The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high levels of nutrients on the growth performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo cattle. Eighteen Hanwoo steers were fed two types of diets: 1) Nine animals were fed the conventional diet including typical levels of crude protein (CP) and total digestive nutrients (TDN), and 2) Nine animals were fed the treatment diet including high levels of CP and TDN. The average body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) were greater (P < 0.05) in the treatment group than in the conventional group at early and late fattening stages. Also, in the treatment group, the average daily gain (ADG) was greater (P < 0.05) at the late fattening stage. The serum total lipid and cholesterol levels were higher (P < 0.05) in the late fattening stage of treatment group. The carcass weight, total fat weight, longissimus muscle area and the grade of meat quality were also greater (P < 0.05) in the treatment group than the conventional diet group. This study demonstrates that high levels of CP and TDN exhibit a positive effect on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, indicating that high levels of CP and TDN can be used as a cost-effective feeding program for Hanwoo cattle by shortening the feeding period.

본 연구는 열 스트레스 (heat stress, HS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 혼합 생균제의 급여가 혈 액 생체지표, 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 및 생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 총 400마리의 브로일러 수 컷 (Ross 308)을 각각 100마리씩 4그룹, C (대조군, 실온 25℃), HS (열 스트레스 33℃), HSP (HS플 러스 혼합 생균제 500, 750 mg/kg) 그룹으로 배치하였다. 브로일러의 증체량, 사료섭취, 사료요구율 및 면역기관 무게는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였다. 혈액 IgG, lymphocytes 농도는 HS 그룹에서 HSP그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였고, heterophil과 lymphocyte(H:L)비율, 코르티코스테론 농도 및 폐사율은 낮았다. 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 HSP 그룹에서 증가하였으나 Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, aerobic bacteria는 낮아졌다. 본 연구결과는 열 스트레스 에 노출된 브로일러에게 B. subtilis, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae등 3가지 균주가 포함된 혼합 생균제를 급여해주면 면역반응 증진, 미생물 균형을 유지해줌으로써 폐사율을 낮추고 생산성을 개선할 수 있음을 시사해준다.

Supplementation with glutamine(Gln) has beneficial effects on intestinal and immune functions. Cage-reared chicks suffer from various stressors during early growth, but the effect of Gln supplementation on growth performance and stress hormones is uncertain. We investigated the effect of Gln on growth performance and blood corticosterone levels in Hyline chicks. Groups of 3-day-old chicks were fed one of three diets: normal feed(CTL group), normal feed supplemented with a low level of Gln, or normal feed supplemented with a high level of Gln. Growth and various physiological and biochemical parameters related to stress were assessed. On day 30, after a 24-h fast, blood was analyzed for corticosterone and other parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, blood total protein, and inorganic phosphate. Growth performance was maintained in Gln supplemented groups. The corticosterone level was decreased in the two groups receiving Gln supplementation compared to the CTL, and all other humoral factors did not differ between the groups. We suggest that Gln supplementation is a safe and useful strategy for reducing the effects of stress in cage-reared chicks.

This study was conducted to investigate whether dietary levels of copra and palm meals affect the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Eighty-one Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups: T1 (conventional level of palm and copra meals), T2 (20% copra meal and 15% palm meal), and T3 (30% copra meal and 20% palm meal). During the growing and early fattening periods, the average daily gains and formula feed intakes of T2 and T3 were higher than that of T1; however, those differences were not statistically significant. The dietary levels of copra and palm meals did not affect carcass weight, back fat thickness, and rib-eye areas. Marbling scores and meat quality grades were lower in T3 than in T1 and T2; however, those differences were not statistically significant. Meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity were similar among the treatment groups. In addition, dietary levels of copra and palm meals did not affect the chemical and fatty acid composition of longissimus dorsi muscles in Hanwoo steers. Thus, the present results indicate that high supplementation levels of copra and palm meals do not negatively affect the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers.

본 연구는 육계에 Hematococcus pluvialis(H. pluvialis)의 급여가 성장 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 2주령의 육계 120수를 기초사료 급여구(대조구)와 H. pluvialis 건조분말을 0.05(HP 0.05), 0.1(HP 0.1) 및 0.2%(HP 0.2)로 사료에 혼합하여 급여한 3개의 처리구로 나누어 5주 동안 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험 종료시점에, HP 0.2의 증체량은 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였으며(p<0.05), 사료요구율도 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 개선되었다(p<0.05). 혈액학적 지표들의 경우, 모든 H. pluvialis 건조분말 처리구와 대조구 사이에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 지표들의 경우, HP 0.2의 aspartate aminotransferase 값이 대조구와 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과를 통해, H. pluvialis 건조분말을 사료 톤 당 2.0kg 농도(0.2%)로 육계사료에 첨가하여 급여할 경우에 육계의 성장 및 사료요구율의 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freeze dried placenta supplementation on reproductive performance, colostrum and plasma biochemical composition in pregnant sows. Eleven Landrace × Large white sows were fed with corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with or without 1% freeze dried placenta powder from 10 days before their expected farrowing dates until 10 days postpartum. The colostrum protein content was significantly higher(P=0.043) in the treatment group than in the control group. Compared to the control group, the immunoglobulin G(IgG) concentration in the colostrum was significantly higher(P=0.004) in the treatment. In day 25 piglets plasma, the IgG concentration was higher(P=0.184) in the treatment than the control. The mortality rate was lower(P=0.102), and the piglet weight gain was higher(P=0.35) in the treated group. Overall, the treatment group showed greater levels of protein and IgG concentration in the colostrum, when compared to control group. Therefore, the freeze dried placenta supplementation on pregnant sows can enhance its colostrum composition, hence decrease the mortality and increase the growth rate of piglets.

A diverse of recommendation has been made for the structure and management of dairy cows, despite demanding research, the relationship between lactation number and various factors is yet to be established. The present study was aimed to investigate the covariance among lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk production was considered to increase an efficiency of selection schemes and to manage more efficiently Holstein dairy cows that have been raised on small-scale family farms in Republic of Korea. For that purpose, the data were observed from 850 Holstein dairy cows, which a total of 3929 milking, since April 2016 - January 2017. We measured the body weight, height, age, calving interval, and milk production of the each dairy cow. Also, information about the date of lactation, calving interval, and milk production was recorded using an automatic milking system(AMS) with identification numbers. Milk production was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS. Our study results showed the increased average body weight(p>0.05) in 1, 2, 3, and 4th lactating dairy cows and afterwards, we noticed the tendency on the average body weight(p<0.05) per lactation progressed. There was no significant difference noticed on height measurement of dairy cows. From the processing data of 850 Holstein dairy cows, the lactation number 1 and 7 had a greater calving interval with significantly lowered milk production, and the lactation number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 had significantly lowered the calving interval(p<0.05) with a greater milk production. From our study results, we evidenced that there is a significant relationship between the lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield, and the maximum production of milk occurring in the 3rd and 4th lactation dairy cows. The achieved results from this study can be used by the small-scale farmers to encourage the structure and management of growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows in Korea.

The present study aimed to investigate the change in the morphological and physiological characteristics within sesame plant when subjected by regulating water levels. The experiment was conducted at ground water level(GWL) 0, 20, and 40 cm in a paddy field soil. The results showed that sesame growth characteristics, such as shoot length, stem thickness, leaf length, and leaf width were significantly higher in sesame at GWL 0 cm at 10 days after treatment(DAT) and 20 DAT than in those grown at a GWL of 40 cm. The shoot length and stem thickness of sesame grown at a GWL of 20 cm was significantly higher than those grown at a GWL of 40 at 10 DAT. The chlorophyll content was significantly lower in plants grown at a GWL 40 cm at 10 and 20 DAT over sesame grown in GWL of 0 and 20 cm. The stomatal conductance remained consistent in all the GWL at overall time period. Moreover, the Ca content of sesame was reduced in both GWL 40 cm and 20 cm at 10 DAT and 20 DAT as compared to GWL 0 cm. The K content was increased at 10 DAT but was reduced at 20 DAT at both GWL 20 cm and GWL 40 cm over plant grown at GWL 0 cm. Likewise, the P content was decreased at 10 DAT in both GWL 20 and GWL 40 cm but was significantly increased at 20 DAT in GWL 20 cm as compared to plant at GWL 0 cm. Since the experimental soil is paddy field soil these results helps to understand the efficiency of sesame to tolerate the different stress levels of soil moisture. Therefore, these research may help to predict the appropriate level of irrigation to be provided at different time period for the sesame if it is grown in rice field as a commercial crops.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) of Flammulina velutipes on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic characteristics of Hanwoo steers. A yeast strain (Saccharomyces sp. UJ14) and Bacillus strain (Bacillus sp. UJ03) isolated from fresh spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes were used as probiotics to prepare F-SMS. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (14 months old) were allocated to three dietary treatments via a randomized block design and were slaughtered at 30 months of age. These treatment groups included Control (TMR), T1 (TMR containing 10% of F-SMS) group, and T2 (TMR containing 30% of F-SMS). Body weight gain was not influenced by the experimental diets. DM and TDN intakes in the finishing period were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T1 than in other groups. CP intake was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T2 than in other groups during the whole experimental period. Among carcass traits, rib-eye area and back fat thickness tended to increase with F-SMS supplementation. The appearance rate (%) of a meat yield more than grade A was the highest in group T1. The net profits increased by 1.2% and 13.3% in groups T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, if a proper feeding program (including feed safety) can be ensured, spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes can prove to be a highly profitable feed source for Hanwoo steers.

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of purified amino acid (PAA) isolated and purified from animal slaughter house blood on growth performance and immune response of weanling piglets. A total of fifteen, 28 days old, weaned pigs were randomly distributed into three treatment groups, 5 pens per treatment (one head per pen). Each experimental diet was provided to five piglets per group (T0, 0% PAA; T1, 0.1% PAA; T2, 0.5% PAA). The feed consumption was calculated daily and body weight on a weekly basis. The blood samples were analyzed for plasma concentration of biochemical parameters and cytokines using ELISA Kit assay. Pigs fed with the 0.5% PAA have greater average daily weight gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) as compared to those of T0 and T1. However, ADG and FE of T0 and T1 have no remarkable differences. The plasma cytokine levels were lower in T2 as compared to T0 and T1. The blood parameters like total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were within the normal range in all the treatment groups. The study indicated that supplementation of 0.5% PAA have positive effect on the growth performance of the weanling pigs. Moreover, supplementation of the amino acid isolated and purified from animal slaughter house blood has no adverse effect on palatability of the feed and health of the animals.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of supplementation of hot melt extrusion (HME) processed Zn sulfate on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, small intestinal morphology and excretion of Zn in weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets of mixed sex randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of initial BW (7.15±0.81 kg). There were five replicates in each treatment with 10 pigs per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1) basal diet containing ZnSO4; 2) basal diet containing Zn-Methionine (ZnMet); 3) basal diet containing low level of nano-Zn as HME (ZnHME50); 4) basal diet containing medium level of nano-Zn as HME ZnSO4 (Zn-HME75). The average daily gain was improved by the ZnMet and ZnHME75 compared with the pigs fed ZnSO4 supplemented diets (p=0.009). Moreover, ZnHME75 and ZnMet affected on the ATTD of CP during phase 2 (p=0.014). The villus height (VH) was affected by increasing when pigs fed diets supplemented the ZnHME75 (P=0.044). The pigs fed diets supplemented ZnHME50 had significantly the lowest (p=0.037) Zn content in liver compared with other treatments. The Zn content in the feces was significantly higher (p<0.001) in ZnSO4 and ZnMet compared with ZnHME50 or ZnHME75. In conclusion, it could be concluded that dietary Zn can be reduced by 25% with ZnHME without any detrimental effect on performance of weanling pigs.

As the competitiveness of SMEs (small and medium enterprises) is getting more and more improved and globalized, the government provides various consulting services to secure the competitiveness of small and medium firms and support stable growth. However, the assessment of the result from the government’s support is generally focused on non-financial factors, such as customer satisfaction and analysis of improvement effect. This paper is in regards to the statistical analysis of how much the government’s support in the form of providing consulting services contributes to financial outcomes in terms of profitability and growth. ROA (return on asset) and ROS (return on sales), which are investment profitability and sales profitability respectively, are chosen as an indicator of profitability. For analysis of growth, sales revenue and total asset growth are used. The samples are 44 corporations which are supported by government, and 150 corporations which are selected for comparison, with corporate growth support center program by the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy chosen as the consulting model. After gathering the yearly balance sheets and income statements of the samples from CRETOP, Korea Enterprise Data, the analysis is conducted in the way of identifying the statistical significance of financial difference in the same period between corporates taking consulting services and corporates which have not, and the difference of financial outcomes from the corporates taking consulting services before and after consulting services. As a result, in terms of business growth, it is turned out to have positive difference both in growth ratio and profitability compared to the compared corporations at the significant level. Therefore, it is obvious that the consulting program which government provides to SMEs have direct influence practically to the corporates’ management performance.