The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) employs a methodology for evaluating the concentration of radionuclides, dividing them into volatile and non-volatile nuclides based on their characteristics, to ensure the permanent disposal of internally generated radioactive waste. Gamma spectroscopy enables the detection and radiation concentration determination of individual nuclides in samples containing multiple gamma-emitting nuclides. Due to the stochastic nature of radioactive decay, the generated radiation signal can interact with the detector faster than the detected signal processing time, causing dead time in the gamma spectroscopy process. Radioactive waste samples typically exhibit higher radiation levels than environmental samples, leading to long dead times during the measurement process, consequently reducing the accuracy of the analysis. Therefore, dead time must be considered when analyzing radioactive waste samples. During the measurement process, dead time may vary between a few seconds to several tens of thousands of seconds. More long dead time may also result in a temporal loss in the analysis stage, requiring more time than the actual measurement time. Long dead time samples undergo re-measurement after dilution to facilitate the analysis. As the prepared solution is also utilized in the nuclide separation processes, minimizing sample loss during dilution is crucial. Hence, predicting the possibility of dead time exceeding the target sample in advance and determining the corresponding dilution factor can prevent delays in the analysis process and the loss of samples due to dilution. In this study, to improve the issues related to gamma analysis, by using data generated during the analysis process, investigated methods to predict long dead time samples in advance and determining criteria for dilution factors. As a result of comparing the dead time data of 5% or long with the dose of the solution sample, it was concluded that analysis should be performed after dilution when it is about 0.4 μSv/h or high. However, some samples required dilution even at doses below 0.4 μSv/h. Also, re-measurement after dilution, the sample with a dead time of less than 32% was measured with less than 5% when diluted 10 times, and more than 32% required more than 10 times dilution. We suppose that with additional data collection for analyzing these samples in the future, if we can establish clearer criteria, we can predict long dead time samples in advance and solve the problem of analysis delay and sample loss.

From Fukushima nuclear disaster, as the water which is supplied by rain and groundwater flow into reactor building, contaminated water which contains radioactive nuclides is occurred. Although about 600 tons of contaminated water was generated at the early of accident, as the groundwater management system is developing, about 150 tons of contaminated water is generated now. Tokyo Electric Power Holdings (TEPCO) operate a multi-nuclide removal equipment which is called ‘ALPS’ and store purified water (ALPS treated water) in the Fukushima NPP site by tank. From 2023, the Japanese government decided to dilute the stored ALPS treated water and discharge it into the ocean to secure space on the site. In this study, based on the data opened to the public by TEPCO, the current status of ALPS is investigated. The dilution and discharge process under conceptual design was investigated. In addition, the treatment capacity of ALPS was analyzed based on the radioactivity concentration data of 7 nuclides. And then, two points to be checked found. First, it was confirmed that the performance of ALPS temporarily decreased between 2015 and 2018 due to reduced replacement cycle of filter and absorbent. Second, it was confirmed that the ALPS treated water from specific ALPS still haven’t satisfied the discharge limit for I-129, Sr-90, and Cs-137. In the case of Cs-137, about 1.7 times the radioactivity concentration was detected compared to the discharge limit. For I-129 and Sr-90, about 2.4 times and 2.1 times of radioactivity concentration was detected compared to the discharge limit. From this study, some of the ALPS treated water are confirmed that the radioactivity concentration exceeds the discharge limit, and the treatment capacity of ALPS might be unstable depend on the ALPS operation such as replacement cycle. Therefore, before the discharging of contaminated water on 2023, it is necessary to inspect ALPS if it purifies contaminated water with reliability or not, and to secure the reliable evaluation method to measure radioactivity concentration.

Environmental fundamental facilities have different odor emission characteristics depending on the type of treatment facilities. To overcome the limitations of the olfactometry method, research needs to be conducted on how to calculate the dilution factor from the individual odor concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine the air dilution factor estimated from manually measured concentration data of individual odor substances (22 specified odor species) in three environmental treatment facilities. In order to calculate the optimum algorism for each environmental fundamental facility, three types of facilities were selected, the concentration of odor substances in the exhaust gas was measured, and the contribution of the overall dilution factor was evaluated. To estimate the dilution factor, four to six algorism were induced and evaluated by correlation analysis between substance concentration and complex odor data. Dilution factors from O municipal water treatment (MWT) and Y livestock wastewater treatment (LWT) facilities showed high level of dilution factors, because concentration levels of hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan, which had low odor threshold concentrations, were high. In S food waste treatment (FWT) facility, the aldehyde group strongly influenced dilution the factor (dominant substance: acetaldehyde, i-valeraldhyde and methylmercaptan). In the evaluation of four to six algorism to estimate the dilution factor, the vector algorism (described in the text) was optimum for O MWT and Y LWT, while the algorism using the sum of the top-three dominant substances showed the best outcome for S FWT. In further studies, estimation of the dilution factor from simultaneously monitored data by odor sensors will be developed and integrated with the results in this study.

In Korea, odor emission control is carried out at the boundary between the discharge port and the site based on the height of the discharge port, but in Japan and the U.K. a range of characteristics are considered in odor management, including the height, size, and amount of exhaust gas, when managing the acceptance criteria of the discharge port that conforms to the odor concentration standards based on the site boundary. In this study, the permitted concentration of odor in the outlet was studied considering the design conditions of the outlet, in order to manage it based on the distance between the outlet and the residential area. To improve the effectiveness of odor management, Korean odor management measures were reviewed by applying the methods used to calculate odor concentration in Japan and the U.K. Guidelines on effective odor reduction were provided by calculating the permissible odor concentration for each condition based on the flow rate and height of the final outlet to comply with the permissible concentration at regular intervals at the outlet of the factory.

본 연구에서는 현행 악취공정시험방법에 나타나있는 공기희석 관능법을 사용하여 물질농도와 희석배수와의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 프로피온산, 뷰틸산, 발레르산, i-발레르산 및 i-뷰틸알코올에 대한 물질농도와 희석배수를 측정하였다. 또한 상관관계식을 이용하여 지정악취물질의 농도 규제치의 적정성을 검토하였다. 1. 판정인에 의해 측정된 대상물질의 물질농도와 희석배수의 상관관계는 식 Log C = Af·Log D + 0.5에 의해 적절하게 나타났으며, 총 22종의 지정 악취물질별 상관관계식의 기울기 값의 범위는 0.9023~1.2012으로 이소발레르알데하이드가 가장 작고, 뷰틸알데하이드가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 2. 물질별 관계식으로부터 산출된 희석배수 15와 20에 해당되는 물질농도와 최소감지농도와의 비를 구한 결과, 각 물질의 농도비가 희석배수 15 및 20과 유사한 수치를 나타내 물질별 관계식이 의미가 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 3. 물질별 관계식으로부터 산출된 희석배수 15와 20에 해당되는 물질농도와 현행 물질농도 기준치와 의 비교를 통하여 기준치의 적정 수준 여부를 검토 해본 결과, 프로피온산과 뷰틸산의 경우는 기준치가 상대적으로 낮게 설정된 것으로 판단되며, 발레르산, 이소발레르산과 뷰틸알코올의 경우 물질농도 기준치가 적정 수준인 것으로 추정된다. 본 연구결과는 현행 악취방지법의 부지경계선에서 복합악취 농도 규제기준에 대한 개선방안 및 지정악취 물질들의 물질농도와 악취강도, 희석배수간의 상관관계 및 특성연구 등의 기반 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

Introduction Brand equity has been receiving utmost attention in academia and practice over the past decades and continues to be of significant interest. Brands have been identified as one of the most valuable assets and firms try to leverage brands in increasingly complex brand portfolios. A large body of literature exists on spillover effects with regard to brand extensions. However, little is known about how corporate branding within product brand communication impacts brand equity. Therefore, this study examines to what extent product brand attitudes spill over to corporate brands. Furthermore, it investigates how corporate branding affects corporate brand attitude. Finally, the role of product brand familiarity, corporate brand familiarity and involvement in brand leverage and dilution is assessed. Method and data Answers to these questions are provided with a sample of 407 subjects that participated in an online experiment and were presented with a print ad either for brands in the FMCG or pharmaceutical category. The experiment included a 2 (corporate brand familiarity: high or low) x 2 (product brand familiarity: high or low) x 2 (category involvement: high or low) x 2 (corporate brand presence: yes or no) factorial design. Measures included brand attitude, attitude towards the ad, brand familiarity and category involvement. Analysis of covariance is employed to test for main effects and interaction effects, pairwise comparisons to test for group differences and multigroup analysis by means of structural equation modelling and path analysis to test for differences in effect sizes for the spillover between product brands and corporate brands. Summary of findings The study provides evidence that corporate brand presence in product brand communication affects corporate brand attitude and that a significant effect is observed for the affective component of corporate brand attitude. No significant effect is found for the cognitive component. Other than expected, the findings demonstrate that corporate brand presence of familiar corporate brands in the high-involvement category (FMCGs) leads to affective corporate brand dilution. Consistently and irrespective of category, the results indicate that corporate brand presence leads to affective corporate brand dilution when corporate brand familiarity and product brand familiarity are low or when product brand familiarity and corporate brand familiarity are high. A tendency for affective brand leverage is indicated for unfamiliar corporate brands when product brands are familiar, which however requires further investigation. Moreover, the findings indicate that the degree of spillover effects differs for the two categories as hypothesized. Stronger positive effects occur in the high-involvement category of FMCGs. Key contributions The findings reveal that corporate brand presence affects corporate brand attitude while differentiating between an affective and cognitive component. Such a differentiation is indispensable as affective effects prevail. Furthermore, this study sheds light on category-specific effects. While corporate brands in the FMCG category evoke stronger positive spillover, the negativity effect of corporate brand presence supersedes and results in brand dilution irrespective of product brand familiarity. Independent of category, when product brands and corporate brands are either low in familiarity or high in familiarity, corporate brands suffer from brand dilution. However, brand dilution is not observed when unfamiliar corporate brands appear with familiar product brands indicating potential for brand leverage. The findings of this study provide new insights into the interplay between product brands and corporate brands and offer valuable guidance for brand communication in both categories. Although corporate branding within product brand communication is increasingly being practiced, these results should encourage brand managers to carefully consider whether corporate brand presence enhances brand equity or presents a liability.

본 연구는 키위 ‘Halla Gold’, ‘Sweet Gold’ 및 ‘Enza Gold’ 품종에서 꽃가루 품종 및 희석 비율이 과실 품질 및 종자 형성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 수행되었다. 1. 화분관은 인공수분 2일 또는 3일 후에 밑씨에 도달하였는데, 그 양상은 꽃가루 품종과 희석 비율에 따라 차이가 있 었다. 화분관 신장은 ‘Halla Gold’와 ‘Sweet Gold’에는 ‘Bohwa’가 ‘Enza Gold’에는 ‘Chieftian’이 좋았으나 ‘Enza Gold’에서는 반대의 경향이었다. 중국산 꽃가루 희석 비율에 따른 화분관 신장은 20배 희석에서 다소 낮은 경향이었다. 2. ‘Hall Gold’, ‘Sweet Gold’ 및 ‘Enza Gold’에서 과중과 건물 률은 ‘Bohwa’로 수분했을 때 높은 경향을 보였다. 종자 수에 있어서 ‘Halla Gold’와 ‘Sweet Gold’에서는 과중과 건물률과 유사한 경향이었으나, ‘Enaza Gold’에서는 반대의 경향을 나타냈다. 3. ‘Enza Gold’에서 중국산 수입 꽃가루 희석비율에 따른 과중 및 건물률은 1~10배에서는 큰 차이가 없이 높은 편이나 20배에서는 가장 낮은 경향이었다. 종자 수 및 100립 중도 유사한 경향이었다.

In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, 15N isotope dilution technique was used. 15N fertilizer [(15NH4)2SO4 solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to 600 cm2 in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. 15N was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % 15N excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % 15N than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on 15N dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the 15N dilution method.

본 연구에서는 SWRO공정의 Feed Dilution에 따른 SWRO Permeate Flow의 민감도 분석 및 Hybrid Module Design을 통한 개선방안을 검토하였다.

본 연구에서는 해상용 경유의 희석량에 따른 선박용 윤활유의 점도 및 전단응력의 변화 등 유변학적 거동에 대한 연구를 하였다. 연료희석에 의한 윤활유의 점도감소는 피스톤링 및 라이너의 마모로 인한 엔진내구성을 저하키는 중요한 요소이다. 연구에 사용된 윤활유는 고유황 경유(황함유량 0.05 %)를 3 %, 6 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %로 희석하여 magnetic stirrer를 이용, 혼합하여 제조하였다. 측정온도는 -10℃ ~ 80℃ 범위로 설정하고, 점도 및 전단응력 변화는 회전점도계인 Brookfield Viscometer를 이용하여 측정하였다. 윤활유에 해상용 경유의 희석량이 증가할수록 점도 및 전단응력이 감소하며, 이것은 상대적으로 낮은 점도의 해상용 경유가 윤활유에 희석됨에 따라 윤활유의 점도 및 전단응력이 낮아지기 때문이다. 특히, 저온(0 ~ -10℃)에서는 점도 및 전단응력이 급격이 낮아지다가, 40℃ 이상에서는 점도 및 전단응력 감소가 해상용 경유 희석량의 영향을 거의 받지 않는다. 온도가 높아짐에 따라, 윤활유의 점도 및 전단응력 감소는 윤활유의 뉴턴유체 거동을 보이는 것을 확인했다. 경유의 혼입에 의한 점도감소로 선박의 엔진마모를 촉진할 수 있으므로 엔진의 내구성 향상을 위해 윤활유의 주기적인 관리가 필요하다.

This study aims to understand the correlation between odor intensity and dilution factor using the Air Dilution Olfactory Method, which is suggested in the Standard Method of Odor Compounds, by measuring odor intensity and dilution factor for fatty acids and i-butyl alcohol. For the measurement, 18 panel members were selected through a panel test, and odor intensity and dilution factor by substance produced from the selected panel were estimated. The estimation showed that the correlation of odor intensity with dilution factor for a fatty acids and i-butyl alcohol can be reasonably expressed by the equation I = A·log D + 0.5 (I : odor Intensity, D : dilution factor, A : material constant). The material constant was in order of propionic acid 2.0709, n-butyric acid 1.6006, n-valeric acid 1.3369, i-valeric acid 1.182, i-butyl alcohol 1.4326. The geometric average of increased dilution factor for the 5 compounds is about 4.8 time, 3.0 time for propionic acid and 7.0 tme for i-valeric acid due to odor intensity 1 increasing. It is suggested that the result of this study could be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentrations at a boundary sites in operation.

The correlation analysis between odor sensor and air dilution olfactometry method with odor emission facilities was performed for the real-time evaluation of odor emitted from the 13 facilities. The total correlation was less significant for all facilities due to various emission characteristics of odor. The correlation for the individual facility, however, showed a higher correlation coefficient (R=0.7371~0.9897). Especially, the strong correlation (above 0.9) was observed for the industry type with the odor characteristics like tobacco, styrofoam, acetic acid, and burning smell. The repeated odor measurements using the odor sensor showed good reproducibility with the mean relative standard deviation of 5.06%. The odor sensor could be useful tools for identifying and evaluating odor with an olfactometry in field, if the use and proofreading of the odor sensor are improved by a standardized method.

The efficacy of chemical disinfectants is reduced owing to the inactivation of active ingredients after dilution. This study investigated the effect of time on the efficacy of six different disinfectants, after dilution, against avian influenza virus. When used at the recommended concentration, most disinfectants showed efficacy at a high concentrations in the presence of organic materials immediately after dilution, while sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based products, after dilution, showed reduced efficacy over time at low concentrations in the absence of organic materials. Most disinfectants were neutralized by organic materials; however, this could be compensated for by increasing the product dosage. For successful decontamination in farms, disinfectants should be used at high concentrations in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Furthermore, the presence of organic materials must be taken into consideration, and diluted disinfectant solution should be prepared no more than a day before use.

The aim of this study is to analyze error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies. In the case of the homogeneity test performed in three panel groups, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs(proficiency testing materials) was 1.4 ± 0.2, 1.7 ± 0.2, 1.8 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.7 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.3, 3.7 ± 0.3, respectively. In the case of the stability test for 72 h, the geometric mean dilution factor of the site boundary PTMs was 1.6 ± 0.1 and that of the outlet PTMs was 3.6 ± 0.1. Among error cases induced during the proficiency test of certified odor measurement agencies, the proportion of error cases was in the order of case II(discontinuance of estimation)(40.0%) > case I(error on estimation procedure by panelist)(33.3%) > case III(miswriting of estimation result)(13.3%) > case IV(miswriting of dilution factor) and V(writing of wrong estimation result)(6.7%). Therefore, it seems likely that additional education related to error cases II and I is required.