Present study investigated fish community at 12 sites within Yudeungcheon Stream in October 2018 and May 2019 to understand the inhabit status of the endangered species Pseudopungtungia nigra. We collected 39 species and 2,554 individuals of fish, and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI) was evaluated as “Good (B)” with an average score of 66.8. Among collected fishes, 15 endemic and 2 invasive species, Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus were identified. In the distribution survey of P. nigra, it appeared in a range of approximately 12 km from Maebawiyuwonji Park (St. 5) to Budnaedari Bridge (St. 10). Based on population collected in May, the age of P. nigra (female) were divided into three groups by the length-frequency distribution method: 1 year old (60~76 mm), 2 years old (82~99 mm), and more than 3 years old (100~117 mm). Total length of the minimum maturity individual was 60 mm, and was a 1 year old. The estimated average population size using the Jolly-Seber method was 5,804 individuals in the Suryeongyo Bridge. Our study provides fundamental information about the fish community and River health assessment in Yudeungcheon Stream. Furthermore, we are expected to provide ecological information of the P. nigra, consequently helping to establish conservation and restoration plans for endangered species.

신갈호의 어류군집 특징 및 어구별 채집 효과를 밝히기 위해 2020년 8월부터 2021년 10월까지 조사를 실시하였다. 채집 어구는 호소에서 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 족대와 투망, 자망, 정치망을 사용하였다. 조사결과, 조사기간 동안 채집된 어류는 7과 18종 3,501개체, 생체량 117,670g이었다. 개체수비 우점종은 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva, 29.9%), 아우점종은 피라미(Zacco platypus, 25.1%), 다음으로 배스(Micropterus salmoides, 19.3%), 붕어(Carassius auratus, 9.1%), 밀어(Rhinogobius brunneus, 6.1%), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus, 4.2%) 등의 순으로 우세하였으며, 생체량비 우점종은 붕어(45.1%), 아우점종은 잉어(Cyprinus carpio, 17.4%), 그 다음으로 배스(14.3%), 피라미(7.7%), 떡붕어(C. cuvieri, 7.4%), 참붕어(3.9%) 등의 순으로 우세하였다. 출현종 중 한국고유종은 몰개(Squalidus japonicus coreanus), 점줄종개(Cobitis nalbanti), 얼록동사리(Odontobutis interrupta) 3종이었으며, 외래어종은 배스, 블루길, 떡붕어, 향어 (Cyprinus carpio nudus type) 4종으로 이중 배스와 블루길은 생태계교란 생물로 지정된 종이다. 주요종의 평균 체장과 체중을 조사한 결과, 우점종인 참붕어는 체장 60±24.1㎜, 체중 4.4±3.42g이었고, 아우점종인 피라미는 체장 82±17.6㎜, 체중 10.4±7.27g, 우세종 배스는 체장 96±25.1㎜, 체중 24.9±96.02g, 붕어는 체장 125±77.3㎜, 체중 168±336.5g이었 다. 어구별 조사결과, 족대로 채집된 어류는 3과 8종 302개체 생체량 1,269g, 투망으로 채집된 어류는 4과 11종 948개체 생체량 31,343g, 자망으로 채집된 어류는 4과 13종 682개체 생체량 69,695g, 정치망으로 채집된 어류는 7과 15종 1,569개체, 생체량 15,362g으로 나타났다. 어구별 조사결과를 요약하면, 정치망은 종수와 개체수가, 삼중자망은 생체량 이 가장 많았으며, 투망은 연안지대의 종수와 개체수를 채집하는데 강점이 있었으며, 족대는 종수와 개체수, 생체량 모두 가장 적었으나 연안지대의 저서성 소형어류를 채집하는데 강점을 보였다.

섬강 상류의 어류상 변화와 어류군집 특성을 밝히기 위해 2018년부터 2020년까지 조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간 동안 35개 지점을 조사한 결과, 채집된 어류는 12과 40종 7,817개체였다. 출현종 중 우점종은 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus, 34.5%), 아우점종은 피라미(Z. platypus, 28.7%)였고, 그 다음으로 버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 10.2%), 돌고기 (Pungtungia herzi, 5.3%), 긴몰개(Squalidus gracilis majimae, 4.3%), 참종개(Iksookimia koreensis, 2.1%), 참마자 (Hemibarbus longirostris, 1.6%), 모래무지(Pseudogobio esocinus, 1.5%) 돌마자(Microphysogobio yaluensis, 1.4%), 한강납줄개(Rhodeus pseudosericeus, 1.4%) 등의 순으로 우세하였다. 법정보호종은 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물 II급인 한강납줄개와 묵납자루(Acheilognathus signifer), 돌상어(Gobiobotia brevibarba), 둑중개(Cottus koreanus) 4종이 출현하였는데, 주로 한강납줄개와 묵납자루, 돌상어는 중·하류에, 둑중개는 최상류에 서식하고 있었다. 출현종 중 한국고유 종은 19종(고유화율 47.5%)이었고, 기후변화민감종(냉수성 어종)은 둑중개 1종, 외래어종은 떡붕어(Carassius cuvieri)와 배스(Micropterus salmoides) 2종이 확인되었다. 군집분석 결과, 대체로 상류에서 하류로 갈수록 우점도는 낮아지고 다양도와 풍부도는 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 군집구조는 크게 최상류, 상류, 중하류, 호수로 구분되었다. 섬강 상류는 횡성댐이 건설되면서 직·간접적으로 어류군집에 큰 영향을 미쳤는데, 댐 건설 직후 멸종위기종 묵납자루와 한강납줄개, 돌상어 서식지 및 개체수가 급격히 감소하고 수몰지역은 유수성 어류에서 정수성 어류로 변화되었다. 약 20년이 지난 현재, 서식지가 안정화 되면서 서식하는 어류가 증가하고 급격히 감소하였던 멸종위기종 한강납줄개와 돌상어의 서식지 및 개체수가 증가하였다. 또한 하천건강성(FAI)은 27개 지점은 매우 좋음(A), 7개 지점은 좋음(B), 1개 지점은 보통(C)으로 평가되어 비교적 우수하였다. 하지만 멸종위기종 묵납자루는 댐 공사 및 하천공사로 지역절멸에 처해 있고, 둑중개는 하천공사로 개체수가 심각하게 감소하였으며, 횡성호에서 생태계교란 생물 배스의 서식이 확인되어 우려되었다. 따라서 섬강 상류의 안정적인 어류 서식을 위해서는 무분별한 하천공사를 지양하고, 멸종위기종 묵납자루는 시급히 복원정책이 필요하며, 생태계교란 생물 배스의 확산을 방지할 수 있는 관리방안이 요구되었다.

Fish resource surveys were conducted near Jeju Island in June, August and October 2021 using an underwater camera monitoring system, fish pots, and SCUBA diving methods. The efficiency of the methods used to survey fish resources was compared using the number of individuals compared to area per unit time (inds/m3/h) and the number of species compared to area per unit time (spp./m3/h). As a result of comparing the number of individuals compared to the area per unit time (inds/m3/h), the order was underwater camera 214.69, SCUBA diving 124.62, and fish pots 0.57 inds/m3/h. The number of species compared to area per unit time (spp./m3/h) is in the following order: SCUBA diving 0.85, underwater camera 0.38, and fish pots 0.01 spp./m3/h. The fish resource monitoring method using underwater cameras was found to be more efficient in individual counts, and the SCUBA diving method was found to be more efficient in species counts. When considering cost and survey efficiency, the fish resource survey method using underwater cameras was judged to be more effective. The results of this study are expected to be widely used in estimating the population density of fish, which is the core of future fisheries resource surveys.

A variation of fish assemblage in the coastal waters of Sagye-ri, southern Jeju Island was determined using samples collected by trammel net from 2012 to 2022. The total fish species caught by trammel net were identified 88 species, 46 families, 12 orders, and the number of appearance and biomass were 3,479 individuals and 883.6 kg. The annual variation of species was the highest in 2013 at 46 species and the lowest in 2021 at 30 species. The seasonal variation of species was higher in summer at 67 species and lower in winter, autumn at 47 species. The annual diversity index, evenness index, and richness index were appeared 2.42-3.00, 0.69-0.78 and 5.18-7.24 at each years. The dominance index appeared highest in 2013 and the lowest in 2018. Cluster analysis based on the number of individuals of fish was classified into two groups at the dissimilarity level of 57%, and results of SIMPROF analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among the two groups. The subtropical fishes were identified a total of 42 species (47.7%) and the number of species was higher in 2013 at 25 (54.3%) species and lower in 2018 and 2021 at each 17 (54.8~56.7%) species. The dominant species of subtropical fishes were appeared rabbit fish (Siganus fuscescens), scarbreast tuskfish (Choerodon azurio), bluestriped angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis), balloon fish (Diodon holocanthus), and flag fish (Goniistius zonatus) at study sites.

안양천의 어류 군집 특성과 어류상에 대한 수질의 영향을 밝히기 위해 2022년 4~6월과 8~10월에 20개 지점을 2회 조사하였다. 조사 기간 동안 채집된 어류는 5목 10과 34종 3,186개체였다. 우점종은 피라미(Zacco platypus, 43.4%) 였고, 아우점종은 붕어(Carassius auratus, 10.1%), 그 다음으로 잉어(Cyprinus carpio, 7.6%), 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus, 6.2%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi, 5.2%), 대륙송사리(Oryzias sinensis, 5.1%), 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva, 4.7%), 긴몰개(Squalidus gracilis majimae, 4.4%), 버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 3.5%), 치리(Hemiculter eigenmanni, 3.3%), 흰줄납줄개(Rhodeus ocellatus, 1.4%), 가숭어(Chelon haematocheilus, 1.0%) 등의 순으로 우세하 게 출현하였다. 출현종 중 한국고유종은 각시붕어(Rhodeus uyekii), 긴몰개, 몰개(Squalidus japonicus coreanus), 참갈 겨니, 얼록동사리(Odontobutis interrupta) 5종(14.7%)이었고, 외래종은 이스라엘잉어(Cyprinus carpio Israeli type), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus), 배스(Micropterus salmoides), 구피(Poecilia reticulata) 4종(11.8%)이었다. 어류 군집 분석 결과, 우점도는 상류가 높았고 하류로 가면서 낮아졌으며, 다양도와 풍부도, 균등도는 본류보다 지류에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 하천건강성을 평가한 결과, 7개 지점에서 보통(C), 8개 지점에서 나쁨(D), 5개 지점에서 매우 나쁨(E)으로 평가되어 좋지 않았다. 수질은 8개 지점을 평가한 결과, 4개 지점은 보통(III), 2개 지점은 나쁨(V), 1개 지점은 약간 나쁨(IV), 1개 지점은 약간 좋음(II)으로 평가되어, 전체적인 수질은 나쁘게 나타났으며, 수질이 하천건 강성과 어류의 서식에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 안양천에 어도가 없는 보가 많이 설치되어 있어 어류의 이동에 장애물로 작용하고 있었다. 따라서 하천건강성을 높이고 안정적인 어류의 서식을 위해서는 수질을 개선할 수 있는 체계적인 관리방안이 필요하고 보에 어도 설치가 요구되었다.

수산자원의 지속 가능한 관리와 증대는 전 세계적으로 중요한 이슈로 부상하고 있으며, 본 연구는 이에 대응하는 한국수산자 원공단의 수산자원 현존량 추정을 위한 딥러닝 기반 수산자원 증대사업 효과조사 기법 개발을 위해 구성 기술 중 하나인 어류 탐지 및 분류 모델 구축과 성능 비교를 수행하였다. 다양한 크기의 YOLOv8-Seg 모델에 어류 이미지 데이터셋을 학습한 후 각 성능평가 지표를 비 교 분석하여 적용 가능한 최적의 모델을 선정하고자 하였다. 모델 구축에 사용된 자료는 총 12종의 어류로 이루어진 36,749장의 이미지와 라벨 파일로 이루어지며, 학습에는 증강을 적용하여 데이터의 다양성을 증가시켰다. 동일한 환경 및 조건에서 총 다섯 개의 YOLOv8-Seg 모델을 학습 및 검증한 결과 중간 크기의 YOLOv8m-Seg 모델이 가장 짧은 13시간 12분의 학습 시간과     0.933, 추론 속도 9.6 ms로 높은 학습 효율성과 우수한 탐지 및 분류 성능을 보였으며, 각 지표 간의 균형을 고려할 때 실시간 처리 요구사항을 충족하는 가장 효율 적인 모델로 평가되었다. 이와 같은 실시간 어류 탐지 및 분류 모델을 활용하여 효율적인 수산자원 증대사업의 효과조사가 가능할 것으 로 보이며, 지속적인 성능 개선 및 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Background: The biological information of fish, which include reproduction, is the prerequisite and the basis for the assessment of fisheries. Methods: The aim of this work was to know the reproductive biology with the first sexual maturity (TL50) and the spawning period for 58 mainly fish species in the waters around La Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Twenty families belonging to the Actinopterygii were represented (acanthuridae, berycidae, bramidae, carangidae, cirrhitidae, gempylidae, holocentridae, kyphosidae, labridae, lethrinidae, lutjanidae, malacanthidae, monacanthidae, mullidae, polymixiidae, pomacentridae, scaridae, scorpaenidae, serranidae, sparidae; 56 species; n = 9,751) and two families belonging to the Elasmobranchii (squalidae, centrophoridae; 2 species; n = 781) were sampled. Between 2014 and 2022, 10,532 individuals were sampled covering the maximum months number to follow the reproduction periods of these species. Results: TL50 for the males and the females, respectively, ranged from 103.9 cm (Acanthurus triostegus ) to 1,119.3 cm (Thyrsitoides marleyi ) and from 111.7 cm (A. triostegus ) to 613.1 cm (Centrophorus moluccensis ). The reproduction period could be very different between the species from the very tight peak to a large peak covered all months. Conclusions: Most species breed between October and March but it was not the trend for all species around La Réunion Island.

In ecosystems within limited resources, interspecific competition is inevitable, often leading to the competitive exclusion of inferior species. This study aims to provide foundational information for the conservation and restoration management of Microphysogobio rapidus by evaluating species’ ecological response to biological factors within its habitat. To understand this relationship, we collected food web organisms from site where M. rapidus coexist with Microphysogobio yaluensis, a specie ecologically similar to M. rapidus, and evaluated the trophic levels (TL), isotopic niche space (INS), and the overlap of INS among fishes within the habitat using stable isotope analysis. Our analysis revealed that the M. rapidus exhibited a higher TL than M. yaluensis, with TL of 2.6 and 2.4, respectively. M. yaluensis exhibited a broad INS, significantly influencing the feeding characteristics of most fish. Conversely, M. rapidus showed a narrow INS and asymmetric feeding relationships with other species, in habitats with high competition levels. This feeding characteristics of M. rapidus indicate that the increase in competitors sharing the similar resources lead to a decrease in available resources and, consequently, is expected to result in a decrease in their density.

This study investigated the fish fauna of Jeonjucheon and Samcheon Streams, flowing through the city of Jeonju, through surveys conducted at 10 sampling sites using kick net and cast net. The fish fauna collected included 10 families and 36 species, with a total of 2,064 individuals. Samcheon had 8 families and 30 species with 1,074 individuals, Jeonjucheon had 8 families and 26 species with 986 individuals. The dominant species was Zacco platypus with 1,202 individuals, and a total of 153 individuals of the subdominant were Pseudogobio esocinus. In Jeonjucheon Stream, a total of 567 individuals of the dominant species were collected as Z. platypus and 99 individuals of the subdominant species were collected as Pungtungia herzi, and there was no significant change in the stream environment except for the confluence site. Further expanded research covering the entire Jeonjucheon and Samcheon Streams region, accompanied by regular monitoring, is essential to record and understand fluctuations in fish fauna.

The goal of this study was to provide basic data necessary for managing fish in the Seomgang River by confirming diversity of fish species in the Seomgang River and determining the degree of change in fish species through a comparison with earlier related work. Growth rate, obesity level, and temporal and spatial reproductive capacities were analyzed to determine growth characteristics of dominant species. Fish fauna and structure of the fish community were surveyed at three different time points from October of 2020 to August of 2021 at eight sites. In addition, growth characteristics of Zacco platypus from June of 2021 to July of 2022 at four sites were determined. A total of 3,999 individuals, 43 species, and ten families of fish were identified. Among these species, 19 (44.19%) were Korean endemic species and four (9.30%) were endangered species. The dominant species was Z. platypus. Pungtungia herzi was identified as a subdominant species. An analysis of length-weight relationships and condition factor (k) of Z. platypus confirmed a good state of growth. As a result of a frequency analysis of the total length, the life cycle of the Z. platypus population living in the Seomgang River was found to be stable. According to gonadosomatic index (GSI) analysis, the spawning season of Z. platypus was estimated to occur after May, consistent with the literature.

This study deals with the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict power consumption for utilizing seawater source heat pumps of recirculating aquaculture system. An integrated dynamic simulation model was constructed using the TRNSYS program to obtain input and output data for the ANN model to predict the power consumption of the recirculating aquaculture system with a heat pump system. Data obtained from the TRNSYS program were analyzed using linear regression, and converted into optimal data necessary for the ANN model through normalization. To optimize the ANN-based power consumption prediction model, the hyper parameters of ANN were determined using the Bayesian optimization. ANN simulation results showed that ANN models with optimized hyper parameters exhibited acceptably high predictive accuracy conforming to ASHRAE standards.

벽계천의 어류군집 특성 및 멸종위기 4종의 서식 양상을 밝히기 위해 2020년 4월부터 9월까지 조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간 동안 7개 지점을 선정하여 조사한 결과, 채집된 어류는 9과 31종 3,415개체였다. 출현종 중 우점종은 참갈겨니 (Zacco koreanus, 31.2%), 아우점종은 피라미(Z. platypus, 15.0%), 다음으로 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi, 11.7%), 줄납자 루(Acheilognathus yamatsutae, 5.4%), 납자루(A. lanceolata intermedia, 4.8%), 밀어(Rhinogobius brunneus, 4.4%), 가는돌고기(Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa, 4.3%) 등의 순으로 우세하였다. 출현종 중 한국고유종은 19종(고유화율 61.3%)이었고, 기후변화민감종(냉수성 어종)은 금강모치(Rhynchocypris kumgangensis)와 둑중개(Cottus koreanus) 2종이 확인되었다. 법정보호종은 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물 II급인 묵납자루(A. signifer)와 가는돌고기, 한강납줄 개(Rhodeus pseudosericeus), 둑중개 4종이 출현하였으며, 주로 묵납자루와 가는돌고기는 중·하류에, 한강납줄개는 중류에, 둑중개는 최상류에 서식하고 있었다. 이중 가는돌고기는 출현개체수가 가장 많았고, 전장빈도분포도로 연령을 추정한 결과, 7월기준 전장 24~35㎜는 당년생, 54~75㎜는 1년생, 82~97㎜는 2년생, 104~109㎜는 3년생 이상으로 추정되었다. 군집분석 중 우점도는 상류에서 높고 하류로 갈수록 낮아지는 경향을 보이나 다양도와 균등도, 풍부도는 상류에서 낮고 하류로 갈수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 하천건강성(FAI)은 매우 좋음 5개 지점, 좋음 2개 지점으로 나타나 양호하였다. 벽계천은 비교적 서식지가 잘 보존되고 있었으나 멸종위기종이 많이 서식하는 중·하류부 일부는 하천공사가 진행되면서 서식지가 교란되고 있어 보존대책이 요구되었다.

해양공간계획(Marine spatial planning)은 해양의 합리적인 이용과 지속 가능한 해양 공간 활용을 위한 중요한 요소이다. 특히 어업활동 보호구역은 지속 가능한 어업을 위한 핵심 용도구역으로, 해양공간계획 경계 내에서 약 45.6%를 차지한다. 그러나, 현재 어업활동보호구역의 지정 과 평가는 미래 수요와 잠재적 가치를 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있으며, 중장기 계획 수립을 위한 보다 합리적인 평가 방법과 예측 도구가 필요한 상황이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 본 연구는 어업활동보호구역 내 주요 어종인 고등어, 갈치, 멸치, 참조기를 대상으로 어종 분포 예측을 시도하고, 현재 용도구역과의 비교를 통해 예측 도구의 가능성을 평가하였다. 한편, IPCC 6차 기후변화 시나리오(SSP1-2.6 및 SSP5-8.5)를 적용한 종분포 모델(MaxEnt)을 사용하여 미래 기후변화에 따른 어종의 이동 및 분포 변화를 분석한 결과, 고등어, 갈치, 참조기의 분포 면적은 현재보다 약 28~86% 증가했으나, 멸치의 분포 면적은 약 6~11% 감소했다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 주요 4종의 종풍부도 지도를 작성하였으며, 해양공간계획 경 계 내에서 ‘높음’으로 평가된 종풍부도 해역과 어업활동보호구역이 중복되는 비율은 약 15%, SSP1-2.6 시나리오에서 21%, SSP5-8.5 시나리오에서 34%로 증가하였다. 연구 결과는 향후 용도구역 평가나 유보구역 변경 시 과학적 근거로 활용될 수 있으며, 어종의 현재 종분포와 기후변화에 따 른 분포 예측을 통해 현재 용도구역 평가의 한계를 보완하고, 지속 가능한 유용 해양 자원의 이용을 위한 계획 수립에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

River estuaries are dynamic and productive ecosystems with high regional biodiversity. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a useful approach to assessing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate fish community characteristics and species diversity in two river estuary ecosystems, the Taehwa River and Changwon Stream. We further compared conventional and eDNA metabarcoding analyses of the fish communities. The conventional survey was performed in May, July, and October 2022, while the eDNA analysis was conducted only in May. We observed various fish species with different life histories, including carp, goby, and marine fish. We also found that migratory fish, such as dace Tribolodon hakonensis, sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis, and eel Auguilla japonica, occurred in the Taehwa River, suggesting high river connectivity. Marine fish species were predominant in the Changwon Stream, as this river is located close to the sea. The diversity indices showed that the Taehwa River generally had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity values than the Changwon Stream. A total of 9-19 species were detected in the conventional survey for the three sites, whereas 11-18 species were found from eDNA analysis. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of eDNA was similar to or higher than that of the conventional method. Our study findings suggest the efficiency and efficacy of eDNA-based fish community monitoring, although with some shortcomings in applying the genetic marker to Korean fish, including no clear-cut distinction for Korean endemic species and/or genetically closely related species groups.

Captive breeding and reintroduction are crucial strategies for conserving endangered species populations. However, fish raised in predator-free environments, show a lack of recognition of predationrelated stimuli such as chemical and visual signals. It is critical to recognize chemical signals from injured conspecifics, also known as alarm signals, and the order or shape of predators to indicate the spread of predation risk in the habitat. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine and adjust the optimal exposure period to induce appropriate anti-predator behavior response to different types of stimuli (Chemical, Visual and Chemical+Visual) for the endangered species Microphysogobio rapidus. Our results demonstrate that predator avoidance behavior varies depending on the types of stimuli and the duration of predation risk exposure. First, the results showed captive-breed M. rapidus show lack of response against conspecific alarm signal (Chemical cue) before the predation risk exposure period and tend to increase response over predation risk exposure time. Second, response to predator (visual cue) tend to peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, but show dramatic decrease after 72 hours cumulative exposure. Finally, response to the mixed cue (Chemical+visual) tend to peak prior to the predation risk exposure period and show reduced response during subsequent exposure periods. This experiment confirms the lack of responsiveness to conspecific alarm signals in captive-bred M. rapidus and the need for an optimal nature behavior enhancement program prior to release of endangered species. Furthermore, responsiveness to predator visual signal peak at 48 hours cumulative exposure, suggest an optimal predation risk exposure period of up to 48 hours. Key words: predator cognition, captive breeding, chemical signal, visual signal, endangered

To determine the cause of the population decline in Gobiobotia naktongensis, substrate preference and burying behaviour were investigated in this study. In general, the species was shown to prefer a substrate size of 1 mm or less, depending on the flow. In addition, the burying depth varied according to the size of the fish and increased with a decrease in water temperature. Our findings showed that the main cause of the population reduction was the physical changes in the substrate structure due to the dams or barrages construction. Notably, the accumulation of silt and mud in the substrate upon the formation of an upstream lentic water region for structural construction and bed armouring caused by scouring and reduced downstream inflow of fine sediment were deterministic in the fish habitat changes, causing problems in burying. As sand substrate structure is critical for the survival and inhabitation of psammophilous species, efficient strategies should be developed with proper habitat management to reduce the anthropogenic damage

This study analyzed the monitoring results of fishways at 16 weirs constructed on four large Rivers to provide data helpful for the operation and management of fishways. The average utilization rate of the fishways at the weirs was confirmed to be 64.9%. When comparing the dominant species in the mainstream and fishway monitoring results, differences were observed in 9 weirs (56.3%). This indicated that the species prevalent in the mainstream were not necessarily the ones most frequently using the fishways. The average number of individuals using the fishways per day was 336. When classifying the fish species using the fishway by life type, 92.3% were primary freshwater fish, and migratory species accounted for only 5.6%. Analysis based on the season of fishway usage revealed that an average or higher number of fish species used the fishways from May to October, with the highest number of individual users occurring from June to August. Between May and July, 80% of the fish species using the fishways were in their spawning period, while during other season, less than 40% were species that move during the spawning period. The fishways that showed a significant alignment between the spawning period and the fishway passage period were Rhinogobius brunneus, Leiocassis nitidus, Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, Pseudogobio esocinus, Acheilognathus rhombeus, and Pungtungia herzi, in that order. When comparing the fishway monitoring results of the Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir and the Dalseong Weir with the upper part water level of the weir, both the number of fish species and individuals using the fishway showed positive correlations with the upper part water level of the weir. This suggests that a higher water level of the weir increases the inflow discharge within the fishway, leading to increased use by fish (number of individuals in Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, P<0.001; number of species in Dalseong Weir, P<0.05). This study summarized and analyzed the results of fishway monitoring at 16 weirs built on four large Rivers, considering fishway efficiency, operation and management, monitoring period, and regulation of water level in the upper part of the weir. It is thought that this will help understand the status of fish use in fishways on large River and aid the construction, operation, and management of fishways in the future.

Long term variations of fish assemblage in the coastal waters of Bukchon-ri were determined using samples collected by trammel net from 2012 to 2022. Water temperature increased by 0.4℃ in 2022 that was less then 2012. During the survey period, a total of 95 species (53 families and 15 orders) of fishes were identified, Scorpaeniformes (five families and 22 species) and Perciformes (25 families and 39 species) accounted for 73% of the total number. The number of species was higher in summer than winter, showing a peak in summer at 66 species and lower in winter and autumn at 45 species. The number of individuals and the biomass peaked in summer at 1,238 individuals and 280.1 kg, and were the lowest in autumn at 597 individuals and 155.4 kg. The annual diversity index, evenness index and richness index were appeared 2.11-2.80, 0.64-0.80 and 4.70-7.34 at each years. The dominance index were appeared highest in 2014 while 2021 were appeared the lowest in 2017. The subtropical fishes were identified total of 38 species (40.0%) and the number of species was higher in 2022 at 22 (52.4%) species and lower in 2015-2017 at each 10 (31.3-37.0%) species. The dominant species of subtropical fishes were appeared rabbit fish (Siganus fuscescens), boxfish (Ostracion immaculatus), smallscale blackfish (Girella melanichthys), flag fish (Goniistius zonatus), stripey (Microcanthus strigatus), rock porgy (Oplegnathus punctatus), and bluestriped angelfish (Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis) in study sites.