This study aimed to analyze ruminal fermentation, methane emissions, and methanogen levels for different forage feed type and concentrate feed ratios. Alfalfa hay, oat hay, and a feed concentrate were used for in vitro fermentation experiments, at ratios of 9:1, 5:5, and 1:9 (forage:concentrate). After 24 h of incubation, rumen fermentation and methanogen level changes were evaluated. In the low forage treatments, the total gas, CH4, NH3-N, true dry matter digestibility, and total volatile fatty acid were higher than the other treatments, which were used as the parameters on which to assess rumen fermentation (P < 0.05). The feed ratio influenced the copy number for the total archaea and the genus Methanobrevibacter (P = 0.015, P = 0.010). The copy number result trend was like that for CH4 per digested dry matter (DDM). The PCR results and methanogen copy number analysis indicated that the composition of the methanogens affected the CH4 levels, not their copy number. The results of this study can be applied to predict rumen fermentation and methane emission patterns for cattle fed a variety of feedstuffs.

The effects of supplementing ESP-FM (Erythrobactor sp.), freshwater Chlorella (Chlorella sp.), and baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the nutritional value and mass production of Moina macrocopa, which is used as a live feed for fish fry production, was investigated. Consequently, the effects of feeding the enriched M. macrocopa to the nutritional composition of larval rockfish (Sebastes schlegel) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) was also investigated. Maximum density of M. macrocopa was reached within 15-21 days after inoculation (0.5 to 22 individual/mL), at various temperatures, and either decreased or remained almost constantly thereafter. Protein content and amino acids composition of M. macrocopa were found to be influenced by their respective diets while lipid and ash contents did not considerably change. M. macrocopa fed with baker’s yeast were low in n-3 HUFA content, and those fed on the freshwater chlorella were high in the 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 HUFA content, and in cultures treated with ESP-FM were high content in n-3 HUFA. The utilization of M. macrocopa as a substitute fish feed for carp and rockfish showed the enrichment nutritional content.

This study was to evaluate the feed value of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) and to investigate a suitable ratio of the WCRS and concentrate by an analysis of rumen fermentation. A total of 6 treatments were used according to WCRS: concentrate ratio on in vitro rumen fermentation: T1 (100:0), T2 (60:40), T3 (40:60), T4 (20:80), T5 (10:90), and T6 (0:100). The ruminal pH, total gas emission, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were determined as fermentation parameters. Total nutrients digestibility trial was conducted by 4 treatments according to WCRS: concentrate ratio at 40:60 (W40), 20:80 (W20), and 10:90 (W10), respectively. Feed value was analyzed according to AOAC (2019) and nutrient digestibility was calculated based on NRC (2001). The levels of crude protein (CP), crude fat, and neutral detergent fiber of the WCRS were 12.29%, 1.67%, and 59.79%, respectively. It was found to be 51.49% as a result of predicting the total digestible nutrient of WCRS using the NRC (2001) model. In vitro rumen fermentation, T4, T5, and T6 treatments showed a greater gas emission and total VFA concentration compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Acetate and acetate to propionate ratio of T4, T5, and T6 were significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the level of propionate and butyrate according to the WCRS: concentrate ratio (p<0.05). The digestibility of dry matter and CP was significantly lower in W40 than in other treatments (p<0.05); however, there was no difference in W20 and W10. In conclusion, the 20:80 (WCRS: concentrate) is beneficial for stabilizing the rumen that does not inhibit rumen fermentation and nutrient digestion. This ratio might have a positive effect on the economics of farms as a valuable feed.

Barley is an important cereal gain which is traditionally used in some nations of Asia and North Africa, and there has been growing interest in using barley as an ingredient in food due to their nutritional value and high content of phyto-constituents. However, no study report on comparative feed value between sprouted barley, cornflake and alfalfa hay. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, amino acid profile and mineral content of 6 day sprouted barley fodder (SBF) compared with cornflake and alfalfa hay using by AOAC method, as an alternative feed ingredient. Results showed that SBF had higher content of crude protein, acid detergent insoluble crude proteins and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein than alfalfa hay and cornflake; cornflake had higher crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber content than SBF and alfalfa hay; alfalfa hay had higher crude fiber, crude ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and lignin level than SBF and cornflake. Also, significant differences were found on amino acid content among them (p<0.01). The most abundant amino acid in SBF was glutamate (123 g/kg DM), which is higher than in alfalfa hay (1.27%) or cornflake (1.58%). However, methionine (1.33%) and cysteine (1.53%) were the least abundant amino acids in SBF compared with cornflake or alfalfa hay. Furthermore, our study results exhibited that SBE comprise a good sources of minerals including ferrous (90.01 mg/kg) followed by zinc (20.50 mg/kg), magnesium (0.20 mg/kg) and sodium (0.03 mg/kg) as compared to cornflake and alfalfa hay. The present research findings, confirmed that the nutritional values of SBF are comparable to those of cornflake and alfalfa hay. Hence, SBF can be a better alternative feed ingredient for cornflake or alfalfa hay. However, feeding trials will be required to determine acceptability of SBF for ruminant production.

This study was carried out to find out the changes in the growth characteristics and feed value of the three different whole-crop silage rice cultivars of whole-crop silage rice such as Jonong, Yeongwoo and Mogwoo to develop an efficient double cropping system. This study showed that there were significant differences biomass and feed values among cultivars but no clear difference among transplanting dates. Dry weight and height were in order of Mogwoo, Yeongwoo, Jonong (p<0.05). Dry weight and feed value of Jonong showed no significant difference after 21 days after heading (DAH), it was expected to be harvested before DAH 30 days. Yeongwoo showed a lower dry weight than Mogwoo, but heading date was earlier than Mogwoo, so one can expect a higher feed value than Mogwoo. Mogwoo had lower crude protein and total digestible nutrient than the other two cultivars but relative feed value in stem was higher than that of the other cultivars, but had higher dry weight than other cultivars so it was considered to take an advantage as a silage rice. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the selection of whole-crop silage rice on the cropping system be made comprehensively by considering the heading characteristics of the cultivars and the feed value.

멸종위기 양서류 금개구리의 생물학적 특성 및 증식을 위한 기초자료 확보를 위해 난 발생 및 올챙이 초기 먹이 종류에 따른 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 사육수조 내에서 자연산란한 금개구리의 수정란을 현미경 하에서 관 찰하였다. 수정란은 교질층에 둘러싸인 구형으로, 동물극과 식물극이 명확하게 구분되었다. 수온 27.0±1.0°C에서 수정 후 31시간 뒤에 부화하였으며, 수정 후 175시간 뒤에 아가미 뚜껑을 완성하였다. 개구 이후 단계부터 35일 간 먹이종류별 성장 및 생존율을 분석한 결과 식물성 사료와 테트라민 단독 공급군의 평균 증체율 (각각 5843.9%, 5736.3%), 평균 일일성장률 (각각 11.67%, 11.62%)이 다른 공급군들 (증체율: 641.8~4625.2%, 일일성장률: 5.72~11.01%)에 비해 가장 높았고 (P<0.05), 야채 공급군이 가장 낮았다 (P<0.05). 평균 사료 효율은 식물성 사료 공급군이 177.83%로 야채 공급군 10.29%에 비해 약 17배 높았다. 또한 식물성 사료와 테트라민 단독 공급군의 평균 생존율은 각각 97.5%, 100%로 가장 높았으며, 야채 공급군은 32.5%로 가장 낮았다. 따라서 금개구리의 성공적인 증식을 위한 올챙이 먹이는 식물성 사료 또는 테트라민을 단일로 공급하는 것이 가장 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

In in vitro fermentation studies, feed samples can either be included in the in vitro rumen medium using filter bags or can be directly dispersed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different pore sizes of filter bags on the rumen fermentation characteristics in an in vitro system. Corn, soybean meal, and timothy were ground to pass through a 1.0-mm screen and were formulated in the ratio of 70:7:23 based on DM, respectively. The formulated experimental diet (2g/DM) was put in F57 filter bags and R510 nylon bags (Ankom®) which pore sizes were 25 and 50 μm, respectively. An in vitro study was conducted to determine the rumen fermentation characteristics for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h and rumen microbial community at 48 h of incubation. A significantly higher production of gas was observed in the R510 bags than in F57 at all the incubation times (p<0.01). IVDMD (p<0.01) and IVNDFD (p<0.01) were significantly higher, whereas pH (p<0.01) and NH3-N (p<0.01) were lower when R510 bags were used. In the VFA composition, acetate and butyrate were significantly higher (p<0.01) in R510 bags, and propionate and total VFA concentration did not differ (p=0.55 and 0.25, respectively) between F57 and R510 bags. The log copy numbers of bacteria and protozoa did not differ (p=0.69 and 0.94, respectively) between F57 and R510 bags, whereas those of fungi were significantly higher in R510 than in F57 bags (p<0.01). Therefore, the use of R510 may reflect actual rumen fermentation characteristics more precisely than those of F57 because increased gas production, nutrient digestibility and acetate, butyrate proportion were founded in R510.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

The field experiment was carried out to evaluate changes of dry matter productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass and triticale at different growth stages in Wonju from 2018 to 2019. Italian ryegrass and triticale forages were harvested at an interval of seven days from May to June. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass with 7,870 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The dry matter yield of triticale with 12,050 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested from May 3 to May 16. The crude protein yields harvested on May 16 were 890 kg/ha for Italian ryegrass and 1,103 kg/ha for triticale and were significantly higher than those harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield(TDN) of Italian ryegrass with 5,223 kg/ha harvested on May 16 was significantly higher than that harvested on May 3 and May 9. The total digestible nutrient yield of triticale with 8,277 kg/ha harvested on June 7 was significantly higher than that harvested during May, but not different from that harvested after June 7. Considering the dry matter yield, crude protein yield and total digestible nutrient yield, it is suggested that the optimal harvesting times for Italian ryegrass and triticale seem to be May 16 and June 7, respectively.

This study was conducted to evaluate feed value of imported hays and examine current situation of species and hay grade. To evaluate the quality of the imported hay, 133 pieces including 9 species of roughage types were collected at the national hay importers, the TMR companies and livestock farms from 2016 to 2018. The quality grades of imported hay were 3~4 and most imported hay were considered to had low. The ADF, Ash, TDN and DDM in feed composition of alfalfa by quality grades presented significant differences(p<0.05). The quality grade on alfalfa was not similar to the actual quality grades calculated through feed composition. The feed composition of grasses by quality degrees presented significant differences in all contents except DM and CP (p<0.05). As the distributed grasses of the unmarked quality grade was low quality and accounted for 49%, it is urgent to present quality standards based on feed composition. As these results, the grades of imported hays were lower than the marked quality grades. Therefore, the imported roughage’s(hay) price that considered to only quality grades on the marked imported roughages(hay) package can cause a loss to the livestock farms as economic damage. An institutional arrangement should be established to review the quality grades of imported hay.

2015년 현재 우리나라는 OECD 국가 중 질소기준 양분수지가 1위로 양분관리가 시급한 실정이다. 양분관리를 위해서는 축사에서 발생하는 가축분뇨의 자원화를 통하여 생산된 가축분뇨 퇴·액비를 농경지에 올바르게 살포하여 양분이 순환될 수 있는 구조를 만드는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이는 무기질 및 유기질 비료의 사용량을 줄일 수 있어 농경지에 대한 양분관리와도 연계되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 양분수지를 활용하여 연구대상지역에 대한 양분현황을 파악하였으며, 경제성과 효율성을 고려하여 조사료의 생산을 통한 가축분뇨 퇴·액비의 적절한 활용을 통하여 양분관리 효과를 검토하였다. 지역에서 발생하는 가축분뇨로 생산된 퇴·액비를 지역으로 다시 재 순환할 수 있도록 하여, 가축분뇨 액비만으로도 충분한 양의 조사료 생산이 가능함을 보여주었으며, 농경지의 토양에서의 총 질소의 농도저감을 확인할 수 있었다. 질소농도의 감소는 작물의 사용량 뿐 아니라 토양에 축적되거나 지하수 및 지표수로 유출되는 것이 포함되어 수질개선의 효과를 예상할 수 있다.

In this study, whole crop rice samples were used to develop near-infrared reflectance (NIR) equations to estimate six forage quality parameters: Moisture, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Ash and relative feed value (RFV). A population of 564 whole crop rice representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Undried finely chopped whole crop rice samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680–2500 nm and the optical data recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The correlation coefficients of cross-validation (R2 cv) and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) for whole crop rice calibration were 0.98 (SECV 1.81%) for moisture, 0.89 (SECV 0.50%) for CP, 0.86 (SECV 1.79%) for NDF, 0.89 (SECV 0.86%) for ash, and 0.84 (SECV 5.21%) for RFV on a dry matter (%), respectively. The NIRS calibration equations developed in this study will be useful in predicting whole crop rice quality for these six quality parameters.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIRS, applied to imported forage, to estimate the moisture and chemical parameters for imported hays. A population of 392 imported hay representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation(R2) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy. The R2 and SECV for imported hay calibration were 0.92(SECV 0.61%) for moisture, 0.98(SECV 0.65%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.97(SECV 0.40%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.99(SECV 0.06%) for crude protein and 0.97(SECV 3.04%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of imported hay in Korea for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.