Our study develops a finite element analysis (FEA) model to evaluate the seismic performance of a two-story reinforced concrete (RC) school building and validates it through experiments. We developed a methodology that reflects failure modes from past experiments and validated it by comparing results at both the member (columns) and system (beam-column joints) levels. We created an FEA model for seismic-vulnerable RC moment frames using this methodology. This model incorporates bond-slip effects using three methods: Merged Nodes, Constrained Beam in Solid Penalty (CBISP), and Constrained Beam in Solid Friction (CBISF), which model the interaction between reinforcement and concrete. The approach provides a reliable tool for evaluating seismic performance and improves the accuracy of reinforced concrete frame evaluations.

As product packaging becomes an increasingly important tool for conveying brand images to consumers, eco-friendly packaging (EFP) is being extensively adopted by fashion companies. Given this trend, the need for research examining consumer responses to fashion products featuring EFP has increased. This study investigates the effects of attitude and subjective norms on consumers’ purchase intention of fashion products using EFP, and further explores the moderating roles of gender and ethical self-identity (ESI). A survey including 360 male and female consumers in their 20s and 30s was conducted, and the data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that both attitude and subjective norms positively influence purchase intention. Gender moderated the relationship between subjective norms and purchase intention, with males exhibiting higher purchase intention than females when influenced by social norms. ESI also moderated the relationship between attitude and purchase intention, as well as between subjective norms and purchase intention. Individuals exhibiting higher levels of ESI showed stronger alignment between their attitudes or perceived norms and their purchase intention of EFP products. These findings provide valuable insights and establish a foundational understanding of the key determinants of purchase intention for fashion products with EFP. Furthermore, they provide theoretical insights into sustainable consumer behavior and offer practical implications for fashion marketers seeking to promote eco-conscious consumption.

This study investigates the effects of experiential marketing by categorizing fashion pop-up store experiences according to the strategic experiential modules (SEMs): sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and relational. It analyzes how these experiential factors influence shopping flow, impulse buying, and word-of-mouth intentions. A survey was conducted with 400 participants, equally distributed by gender and age group (20 and 30-year-old). Valid responses from 320 participants were analyzed using factor analysis, reliability testing, correlation analysis, and regression analysis in SPSS. Findings revealed four key elements of experiential marketing: sensory/emotional, relational, cognitive, and behavioral. Sensory/emotional, relational, and cognitive factors positively affected shopping flow, which enhanced impulse buying and word-of-mouth intentions. However, behavioral factors did not have a significant effect. These results underscore the impact of experiential marketing on pop-up store customer behavior and highlight the understudied area of word-of-mouth marketing. The study specifically targeted consumers most likely to visit pop-up stores, ensuring practical significance by providing data to develop strategies for increasing experiential marketing efficiency. Additionally, the results identify the critical elements of experiential marketing in pop-up stores and examine how they interact with shopping flow and impulse buying. This research contributes valuable insights into optimizing consumer engagement in pop-up retail environments, emphasizing the importance of sensory and relational experiences in driving consumer behavior and addressing gaps in existing marketing literature.

Maca has been reported to alleviate male menopause symptoms in humans and experimental animals; however, its mechanism of action in improving male menopause has not been clearly identified. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of gelatinized maca in improving male menopause by analyzing serum testosterone, testicular androgen receptor (AR) expression, and testicular oxidation-antioxidation balance. Gelatinized maca was administered orally to aged male C57BL/6 mice at three doses (500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days. Serum biochemical analysis showed an increase in serum hydroxysteroid 17-beta-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17β13) concentration at 1,500 mg/kg/day and a decrease in serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentration at ≥ 1,000 mg/kg/day. Gelatinized maca administration also resulted in the increased expression levels of testicular AR and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) at 1,500 mg/kg/day. Oxidative stress analysis showed an increase in testicular superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities and a decrease in testicular malondialdehyde at 1,500 mg/kg/day. In conclusion, gelatinized maca administration to aged male mice increased HSD17β13, AR and CREB expression, and antioxidant capacity and decreased serum SHBG. The results of the present study suggest that gelatinized maca may be a useful substance that can help alleviate male menopause symptoms.

Though Farnesiferol C (FC) derived from Ferula asafoetida is known to have antiangiogenic and apoptotic effect in gastric, breast, nonsmall lung cancers, the underlying antitumor mechanism of FC is not fully understood so far. Hence, in the current study, apoptotic mechanism of FC was explored in colon cancers in association with carbon catabolite repression 4-negative on TATA-less 2 (CNOT2)/c-Myc signaling. Herein FC significantly increased cytotoxicity and reduced the number of colonies in HCT116 cells more effectively than in SW480 cells, though FC enhanced sub-G1 cell population in HCT116 and SW480 cells compared to untreated control. Consistently, FC activated the cleavages of Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and Bax and attenuated the expression of pro-PARP and Cyclin D1 in HCT116 cells better than SW480 cells. Also, FC significantly reduced the expression of CNOT2 and c-Myc. Also, FC reduced of c-Myc stability in HCT116 cells by cycloheximide assay. Notably, CNOT2 depletion reduced the expression of c-Myc, while c-Myc depletion also attenuated the expression of CNOT2 in HCT116 cells, implying the crosstalk between CNOT2 and c-Myc. Furthermore, overexpression of c-Myc or CNOT2 promoted the expression of pro-PARP in HCT116 cells. Overall, these findings suggest that FC induces apoptosis via inhibition of CNOT2 and c-Myc in colon cancers for a potent anticancer candidate for further agriculture cultivation in Korea.

Background: Ankle flexibility is important for maintaining proper biomechanical function. Static stretching is used to improve flexibility with minimal risk; however, its effects are often temporary. Transfer of energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy has the potential to enhance muscle flexibility and circulation through deep heat applications. However, comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness of TECAR therapy and static stretching are lacking. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of static stretching therapy (ST) and combined TECAR and static stretching therapy (T-ST) in subjects with gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) tightness. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with bilateral GCM tightness were enrolled. To administer the ST and T-ST, which were each applied to both legs, the participants stood for 15 minutes on a wedge with a 0°–15° incline, with both feet on the wedge during ST and with TECAR therapy in resistive energy transfer mode applied to only one side of the GCM during T-ST. Muscle stiffness (MyotonPRO), dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM), peak torque, and pennation angle (PA) of the GCM were measured before and after the intervention. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences between the ST and T-ST leg conditions and between pre- and post-intervention changes in the legs were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results: There were no significant differences in any of the measured variables between the legs before the intervention. ST and T-ST legs showed significant improvements in all measured variables after the intervention (p < 0.05). T-ST legs demonstrated a significantly greater increase in DF and a greater decrease in PA than ST legs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: T-ST outperformed ST in reducing PA and increasing DF-ROM by promoting deep tissue relaxation and stimulating metabolic activity. This may lead to reduced pain and greater flexibility compared to ST. Maintaining an optimal PA ensures efficient force transmission during exercise, as evidenced by the observed increase in peak torque.

Background: Portable, small computers and smartphones are now considered essential tools in modern society and smartphone ownership and usage rates are rising every year. However, excessive smartphone use can have musculoskeletal and postural implications, leading to “smartphone addiction” and related dysfunctions. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on scapular position and muscle activity during shoulder abduction in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: A total of 45 participants were classified into high-risk, middle-risk, and low-risk groups based on their smartphone addiction levels. Scapular position was measured using the scapular index, round shoulder posture (RSP), lateral scapular slide test, and scapulohumeral rhythm spine angle. Muscle activity was assessed using electromyography of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and anterior deltoid (AD) muscles during shoulder abduction. Results: Smartphone addiction was significantly associated with altered scapular position and muscle activity. The high-risk group exhibited greater forward head posture and more pronounced RSP. Additionally, the high-risk group had lower SA activation and higher UT, LT, and AD muscle activity, indicating compensatory mechanisms due to altered scapular positioning. Conclusion: These findings suggest that excessive smartphone use contributes to postural deviations and altered muscle activation patterns, which may lead to musculoskeletal dysfunction over time. Clinicians should consider smartphone use when assessing patients with scapular dysfunction, and future studies should explore interventions to mitigate these effects.

본 연구는 청소년기 온·오프라인에서 폭력을 경험한 학생들이 보복심 리와 정당성을 통해 가해자로 전환되고 있는 현상에 주목하였다. 이에 사회학습이론에 근거하여 청소년기 폭력피해경험과 차별가해행위의 중첩 성을 검증하고, 이 관계를 생태체계이론에 기인해 학교생활만족도의 조 절효과를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 「2023 아동·청소년 인권실태조사」 자료를 활용하여 전국 청소년 5,368명을 대상으로 위계 적 회귀분석과 부트스트랩을 실시하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 학교폭력피해경 험과 사이버불링피해경험은 차별가해행위를 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘 째, 학교생활만족도는 차별가해행위를 낮추는 요인으로 확인되었다. 셋 째, 학교폭력피해경험과 차별가해행위의 관계에서 학교생활만족도는 조 절효과가 있었으며, 사이버불링피해경험과 차별가해행위의 관계를 학교 생활만족도가 조절하는 것으로 검증되었다. 이러한 결과는 피해와 가해 의 악순환 고리는 학교생활만족도를 높임으로써 완화할 수 있다는 것이 며, 학습 위주의 분위기에서 벗어나 다양한 체험 활동과 심리‧정서적 지 지가 요구된다. 끝으로 한계점을 바탕으로 제언을 하였다.

이 연구는 청소년의 신경증 성격특성이 우울과 학교적응을 매개로 학업성취도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위한 목적에서 수행되었다. 이를 위해 한국아동패널의 12차에서 15차 조사까지의 원시 자료를 활용하였 고, 연구 변인에 관하여 누락 응답이 없는 278개 자료를 연구 대상으 로 선정하여 SPSS 28.0 및 PROCESS Macro 4.2 프로그램으로 검증 하였다. 분석 결과, 신경증 성격특성, 우울, 학교적응, 학업성취도는 모 두 유의미하게 상관되어, 비인지적 특성과 학업성취도 간에 의미 있는 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다. 또 우울과 학교적응은 신경증 성격특성과 학업성취도의 관계를 유의하게 순차 매개하는 것이 확인되었다. 즉, 신 경증 성격특성이 강할수록 우울 경향이 증가하여 학교적응을 더 어렵 게 만듦으로 결국 학업성취도를 낮아지도록 만들 수 있음이 실증되었 다. 이를 토대로 청소년의 학업성취도 증진을 위하여 학생의 비인지적 특성의 영향력을 조정할 수 있는 교육적 중재 및 개입 방안에 대하여 논의하였다.

본 연구에서는 도시거주 여성노인의 대인관계 능력과 성공적 노화와의 관계에서 자아탄력성의 매개효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 노인 복지관, 문화센터, 평생학습관 등 여가활동 프로그램에 참여하는 65세 이상 여성노인을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였으며, 최종적으로 344부를 자 료분석에 활용하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 27.0, SPSS PROCESS macro4. 3 프로그램을 활용하여 기술통계, 상관관계 분석과 자아탄력성의 매개효과를 검 증하기 위해 Hayes(2013)가 제안한 PROCESS macro모델 4번을 활용하였 다. 분석결과, 첫째, 도시거주 여성노인의 대인관계 능력과 자아탄력성, 성공적 노화는 정(+)의 관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 도 시거주 여성노인의 자아탄력성은 성공적 노화에 직접적, 간접적으로 유 의미한 효과를 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 분석결과를 바탕으로 도시거주 여성노인들이 도시생활에서 어떠한 어려움이나 문제를 잘 대처 할 수 있는 심리적 능력이 증진되어 성공적 노화를 달성할 수 있다는 점 에서 시사하는 바가 크다.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 학업열의가 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석하 고, 교사관계가 매개 역할을 하는지를 규명하는 데 있다. 이를 통해 청소년의 삶 의 만족도를 증진하기 위한 교육적 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구대상은 한 국아동·청소년 패널조사(KCYPS 2018)의 2023년 제6차 조사 자료 중 고등학교 3학년 데이터를 활용하였으며, 전체 2,590명 중 결측치를 제외한 2,227명을 최종 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 자료 분석에는 SPSS 25.0을 활용하여 상관분석을 실시하고, 매개효과는 Sobel 검정을 통해 검증하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 학업열의가 높을수록 삶의 만족도 도 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학업열의와 삶의 만족도 간의 관계에 서 교사관계가 매개 역할을 하며, 교사관계 수준이 높을수록 삶의 만족도가 높 게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 청소년이 학업에 집중하면서도 행복한 삶을 살아갈 수 있도록, 교사와의 긍정적이고 지지적인 관계 형성을 돕는 프로그램 개발과 실천적 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

본 연구는 전자감독 전담 보호직 공무원의 업무만족도를 높이기 위한 방안을 모색 하는 데 목적이 있으며, 특히 관계갈등과 직무자율성 간의 구조적 관계에 주목하였다. 연구를 위해 전자감독 업무를 수행하는 보호관찰소 직원 335명의 설문자료를 인용하 였고, 이를 바탕으로 PROCESS Macro Model 4를 활용한 매개효과 분석을 실시하 였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전자감독 전담직원이 인식하는 관계갈등은 직무 자율성을 오히려 강화하여 결과적으로 업무만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무자율성은 이 과정에서 부분 매개역할을 수행하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 조직 내에서 동료 혹은 상급자와의 갈등 수준이 높을수록 전자감독 전담직원이 느끼는 직무자율성이 높아지고, 이는 다시 업무만족도의 상승으로 이어질 수 있음을 나타낸다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 전자감독 전담직원의 업무만족도를 제고하기 위한 개선방안을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 관계갈등이 오히려 전자감독 직원의 직 무자율성을 강화하는 측면이 있는 만큼, 갈등 상황 자체를 단순히 억제하기보다는 이 를 생산적인 방향으로 활용할 수 있는 의사소통 구조를 구축할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 직 무자율성을 높이기 위한 구체적인 방안이 필요하다. 셋째, 다양한 소통의 창구를 마련 하여 전자감독 업무 특성에 맞는 환경을 조성하기 위해 노력하는 것이 적합하다.

This study aimed to provide information useful for product development and strategies for the commercialization of weak flower tea through literature research and empirical analysis. The effect of the selection attributes for weak flower tea on loyalty according to quality was analyzed. The subjects surveyed included those in their 20s to 50s who preferred weak flower tea. The survey was conducted from January 5, 2024, to February 20, 2024. The results revealed that not only those in their 40s and 50s, but younger people also prefer weak flower tea these days. In the future, it is hoped that in addition to modern tea and coffee, research on flower tea will continue.

Due to recent increase in the number of elderly patients, there is a problem of nutritional imbalance and immune function in the elderly due to decreased ability to consume food. To solve these problems, this study was conducted to verify an immunityenhancing effect of Sagunja-tang porridge (SP) on cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression using an animal model. Experimental groups were set as normal control, CPA-treated group, positive control group, and SP-treated groups (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%). Except for the normal control group, experimental groups were injected with 100 μL of CPA dissolved in 0.9% NaCl at a concentration of 150 mg/kg twice at the beginning of the experiment and 3 days later to induce immunosuppression. When spleen cell proliferation was analyzed, both B and T cells were decreased in the immunosuppressed group, but increased in test substance-treated groups in a concentration-dependent manner. To see the effect of improving immunity, levels of IgA known to protect the mucosal surface were measured. Higher levels of IgA were found in SP-low concentration (SL) and SP-middle concentration (SM) groups. These results suggest that using SP might be an effective way to improve nutritional imbalance and immune function in the elderly.

본 연구는 상사의 코칭 행동이 조직구성원의 심리적 퇴사(quiet quitting)에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 긍정심리자본과 직무 만족의 매개 효과를 규명하여 조 직 내 구성원들의 심리적 퇴사를 낮추고, 직무만족을 높일 수 있는 인적자원 개 발 방안의 실무적 시사점을 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 기업에 종사하 는 구성원을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였으며, SPSS 22.0을 사용하여 분석을 수 행하였다. 연구 결과, 상사의 코칭 행동과 심리적 퇴사 간에는 통계적으로 유의 미한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 상사의 코칭 행동이 구성원 의 심리적 퇴사에 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 상사의 코칭 행동은 긍정심리자본과 직무만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 긍정심리자본과 직 무만족은 상사의 코칭 행동의 관계에서 매개 효과를 나타내는 사실이 확인되었 다. 따라서 조직은 상사의 코칭 행동을 지원하기 위한 인적관리 차원의 투자와 노력을 강화할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구에서 검증된 결과를 토대로 조 직 내에서 상사의 코칭 행동이 구성원의 심리적 퇴사를 낮추는 데 영향을 미치 는 중요한 변수임을 확인함으로써 조직구성원의 심리적 퇴사를 낮추고, 직무만 족을 이끄는 방안 마련에 토대를 제공하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 노후준비교육이 비혼 중년여성들의 노화 불안 감소에 미치는 효과를 분석함에 있 다 실험집단은 비혼 중년여성으로 통제집단은 기혼 . , 중년여성으로 균등하게 배정하여 각각 10명으로 구성하였다. 실험집단-통제집단의 사전-사후검사를 비교하는 혼합설계 방법을 적용하였다. 본 연구에 서 적용한 측정도구는 노화불안 척도이며, 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 노 화 불안에 대한 인식을 비교하기 위해서는 사전검사 점수를 공변량으로 하는 공변량분석을 적용하였 다. 노후준비교육 프로그램은 비혼 중년여성의 노화 불안 인식 전체 점수뿐만 아니라 노화 불안을 구 성하는 하위요인 모두에서도 유의미한 감소를 가져왔다. 노후준비교육에 참여한 중년여성의 노화 불안 인식에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 노후준비교육 프로그램은 중년여성의 삶의 질 인식 향 상, 노화 불안 감소, 성공적 노화 기대 증진에 효과적인 프로그램이라고 볼 수 있다.

Background: Stroke often results in impaired postural control and asymmetric weight distribution, which negatively affect balance and functional mobility. Previous research has demonstrated that balance training interventions incorporating proprioceptive stimulation and visual feedback can enhance postural stability in stroke survivors. However, there remains debate regarding the relative effectiveness of these two approaches. While proprioception-based training emphasizes sensory input from mechanoreceptors to improve postural control, visual feedback-based training leverages external cues to facilitate balance adjustments. Objectives: To investigation the effects of proprioception-based trunk exercise and visual-auditory feedback-based trunk exercise on sitting balance in patients with chronic stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 24 participants diagnosed with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to two groups: the proprioception-based trunk exercise group (PTG, n=10) and the visual-auditory feedback-based trunk exercise group (VTG, n=11). Both groups participated in a 6-week intervention program, five sessions per week, lasting 25 minutes per session. Outcome measures included the Limitation of Stability (LOS), the Korean version of the Trunk Impairment Scale (K-TIS), and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS). Pre- and post-intervention assessments were analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests to evaluate within-group and between-group differences. Results: Both PTG and VTG groups demonstrated significant improvements in LOS, K-TIS, and PASS scores following the intervention (P<.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the amount of change observed. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both proprioception-based and visualauditory feedback-based trunk exercises are effective in improving sitting balance in chronic stroke patients. The lack of a significant difference between the groups indicates that both approaches provide comparable benefits. Future research should explore long-term effects and investigate potential differences in various functional domains beyond sitting balance.