역사적으로 중국이라는 단어가 내포하는 의미는 다양하였다. 정치적 개념뿐 아니라 다변하는 지리적 개념, 애매모호한 문화적 개념, 복잡한 민족 개념, 조공체계나 중화제국, 예의지방이나 해양무역을 포함한 개념으로도 설명하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 무엇이 중국이고 어디까지가 중국인가 하는 문제는 논란의 대상이었다. 이에 현대 중국은 변강프로젝트를 실시하여 새롭게 중국 만들기를 시도하였다. 본고에서는 왜 새롭게 중국 만들기를 시도하는지에 대해 변강프로젝트(동북공정, 신강항목, 서남항목, 북강항목, 티베트항목)를 통해 그 의미를 분석하였다. 새롭게 중국을 설정하는 과정과 방법, 중국 전통 만들기 패턴, 자고이래 중국론의 역사적 적용 그리고 자고이래 중국론의 패러독스를 분석하였다. 중국 범주를 아편전쟁 이전의 청대 영역으로 규정하고 이 지역의 모든 역사는 원래부터(자고이래) 중국 역사로 규정하는 새로운 중국 만들기는 역동적인 역사 변화를 왜곡하는 문제점이 있다. 다민족 국가의 대일통을 주장하며 다원성을 강조하고자 하지만 결과적으로 다원성은 상실되고 획일된 국가주의 역사가 탄생하는 것도 문제이다. 변강프로젝트를 통해 변강안정, 민족단결, 국가통일을 달성하고자 하였지만, 변강지역 민족의 역사적 정체성을 무시하는 몰역 사적 이론 적용의 폐해로 분열과 인접국과의 역사 분쟁을 야기하는 점도 성찰할 필요가 있다.

농업은 고용, 식량 및 생계를 목적으로 하는 카메룬 경제의 중심이다. 그러나 카메룬 농업은 낮은 생산성, 비효율성 및 수입에 의존하여 전염병에 시달리고 있다. 이러한 이유로 본 연구는 카메룬 북서부 지역의 쌀 농가의 기술적 효율성을 조사했다. 구조화된 설문지와 인터뷰를 사용하여 144명의 농부로부터 데이터를 수집했다. 기술 통계 및 확률적 프런티어 분석을 사용하여 데이터를 분석하였다. 확률적 프런티어 분석의 결과는 분산 매개 변수 (시그마 제곱 및 감마)가 통계적으로 유의하다는 것을 보여준다. 농장 규모, 비료, 노동 및 제초제의 계수는 긍정적이고 중요했다. 평균 기술 효율성 수준이 84%로 나타낸 것은 가용 자원을 효율적으로 활용한다면 쌀 농민의 기술 효율성을 16%로 증가할 수 있다. 비효율성 모델은 신용 액세스가 기술적 비효율 성과 부정적인 관련이 있는 중요한 요소임을 보여준다. 이 결과는 농민에게 생산성을 향상시키기 위해 신용을 제공하려는 정부의 노력 (SEMRY, UNVDA, ARFIC및 2세대 농업)과 일치한다.

Extensive researches into the meaning of the famous Tang poem On Mission to the Frontier have achieved success for years, but it still remains several questions. On the one hand, On Mission to the Frontier has been selected for different poetry anthologies from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. And it brings four different texts, which are “銜命辭天闕”, “向”, “鴻” and “吏”, and the reason why they come into being should be figured out. On the other hand, the interpretation of “屬國” and “孤煙” and the main idea of On Mission to the Frontier are not clear and definite, so they also need to be differentiated and analysed.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency of distant-water longline fishing vessels in the Pacific Ocean and the gap in efficiencies among individual vessels. In order to estimate the efficiency, the dependent variable is set as an amount of catch and independent variables include number of crew, number of hooks, number of vessel size, and vessels engine power associated with fishing activities of distant water longline fisheries. Analytical result was shown as follows: first, the average efficiency of distant-water longline fishing vessels in the Pacific Ocean was found to be 94%. Second, the number of hooks were found to be statistically significant in each input variable and the appropriate control of the number of hooks would be expected to have a positive effect on the efficiency. Third, the relationship between the age of a vessel and the efficiency was not found statistically.

“Cobranded endorsement”, i.e. the interactive partnership between a brand and a celebrity, seems to be the last frontier for endorsing a brand and increasing brand popularity. Indeed, the collaborations between a celebrity and a brand are increasing in number and growing in importance. Many new products or capsule collections are created and launched after these partnerships. The paper wants to investigate whether this cobranded endorsement has positive effects on brand equity. Findings from an experimental study carried out in the fashion segment reveal that cobranded endorsements foster a better attitude towards the brand and a higher purchase intention.

Selection based on phenotype in the traditional manner does not help in tracking the selected gene. Molecular genetics has revolutionized the old established breeding techniques. A new epoch of molecular markers has been acquainted for genetic improvement of livestock. This study is engaged on the neoteric molecular markers used in various fields of livestock. DNA markers are more encouraging in selecting genomes that have recombination events close to the target gene. Molecular markers rely on DNA assay and are better than the morphological and biochemical markers. In this study DNA-based molecular markers developed during the past decagons for animal genome analysis are reviewed. Mapping of molecular markers provide a framework, required for its subsequent use in the selection procedure. Molecular techniques help in the utilization of genetic variability in breeding population. At the same time livestock genomes play important role in human genomics and their role for understanding human genomics cannot be overlooked. Recently, in the epigenetic and transcriptomic studies, RNA sequencing as a part of next generation sequencing has revolutionized the approach and ongoing trends of analysis. Keeping in mind the goals, these molecular techniques can be implemented successfully by following well defined, crisp and integrated strategy.

Nanotechnology represents a new frontier in science and technology with long term goals and benefits. Nowadays, nanotechnology is producing many revolutions and applications such as quantum computing, surface and materials modification, novel separation and sensing technologies, and human biomedical replacements. These new techniques are being introduced in food and bio filed. In this review, the status and trends related to nanocomposites, nanoparticles, nanotubes, delivery vehicles and biosafety were reviewed. The situation of funding of nanotechnology research in USA, Japan and Korea is also summarized.

The study examines the efficiency of private sector banks in India with the help of Window DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) for a period from 2005 to 2017. With a window of three years, the period was divided into 11 windows. The study outcomes show that 59.9% of all private sector banks in India operate at more than 0.9 level of efficiency, and there are only three occasions when banks were operating at the efficiency value between 0.6 to 0.7. Further, the consistency in the efficiency scores of the banks has also been analyzed using an efficiency mapping matrix, and the mean efficiency score of the bank in each window is studied. The score of standard deviation was interpreted accordingly for these banks. Banks that are showing the highest efficiency scores also have a higher variance of efficiency scores. There was no bank identified in the matrix that promises high-efficiency ratings with low variability. The study concludes that the analysis of the efficiency mapping matrix indicates that, as a DMU escalates in the efficiency scores, the standard deviation reflecting the risk in overall efficiency scores also tends to rise. The findings complement the concept of higher risk to higher return or greater efficiency

We apply Return Dispersion Model by calculating CSAD (Cross-sectional standard deviation of return) and State Space Model to identify herding behavior in the period of pandemic (H1N1 and COVID-19). Employing data from TEJ and Data Stream, this paper examines whether the herding behavior is existing in Vietnam and Taiwan stock market, especially during pandemic influenza. We compare the differences in herding behavior between frontier and emerging markets by examining different industries across Vietnam and Taiwan stock market approaches. The results indicate solid evidence for investor herd configuration in the various industries of Vietnam and Taiwan. The herding impact in the industries will be greater than with the aggregate market. The different industries respond differently to influenza pandemic panics through uptrend and downtrend demonstrations. Up to 12 industries were found to have herding in Vietnam, while Taiwan had only 5 of 17 industries classified. Taiwan market, an emerging and herding-level market, has changed due to the impact of changing conditions such as epidemics, but not as strongly as in Vietnam. From there, we see that the disease is a factor that, not only creates anxiety from a health perspective, but also causes psychological instability for investors when investing in the market.

There are growing interests in environmental friendly cultivation for the matter of health concern. This study analyzes an economic efficiency of strawberry and tomato farming by considering the role of environmentally friendly cultivation. The Database of Rural Development Administration is used for strawberry and tomato farming households. We adopt a Bayesian stochastic frontier model to resolve a small sample property of the data. Empirical finding is that environmentally friendly cultivation improves the revenue of farming but the effect on net profit is not conclusive which calls for future research.

최근 심화되고 있는 컨테이너터미널 경쟁에서 각국 항만 및 터미널 운영업체는 터미널의 시설확충 뿐만 아니라 컨테이너터미널 효율성을 화물유치의 중요한 요인으로 인식하게 되었다. 이러찰 환경변화에 따라 컨테이너터미널의 효율성과 관련된 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔었다. 그러나 대부분의 기존 연구에서는 정성적인 설문조사나 기초데이터를 이용하여 컨테이너터미널에 대한 효율성을 부분적인 관점에서 분석하거나 단일 연도의 효율성 수준 및 자국 항만의 효율성만을 분석하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 확률프론티어 모형(Stochastic Frontier Model)을 이용하여 계량적이고, 패널자료를 사용하여 연도별 효율성의 변화를 실증적으로 분석하여 개별 터미널간의 효율성이 주는 시사점을 도출하였다. 우리나라 터미널의 효율성 수준은 해외 주요 터미널과 비교해본 결과 경쟁항만에 비해 감만터미널을 제외한 나머지 터미널은 낮은 수준으로 나타났다.