alternatives varied, with the ‘less-risky’ higher likelihood of occurrence alternative presented first in the stimuli followed by the ‘riskier’ alternative, and vice versa in the other versions. Altogether, we developed four experimental conditions: positively versus negatively framed decision scenarios, with lower risk versus higher risk in alternate sequence. The research instrument also included items asking participant demographic characteristics. The decision task was also accompanied by a free-elicitation method to capture a mental model of the variables that the participant considered while making the decision. In other words, participants were asked in an open-ended question, “Please write in sequence the variables that you thought about while making your decision.” Unlike the stimuli of Hodgkinson et al. (1999), which provided a list of 18 variables, which participants could rely on to complete the cognitive mapping task, our free-elicitation method was deemed necessary in order to gain better insights to Myanmar managers’ thought processes. Both studies involved Myanmar professionals who were enrolled in a global MBA program being offered at campuses in Yangon and Mandalay where English is used as the medium of instruction. Study 1 comprised a sample of 118 students enrolled in the Marketing Management course, which is the first course taken in the program. The sample comprises 35 (29.7%) males and 83 (70.3%) females, with a majority (72%) within the age range of 22 to 31 years, and 62 (52.5%) with a Science education, 26 (22%) in Economics/Business and 21 (17.8%) in Arts/Language. A count of 46 (39.0%) occupy top/senior management positions, 36 (30.5%) are business owners, and the remaining 36 (30.5%) hold entry-level organization positions. Each participant was assigned randomly one of the four stimuli versions. The task was administered in class and participants were given 30 minutes to provide their responses. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings on a sample of 81 final semester MBA students in the same program. The sample composition of Study 2 is similar to that of Study 1. Data were analyzed using nonparametric approaches to test the significance of joint frequency distribution of cases. The statistical analyses indicate that the distribution of risk preferences are consistent in both Study 1 (i.e. participants new to the MBA program) and Study 2 (i.e. more experienced MBA students) (χ2 = 0.64, p = 0.27), which is similar to the findings of Bateman and Zeithaml (1989). Also, the risk preferences are consistent in both Yangon and Mandalay subgroups (χ2 = 0.00, p = 0.57). Thus, the data collected from both studies were pooled for further analyses. As for the control of priming effects, we find a significant difference in risk preferences (χ2 = 5.32, p = 0.04, 113 vs. 86), with a larger proportion of the second listed marketing alternative (i.e. more recent) being selected, irrespective of whether that alternative is higher-risk or lower-risk. With respect to a test of our first proposition of a framing effect, we found no support (χ2 = 0.32, p = 0.35) of a systematic association between framing and decision choice. The distribution of decisions shows that irrespective of whether the alternative was positively framed or negatively framed, a larger proportion of the participants chose to higher-risk alternative to focus on exporting. As for testing our second broad proposition that there would be significant risk preference differences between demographic groups in the sample, we found no support for sex (χ2 = 0.58, p = 0.27), age (χ2 = 0.29, p = 0.96), education background (χ2 = 2.40, p = 0.30), and no support for occupation (χ2 = 7.33, p = 0.11). The qualitative responses obtained from the free-elicitation section of the instrument, were analyzed by categorizing responses as either concrete, i.e. a greater focus on specific details (e.g. mention of numbers, such as ‘a 100% chance’, ‘a 33% chance’ and ‘$1 million below’, ‘profits of US$3 million’) or abstract, i.e. focus on the bigger picture (e.g. such as ‘more competition’, ‘threat of new products’). Based on this approach, we find that 138 (69.3%) of the participants began their mental model with an abstraction and 105 (52.8%) of those participants relied on a mental model that was entirely abstract, absent of specific details. In contrast, 33 (16.6) of the participants constructed mental models that were completely concrete, while the remaining 61 (30.7%) of the participants developed mental models comprising both abstract and concrete information inputs. Interestingly, a statistical test of an association between these three different mental models and risk preference show no significant association (χ2 = 2.80, p = 0.25). This exploratory study contributes to the management and international marketing literature by providing initial evidence and insights of the strategic cognition of Myanmar managers. The fact that there were no framing effects nor any differences in the risk preferences between different demographic groups suggest that participants in our study may be relying on a common heuristic (i.e. rule of thumb) that guides them towards the option to seek foreign market opportunities. The marketing doctrine concept introduced by Challagalla, Murtha and Jaworski (2014), is indicative of the influence of institution-wide principles that guide all decision-makers throughout the institution. In the case of Myanmar, national trade policies emphasizing export initiatives and increased export promotion activities may be regarded as fundamental drives for economic growth. As such, managers may be adopting this national principle to simplify their decision task and therefore prefer to pursue foreign market opportunities. Relatedly, it is worth noting that among the participants that opted to focus on the home market, nearly half were employed by a non-government organization (NGO) operating in Myanmar. This reiterates earlier findings of the influence of organizational characteristics on the strategic cognition of managers (Finkelstein et al., 2009; Hambrick & Mason, 1984). From our sample, we found that managers working for a NGO may be accustomed to adhering to their own organizational principles, which emphasize the needs of the domestic market. From a practical perspective, caution should be taken when decision managers rely largely on a heuristic approach to decision making. Although recent studies report that heuristics can be a valuable approach in the wake of overwhelming data and information (e.g. Patterson et al., 2012 ), others show that accurate mental models bring about better decision rules (e.g. Gary & Wood, 2011). To ensure that the decisions made by managers align both their personal preferences and the logic of rational choice, a deliberate model designed to compare the underlying costs and benefits of the decisions must be carefully developed in such a way to prevent decision makers from minor distractions. To date, our study is the first to gain insights on the ‘black box’ of decision making among a sample of managers from Myanmar. Despite the valuable insights provided from our exploratory study, it is not without limitations. Although our sample comprises businesspeople from two major cities in Myanmar and represents businesspeople from a diverse range of industries and demographic characteristics, the generalizability of our findings is still limited. In addition, we only designed and implemented one hypothetical business scenario in our study due to the complex nature of the decision task. Using one hypothetical case may further limit the generalizability. Moreover, our results revealing the absence of framing effects but the presence of priming effects seem inconsistent with prior studies that have reported that such effects alter individual perceptions. Based on our preliminary findings, future studies are called upon to verify, confirm, and extend this current study to other contexts in Myanmar and other emerging and transition economies.

The emergence and spread of the variant form of Chinese Character are related to people’s cognitive principles. The cognitive modes of Chinese Character formed by identity, assimilation, distinction and integration. On the surface, the variant form of Chinese Character appears haphazardly. It is clearly seen that there are the reason on the evolution of the variant form of the Chinese Character, which mainly lies in the active role of human perception. People’s cognitive principles determine not only the ways of the emergence but the degree of variation of the variant form of Chinese Character.

In 2010, Gwanmaedo was selected by the National Park Service as the brand village to develop tourism. The purpose of this research was to identify the factors influencing the island’s residents’ understanding of, and attitudes toward, emerging socioeconomic and environmental changes in relation to creating the brand village and to define the most influential and significant factor. This study used the SPSS 21.0 program to perform frequency, reliability, factor, and principal component regression analysis. An adequate 18 of the total 23 variables were used to conduct the factor analysis. As a result, a total of five factors were extracted, and these factors can determine 73.35 % of the total variances. To predict the most influential factor affected the residents’ attitudes toward tourism development, a multiple regression analysis was carried out; the analysis of four elements that relate to the social factor, such as increased crime rate, gambling, moral disorder, and loss of local traditions, indicate that the development of tourism and designation of Gwanmaedo as the brand village have not had negative effects in the area. Compared with previous studies, the results of this research show that the residents’ attitudes have positively changed toward the brand village. The findings also emphasize that enabling, supporting, and motivating the locals’ involvement in the planning and implementation processes of a project can be important for its successful development.

The purpose of this experiment was designed to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs (MH) extracts on dementia induced by trimethyltin chloride (TMT) in rats. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal group (group 1), control group (group 2), MH extracts group (250, 500 mg/kg) (group 3, group 4) and positive control group (tacrine group, group 5). In the control group to induce dementia, a 2.5 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection was used for 14 days (1 per day) in the rats. In the MH extracts group 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of MH extracts were medicated in an oral inoculation for 20 days (1 per day). After 30 minutes, a 2.5 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection, which causes dementia, was used for 14 days (1 per day). In the positive control group (Tacrine group) 10 mg/kg of Tacrine, the dementia treatment, was medicated in an oral inoculation. After 30 mintues, 1 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection, which causes dementia, was used for 14 days (1 per day). The present author observed the passive avoidance performance test, and memory ability test (Y maze test), the values of MDA, acetlycholinesterase (AchE) activity in the brain and antioxidant enzyme in serum. MH extracts significantly improved memory of AD model rats in the Y-maze test, and also significantly improved memory of AD model rats in the passive avoidance test. MH extracts significantly reduced AChE activity, and significantly increased the SOD level, but not catalase and MDA. From the results above, MH extracts is thought to be effective in the improvement of antioxidant enzymes and memory ability.

본 연구에서 한국인과 중국인의 의견표명 행위에 영향을 미치는 요인 중 하나로 체면 요 인을 설정하고, 이에 대한 실증연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과 우선 중국인은 사회주의 국가라 는 환경적인 요인으로 인해 오프라인에서의 의견표명 행위에 대해 스스로 제한을 두고 있다 는 점이다. 대신 한국에 비해 온라인에서는 누구보다 자신의 의견을 표명하는데 적극적이었 다. 한중 구분을 두지 않았을 때, 온·오프라인 모두 중국의 남성 집단이 가장 강한 의견표명 의지를 보이고 있었다. 그러나 중국인이 비록 온라인에서 한국인 보다 자신의 의견을 외부로 나타내는데 더 적극적이지만, 만약 자신의 신분이 주변인에게 노출될 수 있음을 인지한다면, 자신의 의견표명 의지를 상당히 줄여버리고 있었다. 다음으로 한국인에 비해 중국인이 자신의 체면위협 행위에 민감한 것으로 나타났다. 성별 로는 남성이 여성보다 체면을 더 중시하고 있었으며, 상대적으로 연령이 적은 사람들은 주변 사람들의 시선에 민감하게 작용하고, 연령이 많은 사람들은 불특정 다수의 시선에 민감하게 작용하고 있음을 확인하였다. 체면을 매개변수로 하여 온·오프라인 상호관계에서의 그 매개정도를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 한국과 달리 중국에서의 장소체면은 비록 그 변화 정도는 미미하나, 온라인 의견표명에 정적 (正的)영향을 주면서 ‘오프라인-온라인 의견표명’ 간의 상관관계를 일정부분 낮추고 있었다. 그리고 인물체면 역시 중국에서만이 온라인 의견표명에 부적(不的)영향을 주면서 ‘오프라인- 온라인 의견표명’ 간의 상관관계를 일정부분 떨어뜨리고 있었다.

This research investigated changes in Joseon food culture mainly focusing on acceptance of Western food in the enlightenment period. Joseon intended to learn the advanced technology of the West. Through an exchange with various Western countries, the royal family and upper class of Joseon rapidly accepted foreign food and food culture. As hotels were built in Incheon and Seoul, foreign food became more widely provided, which spread to the public, accordingly, and Western style restaurants were built and spread to the Busan area besides Seoul. As Western food rapidly spread, concerns arose. Particularly, after an attempt to assassinate Gojong by inserting poison into his coffee in 1898, appeals were made concerning Western food “that should not be consumed, because it is not proper for Korean people's intestines and stomach”.

본 연구에서는 미디어아트, 또는 기술 매체와 신체의 인터페이스를 강조하는 인터랙티브 미디어아트의 해석적 틀로서 현상학적 체현인지의 관점을 제시한다. 메를로퐁티의 현상학과 체현인지 이론에서 영향을 받은 최근의 HCI 연구와 매체 미학의 상통하는 개념들을 발굴하여 미디어아트의 현상학적 도식을 제안해 보았다. 체험된 신체, 현상학적 장, 점진적 체화와 지향성, 시선의 이동성과 가상성 등은 미디어아트를 읽어내기 위한 개념 틀과 어휘의 형성에 이바지할 수 있어 보인다. 이는 탈 경계와 혼종성을 중심으로 한 포스트 휴머니즘이나 기술철학적 관점을 대체하기보다는, 서로 상보적인 관계에서 미디어아트 해석의 다양성을 높이는데 기여할 것으로 보인다.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the influences of need for cognition (NFC) and fashion leadership on regret after purchasing fashion goods in female consumers and examine the relationships between regret and its dependent variables (i.e., dissatisfaction, regret resolution, and rebuying intentions). Data collection was conducted through a survey for females in their 20s~40s, and 642 questionnaires were used for final data analyses in which frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression were applied using SPSS 14.0. The results were as follows. The higher NFC was or the lower fashion leadership was, the higher the degree of regret, as NFC and fashion leadership both had a significant influence on regret. In terms of the dependent variables, the higher the degree of regret, the higher the degree of dissatisfaction and ultimately the lower the rebuying intentions. In addition, the influence of regret on regret resolution and the influence of regret resolution on rebuying intentions were significant. This study verified that consumers’ characteristics and feelings of regret had a significant influence on their buying behavior of fashion goods. The results suggest that consumers’ feelings of regret (which influence consumer satisfaction and rebuying intentions) should be considered in terms of competitive marketing strategies at fashion companies.

The study conducted questionnaire analysis on 607 host company employee and 404 subcontractor employee in order to examine the difference in the safety culture cognition of host company and subcontractor. As a result, host company had higher recognition in all safety culture factors compare to that of subcontractor, and there were bigger gap of cognition in the 'cognition in safety status and culture', 'accident and near-miss', 'immediate superior's concentration degree in safety and health' than that of other cognition factors. Furthermore, team leaders showed the highest cognition in both host company and subcontractor, and employees with above 20 year career had the highest cognition in both host company and subcontractor. There is high relationship between host company and subcontractor in the correlations in safety culture cognition factors. Through this study, we identified the difference in the safety culture cognition factor of host company and subcontractor.

오늘날 우리 사회는 거절과 무시라는 사회적 배제(social exclusion) 경험의 증가로 인해 공격 행동, 자기 자멸적 행동, 인지 능력의 저하와 같은 많은 사회적 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 사회적 배제의 유형인 무시와 거 절이 각각 과시적 소비와 친사회적 행동에 미치는 효과를 검증하고 근육 강화에 의한 체화된 인지가 그 효과를 어떻게 조절하는지 규명하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 무시와 거절 조건의 참가자에게 악력기를 통한 근육 강화 (firmed muscle)로 체화된 인지를 형성시킨 후 과시적 소비(conspicuous consumption) 성향과 친사회적 행동(prosocial behavior) 의도를 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 무시 조건의 경우 악력기를 통한 근육강화 집단이 근육비강화 집단 (통 제 집단)에 비해 더 낮은 과시적 소비 경향과 더 높은 친사회적 행동 의도를 보였으나, 거절 조건의 경우 근육강 화 집단과 근육비강화 집단 간의 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이는 사회적 배제 경험 중 무시의 경우, 체화 된 인지를 통해 효능감의 동기를 높이면 친사회적 행동과 같은 긍정적인 행동을 유도할 수 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 이용자참여를 통한 도시농업공원의 운영관리방향에 관한 연구이다. 공공성과 텃밭, 정원에 대한 개념정리를 통해 도시농업공원의 주제정원으로서 ‘텃밭정원’의 도입을 가정하였다. 이에 대하여 도시공원 이용자와 전문가를 대상으로 설문조사를 하여 각 집단의 선호 인식을 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 도시농업공원의 텃밭정원의 운영관리방향을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 텃밭정원을 위한 도시농업공원의 입지조건은 도심 내 평지 공원으로 집으로부터 걸어서 10분 이내, 500m~1km이내 이다. 텃밭정원의 취미활동은 텃밭농사, 꽃가꾸기, 휴식이며, 설치물은 식물재료와 이동식 시설이다. 조성비용은 참여자 개인부담과 지자체의 지원비로 확보한다. 임대면적은 16~33㎡이고, 임대기간은 2년이며 1회 연장할 수 있으며, 연간 임대료는 5만원이다. 임대구획은 일괄적으로 부여된 번호순으로 배정하며, 다수임대는 연속된 구획으로 최대 2구획이다. 텃밭정원은 이벤트 시 공공에게 개방하며, 텃밭정원 참여자는 텃밭정원 교육을 통해 텃밭정원의 조성 및 운영관리에 필요한 역량을 확보하고, 도시농업공원의 관리활동에 참여할 수 있다. 주민참여 텃밭정원은 공원시설부지면적에 산입하지 않는다.

목적 : 본 연구는 인지심리적 장애를 가진 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 8주간 실시된 범주화 훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 주의력과 기억력, 자기효능감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2013년 12월부터 2014년 3월까지 30명의 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 실험군과 대조군 으로 나누어 실시하였다. 주의력과 기억력의 변화는 전산화 신경인지검사(Computerized Neurocognitive Function Test; CNT)를 사용하였으며 자기효능감의 변화는 일반적, 구체적 자기효능감 척도를 사용하 였다. 결과 : 두 집단 각각 중재 전후 결과 주의력과 기억력이 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 자기효능감은 실험군의 일반적 자기효능감에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05) 둘째, 중재 후 두 집단 간 차이에서 기억력은 유 의한 차이를 보였으며(p<.05), 주의력과 자기효능감은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05). 결론 : 범주화 훈련이 참여자들의 기억력을 향상시킨 것을 고려해 볼 때, 향후 연구에서 좀 더 포괄적인 인지기능 및 작업수행과 연관된 과제의 연구가 필요할 것이다.

본 연구는 수용자의 인지욕구에 따라 제품유형과 매체유형의 설득효과를 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구결과, 인지욕구 수준이 높은 집단의 경우 하이테크 제품과 비하이테크 제품 모두 팟캐스트 매체에 대 한 광고태도가 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 인지욕구 수준이 낮은 집단은 하이테크와 비하이테크 제품 모두 인쇄매체에 대한 광고태도가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 브랜드태도의 경우에는 삼원상호작용 효과가 나 타나지 않았다. 광고주 공신력의 경우 인지욕구가 높은 집단과 낮은 집단 모두 팟캐스트 매체가 효과적인 것으로 나타났으나, 제품 유형에 따라서는 인지욕구 수준에 따라 서로 다른 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 인지욕구가 높은 집단의 경우 팟캐스트와 인쇄매체 모두 하이테크 제품에 광고주 공신력을 높게 평가 하는 것으로 나타났고, 인지욕구가 낮은 집단은 팟캐스트와 인쇄매체 모두 비하이테크 제품에 광고주 공 신력을 높게 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 구매의도에 대해 매체별로는 인지욕구가 높은 집단과 낮은 집단 모두 팟캐스트 매체가 더욱 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 인지욕구가 높은 집단은 두 가지 매체 모두 하이 테크 제품에 구매의도가 높으며, 인지욕구가 낮은 집단은 비하이테크 제품에 더 높은 구매의도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 인지욕구가 높은 집단의 경우에는 팟캐스트를 활용한 비하이테크 제품보다 인쇄 매체를 활용한 하이테크 제품에 대한 구매의도가 높았으며, 인지욕구가 낮은 집단의 경우 팟캐스트를 활 용한 비하이테크 제품에 구매의도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다.

자동차사고의 주요 원인으로 운전자의 주의분산이 지목됨이 따라 운전자의 전방주시율을 높여주는 HUD(Head Up Display)에 대한 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 최근에는 다양한 콘텐츠가 포함된 HUD 제품들이 등장하면서 주행 중 인지부하가 증가할 가능성이 높아졌다. 이에 본 논문은 현재 자동차에 사용되고 있는 HUD에 제시된 콘텐츠 가 운전자에게 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위하여 조도환경과 성별의 차이를 두어 인지적 측면과 활용적 측면 에 대한 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 결과, HUD가 제공하는 콘텐츠는 외부 조도와 차량 내의 내부 조도의 차이가 클수록 시인성이 높아 인지부하가 줄어들었다. 또한 HUD 콘텐츠의 경우 주행과 직접적인 관련이 높을수록 인지 율이 높았으며, 운전과 관련성이 낮은 콘텐츠의 경우 운전자의 집중을 저해하는 것을 확인하였다.

This study examined differences in brand attitude bases between Japanese and Americans. ‘Pride’ was a universal predictor of brand attitudes among both Japanese and American participants. However, Japanese consumers strongly emphasized ‘emotional attachment’, whereas Americans’ brand attitudes mostly derived from product functionality. The reason was discussed in light of Cultural-psychology.