신개념 철근콘크리트 포장인 ARCP(Advanced Reinforced Concrete Pavement)는 연속철근 콘크리트 포장인 CRCP(Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement)에서 균일하지 않게 발생하는 균열과 다량의 철근 사용으로 인한 높은 시공비를 개선한 기술이다. ARCP 는 고속도로 제1호선 언양~영천 구간에 최초로 시공하였으며 고속도로 제14호선 밀양~울산 구간에도 시공하였다. 이전의 시공 과정 및 초기 공용성을 기반으로 ARCP의 주요 기술 요소인 부분철근과 균열유도장치의 형상을 개선하여 고속도로 제14호선 창녕~밀양 구 간에 적용하여 시공하였다. 기존 균열유도장치는 반달형의 GFRP 재질로 제작되었으며 지지대를 이용하여 설치하였으나 개선된 균열 유도장치는 L형의 철재로 부분철근에 용접된 어셈블리 형태로 제작되어 설치가 간단하다. 기존 부분철근은 2개의 부분철근을 서로 연 결시킨 형상이었으나 개선된 부분철근은 연결부를 두지 않고 독립적인 형상으로 설치하였다. ARCP 시공 이후 초기 현장조사 결과, 균 열유도장치가 설치된 곳에서 적절한 균열이 발생하는 것을 확인하였으며 슬래브 표면 침하도 발생하지 않았다. 따라서 개선된 부분철 근과 균열유도장치를 적용함으로써 ARCP의 시공성 및 공용성을 한층 더 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES : The initial smoothness of concrete pavement surfaces must be secured to ensure better driving performance and user comfort. The roughness was measured after hardening the concrete pavement in Korea. When the initial roughness is poor, relatively large-scale repair works, such as milling or reconstruction must be performed. Hence, a method to measure the roughness of the concrete pavements in realtime during construction and immediately correct the abnormal roughness was developed in this study. METHODS : The profile of a concrete pavement section was measured at a construction site using sensors that were attached to the tinning equipment of the paver. The measured data included outliers and noise caused by the sensor and vibration of the paving equipment, respectively, which were further calibrated. Consequently, the calibrated data were input into the ProVAL program to calculate the roughness based on the international roughness index (IRI). Additionally, the profile of the section was re-measured using another method to verify the reliability of the calculated IRI. RESULTS : The profile data measured at the concrete pavement construction site were calibrated using methods, such as overlapped boxplot outlier removal and low-pass filtering. The outlier data from the global positioning system (GPS), which was installed to identify the construction distance, was also calibrated. The IRI was calculated using the ProVAL program by matching the measured profile and GPS data, and applying the moving average method. The calculated IRI was compared to that measured using another method, and the difference was within the tolerance. CONCLUSIONS : A method to measure the roughness of the concrete pavements in real time during construction was developed in this study. Hence, the performance of concrete pavements can be improved by enhancing the roughness of the pavement considerably using the aforementioned method.

PURPOSES : Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) is a superstiff-consistency concrete pavement that exhibits excellent strength development owing to a hydration reaction and interlocking aggregates owing to the roller compaction. A zero-slump concrete mixture is generally used. Hence, it is important to control the consistency of the RCCP mixture to prevent the deterioration of the construction quality (such as material separation during paving). The workability of the RCCP is characterized by its consistency and controlled by the Vebe time, whereas a conventional concrete pavement is controlled based on the slump test. The consistency of the RCCP changes over time after concrete mixing owing to delivery, construction time delays, etc. Thus, it is necessary to use the optimum Vebe time to achieve the best construction quality. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Vebe time prediction model for efficiently controlling the consistency of RCCPs according to random time variations. METHODS : A Vebe time prediction model was developed using a multiple linear regression analysis. A dataset of 131 samples was used to develop the model. The collected data consisted of variables with large potential effects on the consistency of the RCCP, such as the water-cement ratio (W/C), sand/aggregate ratio (S/a), water content (ω), water content per unit volume (W), cement (C), fine aggregate (S), coarse aggregate (G), water reducing admixtrue (PNS), air-entraining admixture (AE), delay time (T), air temperature (TEM), and humidity (HUM). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the mentioned parameters were used as the independent variables, and the Vebe time was the dependent variable. The Vebe time prediction models were evaluated by considering the adjusted R2 and p-values. The selection of the model was based on the largest R2 value and an acceptable p-value (p<0.05). RESULTS : The Vebe time prediction model achieved an adjusted R2 value of 64.14% with a significance level (p-value) of less than 0.05. This shows that the predictive model is adequately described for the dependent variable, and that the model is suitable for Vebe time predictions. Moreover, the significance level of the independent variables is less than 0.05, indicating significant effects on the Vebe time (i.e., the dependent variable). CONCLUSIONS : The Vebe time prediction model developed in this study can be used to estimate Vebe times with an R2 of 63.33% between the measured and predicted values. The proposed Vebe time prediction model is expected to be effectively utilized for the quality control of RCCP mixtures. Moreover, it is expected to contribute to achieving good RCCP construction quality.

PURPOSES : For high driving performance and service life of cement concrete pavement, construction quality must be secured. The construction quality is to be measured after pavement construction, but in this case, it is difficult to improve construction quality. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for measuring and correcting the profile of the pavement and subbase so that the construction quality can be monitored immediately after construction. METHODS : The device that can measure the construction quality of cement concrete pavement has been developed. Through the experiment simulating the field situation, the profile of the pavement and subbase was measured and calibration method was developed. RESULTS : In the measured profile, an outlier by the sensor and noise by the sensor and vibration were measured, and a step-like profile was measured differently from the acture one. To remove outliers, the boxplot outlier removal method was applied by overlapping each data group. The noise were removed by a low pass filtering. And, it was calibrated to a profile similar to the acture one through the sampling interval adjustment and the weighted moving average method. CONCLUSIONS : The method that can measure and calibrate the profile that is almost identical to the actual one has been developed. Accordingly, it is expected that the performance of the pavement can be improved by accurately monitoring the construction quality immediately after construction.

PURPOSES : In general, a high-performance concrete construction method is a method of loading mixed cement and other materials on a mobile mixer equipped with a concrete plant. However, the construction cost is high because the unit cost of the mixed cement is very high and the equipment usage fee of the mobile mixer is also high. To compensate for these drawbacks, a cellular spray concrete method was developed. This is a highly functional customized concrete construction method in which admixtures are added to high-flow concrete with cellular (air bubbles) added at the site and constructed through spraying. METHODS : Field workability evaluation using cellular concrete was carried out using a spray method in 2017 and an anti-foaming agent in 2018. The test construction section was set as a new road-pavement construction site. After construction, strength, durability characteristics, and void analysis were performed to compare the construction methods. The results of laboratory tests under optimal conditions were also compared to the on-field results. By comparing the indoor mixing and the on-field results, we analyzed whether there were any problems concerning the performance expression. The economic feasibility at the initial construction stage was analyzed by comparing the existing and the cellular concrete construction methods in terms of material cost and equipment usage fee. RESULTS : In the case of cellular spray concrete, construction through spraying is cumbersome, and the need to additionally use large equipment such as a pump car and compressor constitutes a disadvantage. However, the most relevant feature is that it can be constructed not only on the floor, but also on a slope. In the case of cellular concrete with an antifoaming agent, it was possible to quickly produce high-performance concrete using on-site remixing equipment. By supplying materials to the pouring surface using a conveyor, smooth construction and construction in narrow spaces were also possible. CONCLUSIONS : The cellular concrete method allows the immediate on-site production of high-performance concrete, and it is possible to selectively apply spray construction, antifoaming agent construction, etc.

PURPOSES : For large-scale construction, such as a concrete pavement, design and construction are not entirely consistent. If the inconsistency between design and construction is very large, construction quality is significantly degraded, affecting performance life span and driving comfort. The quality of pavement construction is managed according to standards. However, it is difficult to improve construction quality as the standard measures construction quality after construction is completed. Therefore, this study developed a system to measure the construction quality of concrete pavement in real-time and presented the corresponding standards. METHODS : A basic module for simultaneously measuring the width, thickness, and roughness of the concrete pavement was designed. Based on the measurement results of the distance measurement sensor, a calibration method is presented that can remove noise. The system process was developed to measure construction quality based on location and distance data, measured in real-time using GPSs and sensors. The field application experiment was conducted and the results were analyzed. RESULTS : The measurement module is properly designed to be used in concrete pavement construction sites. Noise was removed from the distance measurement sensor results according to the presented calibration method, leaving only the wave of pavement surface irregularities. As a result of applying the system process in the field application, a reasonable level of PRI was observed. CONCLUSIONS : In the past, the width, thickness, and roughness were measured after construction was completed and, if the standard was not met, construction quality control was performed via reconstruction or repair. Through this study, it is expected that the width, thickness, and roughness of the concrete pavement can be measured in real-time and, if the standard is not met, construction quality can be immediately controlled during construction to maintain high quality.

2017년 고리 1 호기 영구정지를 계기로 국내 원자력발전소의 해체가 점차 가시화되고 있다. 앞으로 원전 해체가 본격적으로 추진될 경우 원전 1기 당 약 16만 t의 콘크리트 폐기물이 발생될 것으로 예측되었으며, 이들 콘크리트 폐기물은 대부분 오염 준위가 매우 낮아 자체처분 대상으로 고려될 수 있다. 따라서, 국내 자체처분 폐기물(원자력안전위원회 고시 2017-65호에 따른 자체처분 허용농도 또는 자체처분 허용선량을 만족하는 폐기물)에 대한 현행 규제체계가 대량의 콘크리트 폐기물에 대한 무제한적 자체처분에 대해서도 유효성을 유지할 수 있는지를 사전에 확인할 필요가 있다. 이와 관련, 국내 자체처분 규정 개발 시 참조기준인 IAEA SRS No. 44를 심층분석하고, 국내 산업계 현황을 반영한 입력값과 계산식을 이용하여 4가지 자체 처분 시나리오에 대한 예상 피폭방사선량을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 재활용 시나리오에 대한 예상선량은 대부분 정상 시나리오에 대한 자체처분 선량 기준(즉, 0.01 mSv·y-1)보다 낮은 것으로 평가되었으나, 성토 후 거주 시나리오의 경우 보수적인 가정을 적용하면 자체처분 선량 기준을 초과할 가능성도 배제할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 대량의 해체 콘크리트 폐기물의 안전하고 지속가능한 자체처분을 위해서는 폐기물 처리업체 다변화, 성토 시나리오에 대한 보다 구체적인 평가, 성토를 통한 자체처분에 대한 부분적 제한조건 설정 등을 고려할 수 있다.

기존의 교면 포장이나 측구 시공에 적용한 건설재료들의 성능저하로 인해 유지보수비가 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현장 실험을 통해 개질유황 콘크리트의 내구성을 평가하는데 있어 기존의 고정형 팬믹서와 건 비빔 시 자전속도 변환이 가능한 가변형 팬믹서를 이용하여 내구성 평가 시험으로 콘크리트의 압축강도 시험을 수 행하였다.

3D프린팅 공법은 설계 데이터 및 제품의 특성에 따라 액체 또는 분말가루 형태의 폴리머, 금속 등의 재료를 사용한다. 3D프린팅 공법의 제조방식은 적층방식으로 입체구조물을 층층이 쌓아올려 3차원형상을 제조하는 방식을 말한다. 3D프린팅 기술은 30년(1980년대) 전에 개발된 기술이지만 최근 몇 년 사이에 업계의 관심이 집중되고 있다. 3D프린팅 기술의 적용범위는 기계 산업분야에서 의료분야, 항공 분야, 건설 및 토목분야 등으로 그 범위가 점점 확대되어가 고 있다 컨투어크래프팅(Contour Crafting)은 미국 남가주대학에서 15년(2000) 전에 세라믹재료를 이용하여 개발된 3D프린팅 공법이다. Trowel 구조를 도입하여 3D프린팅 공법의 핵심적 단점인 외부표면을 매끄럽게 하면서 3D자유형상을 제작하는 것이다. 현재의 이 공법은 시멘트를 이용 하여 구조물의 부가구성물뿐만이 아니라 전체구조물을 자동으로 만드는 것을 목적으로 한다. 또한 각층의 두께 및 폭이 일반 3D프린팅 공법과 비교할 수 없이 크고 넓게 함으로 건설 및 토목분야의 적용이 가능하다. 특히, 콘크리트재료를 이용하여 토목용 2차구조물 제작에 대한 기초적인 조사 및 개념을 상세히 설명된다

최근 콘크리트 궤도 슬래브 하면과 교량 바닥판 사이에 저마찰 슬라이드층을 형성하는 궤도 시스템인 슬라이딩 궤도와 관 련된 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 슬라이딩 궤도에서 열차 주행에 따른 횡방향 하중을 저항하기 위해 설치 되는 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록의 전단 내하력에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록의 전단 내하력 산정 을 위해 타설경계면에서의 콘크리트 마찰 및 철근의 다월 거동을 고려한 산정 기법을 개발하다. 제안된 산정 기법은 기존의 실험에서 측정된 전단 내하력을 13∼23% 정도 보수적으로 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 균열면 골재 맞물림 효과를 무 시한 것에 따른 것으로, 현장에서의 타설경계면 상태가 불확실한 것을 고려할 때 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록에 대한 안전측 설계를 위해 제안된 산정 기법이 합리적인 것으로 판단된다. 제안된 전단 내하력 산정 기법을 토대로 횡방향 지지 콘크리트 블록에 대한 설계 방안을 마련하였다

This guidance purpose is setting Safety Health work instruction for prevent accident such as falling from heights work, collapse and trapped under the heavy equipment and Sediment collapse during retaining wall work by unsder the Industry Safety and Health rules.

본 논문에서는 현재 시공중인 58층의 철근콘크리트조 고층건물에서 진동현식게이지를 통해 계측된 기둥의 축방향 변형률과 레이져 스캐닝을 통해 구한 횡변위를 3차원 시공단계해석에 의한 예측치와 비교하였다. 예측치는 ACI 209와 PCA의 재료모델식, PCA report의 축소량 산정알고리즘을 3차원 구조해석 프로그램으로 개발한 ASAP을 사용하여 구하였다. 비교결과 평면의 중앙부 기둥의 축방향 변형율 계측치는 시공단계 해석치와 거의 유사한 결과를 나타내었으나 각 모서리에 두 개씩 배치된 기둥의 경우 비교적 큰 오차를 나타내었다. 레이져 스캐닝에 의한 횡변위 계측결과는 해석결과와 유사한 경향을 보였으나 층당 계측치가 큰 변동을 나타내므로 향후 이를 해결하기 위한 계측 및 데이터 처리기법이 요구된다.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate construction issues and design for transverse steel in continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP). METHODS : The first continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP) design procedure appeared in the 1972 edition of the“ AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures,”which was published in 1981 with Chapter 3 “Guide for the Design of Rigid Pavement” revised. A theory that was accepted at that time for the analysis of steel stress in concrete pavement, called subgrade drag theory(SGDT), was utilized for the design of reinforcement of CRCP - tie bar design and transverse steel design - in the aforementioned AASHTO Interim Guide. However SGDT has severe limitations due to simple assumptions made in the development of the theory. As a result, any design procedures for reinforcement utilizing SGDT may have intrinsic flaws and limitations. In this paper, CRCP design procedure for transverse steel was introduced and the limitations of assumptions for SGDT were evaluated based on various field testing. RESULTS: Various field tests were conducted to evaluate whether the assumptions of SGDT are reasonable or not. Test results show that 1) temperature variations exist along the concrete slab depth, 2) very little stress in transverse steel, and 3) warping and curling in concrete slab from the field test results. As a result, it is clearly revealed out that the assumptions of SGDT are not valid, and transverse steel and tie bar designs should be based on more reasonable theories. CONCLUSIONS : Since longitudinal joint is provided at 4.1-m spacing in Korea, as long as joint saw-cut is made in accordance with specification requirements, the probability of full-depth longitudinal cracking is extremely small. Hence, for transverse steel, the design should be based on the premise that its function is to keep the longitudinal steel at the correct locations. If longitudinal steel can be placed at the correct locations within tolerance limits, transverse steel is no longer needed.

PURPOSES : About 35% of air pollutant is occurred from road transport. NOx is the primary pollutant. Recently, the importance of NOx removal has arisen in the world. TiO2 is very efficient for removing NOx by photocatalytic reaction. The mechanism of removing NOx is the reaction of photocatalysis and solar energy. Therefore, TiO2 in concrete need to be contacted with solar radiation to be activated. In general, TiO2 concrete are produced by substitute TiO2 as a part of concrete binder. However, 90% of TiO2 in the photocatalysis can not contacted with the pollutant in the air and solar radiation. Coating and penetration method are attempted as the alternative of mixing method in order to locate TiO2 to the surface of structure. METHODS : The goal of this study was to attempt to locate TiO2 to the surface of concrete, so we can use the concrete in pavement construction. The distribution of TiO2 along the depth were confirmed by basing on the comparison of TiO2 compare by using the EDAX(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). RESULTS : TiO2 were distributed within 3mm from concrete surface. This distribution of TiO2 is desirable, since the TiO2 induce photocatalysis are located to where they can be contacted with the air pollutant and solar radiation. CONCLUSIONS : Nano size TiO2 is easily penetration in the top 3mm of concrete surface. By the penetration TiO2 concrete can be produced with the use of only 10% of TiO2, by comparing the mixing types.