Through sample-size-based rarefaction analyses, we tried to suggest the appropriate degree of sample concentration and sub-sample extraction, as a way to estimate more accurate zooplankton species diversity when assessing biodiversity. When we collected zooplankton from three reservoirs with different environmental characteristics, the estimated species richness (S) and Shannon’s Hʹ values showed different changing patterns according to the amount of sub-sample extracted from the whole sample by reservoir. However, consequently, their zooplankton diversity indices were estimated the highest values when analyzed by extracting the largest amount of sub-sample. As a result of rarefaction analysis about sample coverage, in the case of deep eutrophic reservoir (Juam) with high zooplankton species and individual numbers, it was analyzed that 99.8% of the whole samples were represented by only 1 mL of sub-sample based on 100 mL of concentrated samples. On the other hand, in Soyang reservoir, which showed very small species and individual numbers, a relatively low representation at 97% when 10 mL of sub-sample was extracted from the same amount of concentrated sample. As such, the representation of sub-sample for the whole zooplankton sample varies depending on the individual density in the sample collected from the field. If the degree of concentration of samples and the amount of subsample extraction are adjusted according to the collected individual density, it is believed that errors that occur when comparing the number of species and diversity indices among different water bodies can be minimized.

본 연구는 남부 산림지역 고등균류의 임상별 분포 특성 및 다양성을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 경상도와 전라도 일대에 임상별 8개씩 총 24개의 고정조사구에서 고등균류를 채집한 결과, 868점의 표본을 채집하였으며, 2문, 6강, 17목, 61과, 134속, 367종으로 동정되었다. 부생성 균류가 62.44%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, 다음으로는 공생성 균류 35.03% 기생성 균류 2.53% 순으로 조사되었고, 우점종은 구름송편버섯 (Trametes versicolor)과 맑은애주름버섯(Mycena pura)으로 확인되었다. 해발고도에 따른 고등균류의 분포는 299m 이하의 조사구에서 74종, 300∼499m에서 299종, 500m 이상에서 153종이 조사되었으며, 채집 시기별 고등균류의 분포는 7, 8월에 각각 190, 152종으로 가장 많이 조사되었 다. 임상별로는 활엽수림에서 192종으로 가장 많이 조사되었고, 혼효림 177종, 침엽수림이 149종으로 조사되었고, 지역별, 고도별, 시기별, 임상별 모두 부생성 균류가 가장 높은 비율로 분포하였다. 종다양도는 300∼499m의 활엽수림에서 7월에 2.2로 가장 높았고, 종 균등도는 고도별, 시기별, 임상별로 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다(0.93-0.97). 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 남부 산림지역 내 고등균류 분포 특성 및 다양성 결과들은 향후 수행될 고등균류 분야 연구의 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Fungi that infect mushrooms and cause diseases are called mycoparasitic fungi. Understanding the diversity of mycoparasitic fungi in wild mushrooms is important for the mushroom industry, as they can parasitize cultivated mushrooms. However, few studies have been conducted on the diversity of mycoparasitic fungi in wild mushrooms in South Korea. Upon surveying mushroom flora, we found a mycoparasitic fungus and analyzed its strain using molecular phylogeny and morphological examination. The strain was identified as Sepedonium laevigatum, which is an unrecorded species in South Korea. In this study, we described the cultural and microscopic characteristics of this strain of fungus.

Natural environmental resources are considered a prospective source of microorganisms capable of producing biocatalysts with great potential in industrial areas. Arable soil fertilized with peat moss is a habitat for various microorganisms. The present research focused on the isolation and identification of hydrolase-producing bacteria that thrive at a broad temperature range. In this study, a total of 33 strains were isolated from arable soil fertilized with peat moss (Silla Garden in Busan, South Korea). The isolated bacteria were mesophiles and thermophiles with a wide temperature range. Taxonomic identification showed that the isolated strains belonged to 2 phyla, 5 families, 10 genera, and 24 species. Subsequently, the isolated strains were screened for hydrolase (amylase, lipase, and protease) activity. All isolates possessed activity of at least one enzyme and six bacterial isolates produced combined extracellular enzymes. Diversity of soil bacteria species in the present study suggest the potential of soil bacteria in the various industrial applications.

Estuary is important in terms of biodiversity because it has the characteristics of transition waters, created by the mixing of fresh- and seawater. The estuarine water circulation provides a variety of habitats with different environments by inducing gradients in the chemical and physical environment, such as water quality and river bed structure, which are ultimately the main factors influencing biological community composition. If the water circulation is interrupted, the loss of brackish areas and the interception of migration of biological communities will lead to changes in the spatial distribution of biodiversity. In this study, among the sites covered by the Estuary Aquatic Ecosystem Health Assessment, we selected study sites where changes in biodiversity can be assessed by spatial gradient from the upper reaches of the river to the lower estuarine area. The α-, γ- and β-diversity of diatom, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish communities were calculated, and they were divided into open and closed estuary data and compared to determine the trends in biodiversity variation due to estuarine circulation. As results, all communities showed higher γ-diversity at open estuary sites. The benthic macroinvertebrate community showed a clear difference between open and closed estuaries in β-diversity, consequently the estuarine transects were considered as a factor that decreases spatial heterogeneity of their diversity among sites. The biodiversity trends analyzed in this study will be used to identify estuaries with low γ- and β-diversity by community, providing a useful resource for further mornitoring and management to maintain estuarine health.

Fungi have been known as an irritant or causal agent of asthma. Thus, information on their concentration and diversity in indoor air of asthmatic patient’s houses is valuable for the management of these micro-organisms. The present study was performed to investigate fungal concentration and diversity in indoor air of resident spaces in two adult patient’s houses in winter. Air samples were collected in February of 2018 from living rooms and bedrooms of two asthma patients’ houses located in two different places in Incheon city using an impaction method. The average concentrations of airborne fungi did not exceed the 500 CFU/m3 level which is recommended by the Enforcement Managements of the Indoor Air Quality, Ministry of Environment, Korea. A total of four genera and 23 species were identified based on morphological and molecular methods. Aspergillus and Penicillium were two major genera. Aspergillus pseudoglaucus and Penicillium citrinum were commonly found between the two patient’s houses. Among the identified fungi, three species, Aspergillus venenatus, Penicillium jamesonlandense, and Penicillium salami were found to be unrecorded species in Korea. The morphological and molecular characteristics of these three unrecorded species were described. Since these species produce spores well and a lot, they are considered to be a species that needs management. This study provides basic information on the fungi for indoor air quality management in the living spaces of asthma patients in winter in Korea.

법곤충학은 사체에 유인되는 곤충을 통하여 현장재구성을 목표로 하는 학문으로, 국내연구는 주로 돼지와 닭 등의 사체를 이용하여 연구되 고 있다. 이에 기존에 연구된 돼지와 비교하여 털의 밀도와 길이의 조건이 다른 고라니의 사체를 활용하여 시식성 곤충상을 알아보고 특이점이 나 타나는지 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 고라니 사체는 전남 야생동물 구조관리센터에서 분양 받아 연구를 수행하였으며, 2021년 5월 19일부터 2021년 7월 2일까지 약 6주간 사체의 부패진행단계를 관찰하고 각 단계별로 사체에 접근하여 활동하는 곤충을 위주로 채집하였다. 총 4목 21과 51종의 곤충이 확인되었으며 금파리, 연두금파리, 큰검정뺨금파리, 큰검정파리, 검정송장벌레, 꼬마검정송장벌레 등이 가장 많이 채집 되어 시식성 지표종으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각되었으며 사체가 완전히 부패한 후 기타 곤충의 활동이 확인되지 않는 단계에서도 수시렁이, 거저리등의 곤충이 고라니 사체의 털과 가죽에서 가장 마지막까지 채집되어 파리목 외에 딱정벌레목의 곤충들이 모질을 보유한 사체의 부패에 관 하여 법곤충학적 자료로 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.