Background: Previous studies have highlighted the beneficial impact of trunk strength training on gross motor muscle function. Additionally, trunk strength training has been shown to enhance upper limb function and balance in children with cerebral palsy. Although numerous studies have explored dynamic and static balance for children with cerebral palsy, none have yet examined the combined application of kinetic link training (KLT) and bird dog exercise (BDE). Objectives: To investigated the effect of cerebral Palsy on the KLT and BDE. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study involved 30 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy. They were randomly allocated to two groups: 15 children in the KLT group and 15 in the bird-dog group. During the intervention, four participants dropped out, resulting in 26 subjects for the final analysis (KLT=11, Bird-dog=15). After randomizing the subjects into two groups, we allocated their general characteristics. Prior to starting the intervention, initial measurements were taken using the Romberg test for static balance and the limit of stability (LOS) test for dynamic balance. Each group participated in KLT and BDE for 30 minutes, three times a week for eight weeks, under the supervision of a therapist. Follow-up measurements of static and dynamic balance were taken at the conclusion of the eight-week period. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS ver. 21.0 program by paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: In the results for static balance, the within-group comparisons indicated a significant reduction in trace length, STD velocity, and velocity postintervention compared to pre-intervention for both the KLT and BDE groups, except for the C90 area (P<.05). Regarding dynamic balance, the withingroup comparisons demonstrated a significant increase in LOS in the forward direction for the BDE group from pre- to post-intervention (P<.05). Similarly, there was a significant increase in LOS in the backward direction for the KLT group from pre- to post-intervention (P<.05). The LOS in both the left and right directions showed significant increases in the BDE group from pre- to post-intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: An eight-week intervention involving KLT and BDE exercises improved both static and dynamic balance in children with cerebral palsy.

Background: Children with cerebral palsy face challenges in maintaining body stability because of structural and functional defects. Their ability for responsive balance control is diminished. While there exist various trunk stabilization exercises such as Kinetic Link training (KLT) and the Bird-dog posture, there is a notable dearth of research that applies KLT specifically to children with cerebral palsy. Objectives: To investigate the effects of KLT and Bird-dog exercise on gross motor function and balance in children with cerebral palsy. Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: The study participants were randomly divided into two groups: 15 individuals in the KLT group and 15 in the Bird-dog group. General characteristics were examined, and initial measurements of Gross motor function measure (GMFM) and Pediatric balance scale (PBS) were taken prior to the intervention. Each group engaged in KLT exercises and Bird-dog exercises for 20 minutes, three times a week over an 8 week period. Following the completion of the 8 week intervention, secondary measurements of GMFM and PBS were conducted. Results: In the KLT group, both PBS and GMFM showed a significant increase after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). Similarly, in the Bird-dog group, both PBS and GMFM significantly increased after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). There was a significant difference observed in PBS when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes between the two groups (P<.05), whereas no significant difference was found in GMFM between the groups when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes (P>.05). Conclusion: The interventions involving KLT and Bird-dog exercises were observed to effectively enhance PBS and GMFM in children with cerebral palsy. Specifically, it was evident that KLT was more beneficial in improving balance abilities compared to Bird-dog exercise.

Background: The external rotation (ER) exercise in performed at a 90° abduction of the shoulder joint is an effective to strengthen the infraspinatus. However, failure of the humeral head to control axial rotation during exercise can be increased the posterior deltoid over activity. Biofeedback training is an effective method of promoting motor learning and control it could look forward to activate the infraspinatus selectively by controlling the humeral head during exercise. Objects: The aim of this study was investigated that whether biofeedback for axial rotation was effective to activate selectively the infraspinatus during ER exercise. Methods: The 15 healthy males participated, and all subjects performed both ER exercise in a sitting position with shoulder abducted 90° under conditions with and without axial rotation biofeedback. Exercise was performed in a range of 90° ER, divided into three phases: concentric, isometric, and eccentric. The infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscle activity were observed using surface electromyography. Results: Both infraspinatus activity (p < 0.01) and infraspinatus to posterior deltoid activity ratio (p = 0.01) were significantly higher with biofeedback however, posterior deltoid activity was significantly lower with biofeedback (p = 0.01). The infraspinatus muscle activity and muscle activity ratio were the highest in the isometric contraction type, and there were significant differences for all contraction types (p < 0.05). Whereas, the posterior deltoid activity was the lowest in the isometric contraction type, and showed a significant difference between isometric and other two contraction types (p < 0.05), but no significant different between concentric and eccentric contraction. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the axial rotation biofeedback during sitting ER exercise might be effective method to activating selective infraspinatus muscle and recommended to enhance the dynamic stability of the shoulder joint.

Background: Inspiratory muscle training can improve inspiratory strength and endurance through threshold loading. In addition, trunk stabilization exercises can improve trunk strength and respiratory function. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of application of inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise on pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle activation in college students. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: In this study, 24 college students were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training and trunk stabilization exercise (experimental group, n=12), and trunk stabilization exercise (control group, n=12). Inspiratory muscle activity was measured using a surface electromyography. Pulmonary function was measured using a spirometer and a peak expiratory flow meter. Results: In the experimental group, the muscle activity of both upper trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles increased significantly after the intervention. In the experimental group, both upper trapezius muscle activity was significantly increased than in the control group. In the experimental group, all the pulmonary function significantly increased after the intervention. Conclusion: In this study, when the inspiratory muscle training was additionally applied to the trunk stabilization exercise in college students in their twenty, it was possible to improve the inspiratory muscle activity and pulmonary function.

Background: Previous studies have reported that improving the spinal stability could be more effective in the prevention and treatment of recurrence. Lumbar stabilization exercise is known to strengthen the lumbar extension muscles and enhance physical, psychological and social functions. Objectives: To investigated the effect of lumbar spiral stenosis on the kinetic link training and lumbar stabilization exercise. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Study was preformed by randomly allocated 28 LSS participants into a kinetic link training group (KLT, n=14) and a lumbar stabilization exercise group (LSE, n=14). Kinetic link training and lumbar stabilization exercise were performed to subjects in both groups 5 times a week for 6 weeks. To verify the effect of LSS, changes in VAS, ODI, and proprioception before and after intervention were observed. Results: In KLT, statistically significant changes were found in VAS, ODI, and Proprioception before and after intervention. In LSE, there were significant changes in VAS and ODI before and after intervention. KLT and LSE before and after intervention indicated significant differences in proprioception. Conclusion: KLT and LSE are applied to LSS, there are effects of pain decrease, lumbar recovery and proprioception improvement.

본 연구에서는 남자 실업팀 핸드볼 선수들을 대상으로 플라이휠 운동을 적용한 웨이트 트레이 닝 프로그램을 개발하여 상해예방과 경기력 향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 12주간 복합 플라이휠 운동 프로그램을 적용하여 신체조성, 체력요인, 무산소성파워, 등속성근기능에 미치는 영향 을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 팔굽혀펴기는 그룹 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 체지방률, 무산소성 파워는 시기별 상호작용에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 제자리멀리뛰기, 제자리높이뛰기, 악력, 배근력, 무산소성평 균파워 그리고 등속성근기능검사는 좌굴근과 우굴근에서 시기별로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 따라서 12주 간 플라이휠 운동을 활용한 웨이트 트레이닝 결과는 상해예방과 경기력 향상을 위한 기초자료로 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 계획행동이론(Theory of Planned Behavior ; TPB)을 바탕으로 코로나-19 환경에서 대학생이 인식하는 생활체육과 참여의사 및 참여행동에 관하여 인과 관계(SEM)를 적용하여 대학생이 인식하는 생활체육을 탐색하고, 생활체육 종목을 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2020년 12월 1일 ~ 2021년 5월 1일까지 표본계획에 의해 모바일 프로그램인“서베이 몽키”를 사용하여 총 267명 분석에 사용했다. 연구결과 계획행동이론는 생활체육 참여의사와 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 상 관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. TPB는 생활체육 참여행동에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 생활체육 참여의사는 생활체육 참여행동과 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 모바일 홈트레이닝과 운동몰입, 지속의도에 대한 기술수용 이론을 적용한 인과관계 모형에 대한 구조분석 방법(SEM)을 적용하여 소비자을 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 현재 코로나-19 팬데믹 사태로 인한 전략적 도구를 파악하기 위해 2021년 2월 1일부터 5월 21일까지 표본 계획에 의해 모바일 프로그램인 “서베이 몽키”를 사용하여 유효표본 총 287명의 소비자를 최종 분석에 사용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 수용모델이 운동몰입에 유의미한 영향(+)을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 둘째, 수용모델이 운동지속의도에 유의미한 영향(+)을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운동몰 입이 운동지속의도에 유의미한 영향(+)을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

정신분열은 대표적인 신경정신성 질환으로 정신분열 환자들은 정신적, 감정적 및 행동적인 장애로 인해 고통받고 있다. 이 연구는 흰쥐를 대상으로 정신분열을 유도함으로써 골격근 조직에서 반응하는 혈관생성 관련 단백질의 변화를 살펴보고 규칙적인 운동의 효과를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 위해 흰쥐(SD rats) 총 18마리를 통제(n=6), 정신분열(n=6), 정신분열+운동(n=6) 집단으로 구분하였다. 정신분열 및 정신분열+운동 집단은 총 2주 동안 MK-801처치를 통해 정신분열을 유도하였으며, 정신분열+운동 집단은 4주간 규칙적인 유산소성 운동을 수행하였다. 유산소성 운동은 실험동물용 트레드밀을 이용하여 수행되었으며 HIF-1α 및 VEGF 단백질은 western blot을 통해 관찰하였다. 연구결과, HIF-1α 단백질은 집단간 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05). VEGF 단백질의 경우, 통제집단보다 정신 분열 집단에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났으며(p<.01), 정신분열+운동 집단의 VEGF가 정신분열 집단보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<.01). 따라서 골격근 내 혈관생성 관련 단백질들은 정신분열 유도에 의해 낮아질 수 있으며 반대로 운동은 이를 개선하는 효과를 가지는 것으로 사료된다.

식용곤충은 대체 식량자원으로 관심이 증가되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 누에나방 번데기 분말 섭취 유무에 따른 저항성운동 훈련(등장성 수축)이 ICR 마우스의 근육량 증가에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 ICR 마우스 28마리를 대조군(CON), 저항성운동 훈련군(EX), 누에나방 번데기 분말 섭취군(SP), 누에나방 번데기분말 섭취 저항성운동 훈련군(SPEX)으로 그룹 당 각각 7마리씩 분류하였다. 체중증가율은 EX와 SPEX가 CON과 SP에 비해 유의하게 억제되었다. 혈중 총 단백질 농도는 SPEX가 다른 그룹에 비하여 가장 높았다. 알부민 농도 변화는 운동훈련 병행 시에만 증가하였다. 혈액 GOT와 GPT 수준은 유의차가 없었다. Akt와 Gsk-3β의 단백질 발현의 유의차는 없었다. 그러나 번데 기 분말 섭취 시 Akt 증가 및 Gsk-3β의 감소 경향이 나타났다. 비복근 근육 양은 저항성 운동 훈련을 하였을 때만 증가하였다. 그리고 또한, 번데 기 분말 섭취 시 근육량은 유의차가 없었으나 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 저항성 운동훈련과 누에나방 번데기 분말 섭취는 간독성을 유발하지 않고 근육량을 증가시킬 수 있다는 점을 시사한다. 그러나 보다 상세한 결과를 제시하기 위해 부가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of arabinoxylan rice bran and endurance exercise training on TLR4 mediated protein expression in LPS-treated rats. The results showed that TLR4 as an important protein in the inflammatory response against lipopolysaccharide was shown to be significantly lower in both arabinoxylan supplement with exercise group and exercise group, thus the arabinoxylan rice bran had a higher inhibitory activity than arabinoxylan supplement group. However, NF-κB and MyD88 protein expression was not changed in arabinoxylan supplement with exercise training group, whereas NF-κB significantly decreased in 4 weeks of exercise training group. These results suggest that the supplement of arabinoxylan rice bran with exercise is likely to contribute to inflammation response and the arabinoxylan rice bran can be used as a possible safe alternative to the immunotherapeutic intervention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise training during 12weeks on physical fitness, body composition and bone mineral density in university students. Nineteen male university students who were enrolled of 1st grade at department of physical education in Korea National University of Education were participated in this experiment. Subjects were performed combined exercise training - running, physical training using plyometrics and resistance training - of 5days per week, 70min per 1 time, during 12weeks. The measurement items were health related fitness(muscle strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility), motor skill fitness(power, balance), body composition(% body fat, muscle mass) and bone mineral density(T-score). On the basis of the results analyzed in this study and consideration of many pre studies related it, the result were as follows. First, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on health related fitness, post level was revealed more significant increase than pre level at muscle strength(p<.05), muscular endurance(p<.05), cardiovascular endurance(p<.001) and flexibility(p<.05). Second, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on motor skill fitness, It was not revealed significant differences between the pre and the post level of the power and balance). Third, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on body composition, post level revealed more significant improvement than pre level at muscle mass(p<.05), but It was not revealed significant differences between the pre and the post level of the % body fat. Fourth, data analysis of 12 week combined exercise training on bone mineral density, post level revealed more significant improvement than pre level at T-score(p<.05). In conclusion, It was revealed that 12 week combined exercise training increased physical fitness, and improved body composition and bone mineral density. I hope that more studies will be followed on physical fitness, body composition and bone mineral density on various exercise types, exercise intensity, time and frequency in university students in the future.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and reveal the effects that the complex exercise training consisting of aerobic exercise and strength training(sit up, push up) that everyone can easily practice regardless of a time and a place in order to manage practically the physical strength of the aged affects the difference on their body composition and the change of physical fitness level. Looking into the change of body composition of an experimental group, the weight of 2.5kg was reduced after applying complex training for 12 weeks and the body fat mass of 2.65kg was reduced. Also, the abdominal fat of 0.13% was decreased and the muscle mass of 1.56kg was increased. For the change factors of physical fitness, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, balance and flexibility excluding agility showed significant improvement after applying complex exercise training. The improvement of health fitness of the aged under this study was significantly effective to improve specified body functions which had been lowered by aging and insufficient physical activities. So, it is regarded that their health fitness is the important factor to improve the activity competence required for daily life and to lead healthy living by the improved activity competence. Henceforth, it needs to study more the complex composition of several sports, exercise intensity and the frequency based on the previous researches and studies. In addition, it needs to develop the complex exercise training in accordance with various characteristics such as a sex of the aged, an age, a physical fitness level, environment, a disease and the program in consideration of the efficacy and safety during training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of balance training with upper extremity exercise on the improvement of balance performance in people who have had a stroke. Eighteen candidates who have all experienced a stroke, were living in Dong-Gu, Ulsan and were participating in a community based rehabilitation program, have been included in this study. The program was conducted three times weekly, 1 hour per session, for 7 consecutive weeks. Subjects were tested with 7 m and 100 m Timed Gait Test (sec), Timed Get Up and Go Test (sec), Functional Reach Test (cm) and 5 items of Berg's Balance Test at pre-training and post-training. Total balance index and balance ratios were measured by K.A.T. 3000. The balance training program performed by sitting on a chair and gymnastic ball and standing on stable and unstable surfaces during upper extremity exercises such as Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) upper extremity pattern, picking a ball up from floor, throwing and catching it. After seven weekends of balance training, subjects showed a significant difference in balance test results. The exceptions were three items of Berg's Balance Test (p<.05). Balance index score and affected and unaffected side balance ratio had a larger improvement than pre-training (p<.05). The result of this study showed that intervention of this balance training program could improve the balance performance in people who have had a stroke.

The limited walking ability after a stroke restricts a patient's independent mobility at home and in the community. It also brings about significant social handicaps. Therefore, it is necessary to improve walking ability in community-dwelling persons with stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gait training and muscle strengthening exercise of lower extremities in persons with chronic stroke. Nineteen community-dwelling individuals with stroke participated in this program. The exercise program lasted for seven weeks, with a 1-hour program twice per week, and it consisted of balance training, gait training, and strengthening of lower extremities. The outcome of the program was assessed by the gait speed, Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Significant effects were found for the WGS, BBS, and mobility and hand function domain of the SIS (p<.05). It was found that short-term gait training exercise could improve quality of gait, balance, and mobility. Therefore, a more effective exercise program is required for community-based persons with stroke.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of exercise training on the strength and balance ability of the elderly. The results of this study are: 1) After 8 weeks exercise training, knee muscle strength showed a significant increment. 2) After exercise training, forward functional reach and balance index of KAT 2000 showed a significant increment. Results indicate that strengthening exercise can result in improved muscle strength and balance in the elderly. Further studies are required to show long-term effects of exercise training on the elderly.

Asymmetrical posture during static stance has been identified as a common problem in persons with hemiplegia. This study examined the effect of a purposeful exercise training program on symmetrical weight bearing in three adult persons with hemiplegia. Multiple baseline design was used. The intervention program, including ball throwing and catching, rolling ball catching and throwing, and Swiss ball pulling and stopping was introduced for 15 minutes each day during each intervention phase. Quantitative measurement of the weight distribution was taken with the Limloader. Visual inspection and mean of data revealed a significant improvement in symmetrical weight distribution. This result suggests that a purposeful exercise training program can be effective in helping persons with hemiplegia achieve symmetric stances.

The effects of exercise and selenium added high fat diet on edurance and serum lipid components were studied in rats. A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley (150±35g, body weight) were divided into trained group and untrained group and were bred for 7 weeks. Each group had 6 different dietary subgroups; namely, basal diet, 20％ shortening and 20％ soybean oil subgroup and selenium (0.01mg％) added each subgroups. Exercises of 8-min treadmill running and 10-min swimming were given to the trained group every other day during the experimental period while only treadmill running was given to the untrained group during the last week. The amounts of food intake, changes in body weight and endurance were determined once a week and serum lipid components were measured before and after experimental period. Following are the results obtained : 1) The untrained group took a slightly larger amount of food than that in the trained group. The food efficiency is, however, higher in the trained group. Body weight increased more in untrained group, while high fat diet resulted in greater increment in body weight than that in normal diet groups. 2) The trained group showed remarkably longer endurance than the untrained group and selenium added high fat diet enhanced the effect. 3) The trained group showed lower blood level of T-chol., TG and TG/PL than the untrained group. All the other blood values of HDL-chol., PL, MDL-chol./T-chol., HDL/LDL and A/G ratio were higher in trained group. 4) Soybean oil added dietary groups exibited lower blood levels of T-chol., TG, TG/PL and A/G than those in shortening added dietary groups. On the contrary, the former groups showed higher blood HDL-chol., PL., HDL, HDL-chol. and HDL/LDL ratio than those of soybean oil added dietary groups. 5) LDH5 was the most abundant one among serum LDH isozymes. The electrophoretic pattern of serum LDH isozymes was not changed by exercise training and selenium added high fat diet. 6) Exercise training lowered blood GOT and TBA. These effects were enhanced by soybean oil added diets. From the above results it was concluded that a regular and long term exercise training as well as a small amount of selenium added high fat diet result in reduction of body weight and TBA and improve dietary efficiency and physical endurance in rats.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to report a case of psychological support and supervision for a university soccer team. Methods: Psychological support was provided to 32 players in the C university soccer team. 10 or so essential psychological skills including the importance of psychological training, goal setting, strategies to be motivated, enhancing confidence, teamwork, self-regulation, or concentration training were systematized with CAU10 Program, and this was designed properly to the event of soccer. Results: Total 11 sessions were composed of education, practice, and discussion with 80 minutes in each week. To examine the effects of psychological support, SIMS, TEOSQ, and PS test sheets were used. According to the results of the T-Test, it exerted significant effects on the factors of intrinsic motivation (p<.05), confidence (p<.01), and goal setting (p<.05). Conclusion: For field training and supervision, they received training for license grade 2 and then made plans for field training. Submitting an application form for training to Korean Society of Sport Psychology, they got approved. The psychological support team consisted of five trainees and two supervisors. In each team, one or two trainees were arranged, and they were formally appointed as a mental coach by the director, coaching staff, or players. In this case, the soccer team included trainees attending graduate school or having experience to work as a player. Once a week, they were provided with field support, supervision, and irregular field observation and counseling, and also, supervision was done once a week with two grade 1 supervisors. Mainly about preparation for education, ideas to make contents, demonstration for education, or counseling, they were provided with feedback, and this was written as a report for each session. It has been found that field training and supervision have positive effects on grade 2 sport psychology counselor trainees in terms of securing expertise and experience, knowhow, confidence for field support, or contents for psychological support.