This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of fish larvae assemblages and their relationships with environmental factors in the coastal waters of Saryang and Yokji Islands, Korea, from June 2024 to April 2025. During the study period, surface water temperature ranged from 6.1 to 30.3°C and salinity ranged from 28.25 to 33.96 psu, showing clear seasonal variability. A total of 23 fish larvae taxa belonging to 5 orders and 14 families were identified. Dominant taxa included Parablennius yatabei, Engraulis japonicus, Sebastiscus marmoratus, and Hexagrammos agrammus. Larval abundance ranged from 15 to 1,137 ind. 1,000 m-3, with the highest density and species diversity observed in early summer. Cluster analysis revealed three seasonal assemblages: summer-autumn, winter, and winter-spring groups. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that temperature, salinity, and several copepod taxa were associated with fish larvae distribution, while the cumulative variance explained by the first two axes was 23.9%. These results suggest that fish larvae assemblages in the Saryang and Yokji Islands coastal area are partly related to seasonal environmental gradients and zooplankton composition, but are also influenced by multiple factors including hydrodynamic transport and coastal physical structures. This study provides baseline ecological information on seasonal fish larvae assemblages in a multiisland coastal system and highlights the ecological importance of this area as a spawning and nursery ground for coastal fish populations.

This study examined the spatiotemporal distribution and community structure of fish larvae in the coastal waters of Geoje Island, Korea, from June 2024 to April 2025, and assessed the impact of environmental factors on larvae assemblages. The abundance of fish larvae varied significantly, ranging from 63 to 12,330 individuals per 1,000 m3. A total of 20 taxa from 14 families and 6 orders were identified. Dominant taxa included Clupea pallasii, Parablennius yatabei, Hexagrammos agrammus, Engraulis japonicus, Sebastiscus marmoratus, Sebastes schlegelii, Repomucenus valenciennei, and Rudarius ercodes. Cluster and nMDS analyses identified three distinct seasonal assemblages: a summer-autumn assemblage, a transitional assemblage, and a winter-spring assemblage. The summer-autumn assemblage was dominated by coastal and pelagic species, including Engraulis japonicus and Parablennius yatabei, while the winter-spring assemblage was characterized by coldseason spawning species such as Clupea pallasii and Hexagrammos agrammus. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that temperature and salinity were the primary environmental drivers of fish larvae assemblages (p<0.01). Temperature was strongly correlated with Axis-1, which represents the main environmental gradient influencing larvae assemblages. Additionally, the copepod Acartia omorii showed a strong association with Axis-2, indicating that zooplankton community composition played a secondary role in shaping larvae assemblages. Environmental variables accounted for 26.3% of the total variance, suggesting that larvae distributions were affected by environmental conditions, hydrodynamic transport, spawning strategies, and biological interactions. These findings provide essential baseline information for fisheries resource management and coastal ecosystem monitoring.

본 논문은 펫 휴머니제이션 현상으로 펫푸드 시장이 질적으로 고도화되었음에도, 불구하고, 여전히 「사료관 리법」상 축산 생산 수단적 관점에 머물러 있는 현행 관 리 체계의 한계를 조명하고 실증적인 물성 표준화 방안 을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 우선 KS H 4897 및 법정 관 리 체계와의 비교·분석을 통해 펫푸드 물성 규격화의 제 도적 미비점을 규명하였다. 또한, 반려견 보호자 71명을 대상으로 시행한 설문조사 결과, 응답자의 97.0%가 제품 구매 시 물성을 주요하게 고려하나 54.0%는 제조사별 다 른 마케팅 용어로 인해 선택의 어려움을 겪고 있음을 확 인하였다. 특히 단단한 제형으로 인한 치아 및 잇몸 손상 경험(15.0%)과 습식 급여 중 사레 경험(46.0%) 등 실질적 인 급여 안전사고 실태를 통해 정량적 지표 도입의 당위 성을 확보하였다. 이를 바탕으로 반려견의 해부학적 구조 와 체급별 치악력 등 수의학적 근거를 반영하여 유동식 부터 고강직식까지 아우르는 5단계의 ‘반려견 Texture-Code’를 도출하였다. 본 논문은 영양 성분에 치 중되었던 기존 품질 관리 패러다임을 물리적 섭식 안전 분야로 확장하고, 향후 반려동물의 지위 변화를 반영한 선진적 사료 관리 체계 수립을 위한 기초 자료를 제공한 다는 점에서 학술적·제도적 의의를 지닌다.

Fish vocalization and diel variation patterns of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and bluefin gurnard (Chelidonichthys kumu) were investigated using passive acoustic monitoring at a sea-cage facility off Tongyeong, Korea. Autonomous recordings were collected from February 3 to 15, 2023 (Pacific cod) and from September 19 to October 2, 2025 (bluefin gurnard). Power spectral density (PSD) was used to quantify spectral structure and diel variability, and pulse-based grunt detection was applied to time vocal events. For both species, dominant spectral energy occurred below 1 kHz, concentrated at 0.1 – 0.5 kHz for Pacific cod and 0.1 – 0.8 kHz for bluefin gurnard. Pacific cod exhibited a pattern of consistently increasing acoustic activity throughout the night. Bluefin gurnard activity was primarily restricted to approximately 2 hours after sunset and sunrise, exhibiting relatively low chorus signals. The SPL were approximately 107-125 dB re 1 μPa for Pacific cod and approximately 103 – 110 dB re 1 μPa for bluefin gurnard. Based on the diel variation pattern, high-activity (22:00 – 06:00 KST) and low-activity (10:00 – 18:00 KST) phases were defined, and empirical probability density profiles summarized frequency-dependent distribution shifts between phases. The acoustic characteristics and diel variation patterns of the two fish species' sounds will help manage fishery resources and identify spawning and fishing grounds.

섬강 중·하류(본류)의 어류군집과 하천수생태계 건강성을 밝히기 위해 2024년 4월부터 8월까지 15개 지점을 선정하 여 2회 조사하였다. 조사기간 채집된 어류는 9과 45종 5,443개체였다. 우점종은 피라미(상대풍부도 41.4%), 아우점종은 참갈겨니(13.6%), 그 다음으로 쉬리(9.7%), 돌고기(6.6%), 꾸구리(6.3%), 돌상어(4.3%), 돌마자(2.3%), 밀어(2.0%), 줄납자루(1.7%), 납자루(1.6%) 등의 순으로 우세하게 출현하였다. 법정보호종은 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물 II급인 꾸구리와 돌상어, 한강납줄개, 묵납자루 4종이 확인되었는데, 꾸구리는 자갈의 비율이 높은 하류부의 빠른 여울에서, 돌상어는 큰돌과 돌의 비율이 높은 상류 및 하류의 빠른 여울에서 많이 서식하고 있어 주목되었고, 한강납줄개와 묵납자루는 각각 St. 12, 15에서 한 개체씩 채집되었다. 한국고유종은 20종이 채집되어 고유화율은 44.4%였고, 외래어 종은 생태계교란 생물로 지정된 배스와 블루길 2종이 확인되었다. 어류를 이용한 하천수생태 건강성(FAI)은 매우 좋음(A) 10개 지점, 좋음(B) 5개 지점으로 양호하게 평가되었고, 수질은 대부분 좋음(Ib)과, 약간 좋음(Ⅱ)으로 평가되 어 비교적 양호하였으나 수질이 나쁜 원주천(보통, III)이 합류되면서 수질이 저하되었다. 군집분석 결과, 지점들의 환경요인은 대부분 여울과 소가 크게 반복적으로 나타나는 중류형(Bb type)으로 비교적 유사한 환경 특징을 보였지만, 수심과 고도, 큰돌, 하폭, 자갈, 잔자갈에 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 고도와 큰돌의 비율이 낮아지고 자갈과 잔자갈의 비율이 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 이러한 환경 요인과 수질 등은 종의 분포에 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다. 군집구조는 크게 상류(St. 1, 3)와 중류(St. 2, 4~8, 11), 하류(St. 9~10, 12~15)로 구분되었다. 교란요인으 로 하천정비공사(1개 지점)와 보의 설치(2개 지점), 생태계교란 생물인 배스와 블루길의 서식, 그리고 오프로드 차량에 의한 멸종위기종 꾸구리의 서식지인 빠른 여울의 교란(St. 15) 등이 있었다. 따라서 섬강 중·하류 본류 어류의 안정적인 서식을 위해서는 무분별한 하천공사는 지양하고 원주천의 수질개선이 필요하며 생태계교란 생물 배스의 확산을 방지할 수 있는 관리방안, 그리고 섬강 하류(St. 15)의 오프로드 차량의 출입을 막을 대책이 시급히 요구되었다.

National parks serve as protected areas that ensure the sustainable use of representative natural ecosystems. In South Korea, approximately 46% of the nation’s total species and 65% of its endangered species inhabit national parks. Comprehensive resource surveys have been conducted every 5 years in accordance with the Natural Parks Act to safeguard these invaluable biological resources. However, species identification in these surveys still largely relies on traditional methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and often subject to investigator bias. This study investigated freshwater fish communities in stream ecosystems at four national parks-Seoraksan, Woraksan, Deogyusan, and Hallyeohaesang-using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to evaluate the consistency of its results with those of conventional surveys. A total of 33 fish species (five orders, 11 families) were recorded in both methods. eDNA detected 31 species (detection rate: 93.9%), whereas conventional methods identified 22 species (66.7%). However, species richness values were significantly correlated between the two methods. eDNA exhibited higher detection efficiency (88.7-100.0%) across all parks than conventional methods (64.3-72.2%). Six endangered species were identified in total, four of which (66.7%) were detected by eDNA. The results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a more sensitive, efficient, and reliable tool for assessing freshwater fish diversity in national parks than conventional methods. Overall, eDNA offers a valuable complement or potential alternative to conventional survey methods for the long-term monitoring of freshwater fish biodiversity.

The study thus provides an empirical and theoretical foundation for future standardization of inter-Korean biological nomenclature and cognitively oriented lexical integration. This study investigates the naming patterns of fish nomenclature in South and North Korea through the lens of onomasiological word-formation theory. An analysis of 395 fish species sharing identical Latin names was conducted to examine the bidirectional process of conceptualization and lexicalization, focusing on the combinatory principles between the onomasiological base (X) and mark (Y). Consequently, 68% (n = 270) of the data exhibited conceptual convergence, indicating shared cognitive categorization across the two speech communities. However, systematic variation emerged in lexicalization: 27% (n = 74) of the cases displayed complete correspondence, 26% (n = 69) partial discrepancy, and 47% (n = 127) full divergence. The most frequent structural pattern was <Quality + Substance>—the perceptual attributes of fish constitute primary conceptual foci in both linguistic systems. Overall, these results indicate that although the South and North Korean lexicons have originated from a common cognitive foundation, they have developed distinct expressive norms and naming strategies. Thus, this study provides an empirical and theoretical basis for future standardization of inter-Korean biological nomenclature and cognitively oriented lexical integration.

This study was conducted to develop a fish-based Multi-metric Index (MMI) for assessing the ecological health of lake ecosystems using fish assemblage data collected from the national lake biomonitoring program between 2022 and 2024. A total of 34 fish assessment metrics widely used in the United States, Europe, and Korea were first reviewed for applicability, from which 16 candidate metrics were selected. These candidate metrics were then evaluated in terms of statistical distribution characteristics, correlations with water quality variables, redundancy among metrics, and consistency with existing river-based metrics used in Korea. Based on these evaluations, eight core indicators and four supporting indicators were finalized. For ecological health scoring, boundary values for metric scoring classes were determined using percentiles (10-25-50-75-90%), and metric weights were applied to ensure balanced contribution and discriminative power among classes. The final set of metrics consisted of three indicators in the Diversity/Richness category, two in the Trophic category, two in the Tolerance category, and one in the Individual Health category, collectively reflecting the ecological responses of fish assemblages in lake environments. The developed MMI framework is expected to provide a robust and applicable tool for future ecological assessments and management of lakes in Korea.