Halla horse is crossbreed between Jeju and Thoroughbred horses and is used for riding, racing and meat production. Thus, molecular genetic studies are needed to establish and preserve the industrially valuable Halla horses. This study aimed to analyses the genetic diversity and population structure through 12 microsatellite (MS) markers for Halla and putatively related 3 breeds (Jeju, Mongolian and Thoroughbred horses). On average, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (Hobs), expected heterozygosity (Hexp), and polymorphic information content (PIC) among all horses were 10, 0.767, 0.799, and 0.771, respectively. Neighbor-joining tree and STRUCTURE analysis showed that Halla horses were between Thoroughbred and Jeju horses, tend to more influenced by Thoroughbred horses. Therefore, these results could be considered for use as the basic genetic breed relationships resource among the horse breeds (Jeju, Mongolian, and Thoroughbred horses) related to the origins of the Halla horse.

한라산 구상나무 군락지에서 구과 해충의 발생 현황을 파악하기 위하여 2019년 8-10월에 3개 지역의 4개 조사구에서 구과 117개를 수집하여 생육상에서 우화시킨 후 출현종과 개체수를 확인하였다. 지역별 구과 해충의 피해율 조사를 위해 4개 조사구에서 93그루 1,235개 구과의 구과 해충 피해를 확인하였다. 조사 결과, 채집된 117개 구과에서 솔알락명나방 233개체, 구상애기잎말이나방 101개체, 똥파리 4개체가 확인되었다. 구과 당 평균 개체수는 솔알락명나방 1.99, 구상애기잎말이나방은 0.86개체로 솔알락명나방이 2배 이상 많은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 한라산 4개 조사구 전체 구상나무 구과의 평균 피해율은 49.7에서 80.1%로 조사구별 차이를 보였다. 또한, 구과 피해율은 수목 당 구과 수가 많을수록, 피해 구과에서 우화하는 구과해충 수는 구과의 크기가 클수록 증가하는 것으로 나타나 본 연구에서 확인된 구과 해충은 수목 당 구과 수가 많으면서 상대적으로 큰 구과를 갖는 구상나무를 선호할 것으로 예상되었다.

The conformational characteristics and performance of the horse breed should be evaluated to establish the breeding goals for a riding horse breed. Halla horses are cross-bred from Thoroughbred horses and Jeju ponies. Halla horses have been bred for speed as racing horses in Jeju Island in South Korea. However, some horses have also been used for riding purposes. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of Halla horses for riding purposes, which can be used as a guideline to define the breeding goals of Halla horses. Therefore, we evaluated the athletic performance of Halla horses by analyzing 3-year records of dressage (from S-3 Class to F Class) and show-jumping competitions (from S-2 Class to G Class) held in South Korea. We also examined the conformational characteristics of 15 Halla horses and compared them with those of 15 Thoroughbred and 15 Warmblood horses. In the results of dressage competitions over 3 years, Halla horses were awarded in D Class dressage only. In contrast, in the show-jumping competition, Halla horses were awarded in the D, E, F, and G classes. Overall, most body parts measured were smaller than those of Thoroughbred and Warmblood horses. When the rate of body parts per the average height of each breed was compared, Halla horses showed a higher rate of head length, head perimeter, and lumbar back length and croup length. In contrast, Halla horses had a shorter neck length. Based on the results of horse competition and conformation analysis, it is concluded that Halla horses are suitable for youth show-jumping competitions and have the potential to be representative riding horses in South Korea.

There have long been debated whether Jeju king cherry in Korea and Punus x yedoensis (Yoshino cherry) in Japan are the same or not and its originality. Recent genomic approach among P. yedoensis and closed related varieties from Korea, Japan and USA confirms that P. yedoensis is F1 hybrid. The results also show that there are two types of Jeju king cherry in Mt. Halla, Jeju, Korea and one type is clearly different and the other type is the same grouping to Yoshino cherry in Japan and USA and the maternal texa of the two types in Jeju is the same of P. pendula. The search of paternal texa of the same type and further molecular genetic analysis and classification among newly found hundreds of Jeju King Trees in natural habitats of Mt. Halla including a 265 year-old tree along with previous findings would reveal the hypothesis that two independent F1 hybrid of P. yedoensis are evolved in Mt. Halla where is the only natural birth place of P. yedoensis in the world. Furthermore, policy agenda of king cherry tree eco-exploration among six countries including two divided Korea proposed. In terms of bio-diplomacy, it was amazing fact that Jeju King Cherry trees were sent USA under Japanese colony in 1912. In 1943, USA Congressman John Rankin of Mississippi confirms that they were Korean Cherry Trees. The first four of these trees were presented to the American University in 1943 by the Korean Women’s Relief Society of Honolulu according to notice of AU’s School authority. As Jeju NAtional University students and teachers confirmed the fact in April 2018, they suggest Jeju King Cherry Trees Eco- Exploration between the two universities at university level, hoping to extend a warming program of planting Jeju King Cherry trees at the Dalma tourism complex in Wonsan city of North Korea in April of 2020.

본 연구는 수확 전 키토산(100mg·L-1 동량의 염화칼슘 포함) 처리가 황육계 키위프루트 ‘한라골드’ 의 저장 중 품질과 연화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 수행하였다. 키토산 처리 과실은 저장 60일까지 무처리 과실보다 경도가 높게 유지되었고, 전분도 높았지만 에탄올 불용성물질의 차이는 없었다. 수확기의 가용성고형물 함량은 칼슘-키토산 처리에서 낮았으나, 저장 중 전분의 감소와 더불어 지속적으로 증가하여 저장 1개월 후에는 처리간 차이를 보이지 않았고, 유리당(포도당, 과당, 자당) 함량도 유사한 경향이었다. 따라서 수확 전 칼슘-키토산 처리는 과실의 성숙을 지연시켰으나, 후숙 과정에서는 당 축적을 저해하지 않았다. 수확 시의 칼슘-키토산 처리 과실의 수용성 펙틴은 무처리보다 낮았지만 고분자 분획이 더 많았고 반면에 킬레이트 및 알칼리 용해성 펙틴은 대조구보다 높았다. 저장기 간 중 α-L-arabinofuransidase와 pectate lyase의 활성이 칼슘-키토산 처리 과실에서 지속적으로 낮게 유지되었으며 α-mannosidase, polygalacturonase, xylanase, β-galactosidase는 칼슘-키토산 처리의 영향을 크게 받지 않았다. 또한 칼슘-키토산 처리는 세포벽 결합 칼슘을 증가시켜주었다. 결론적으로 수확 전 칼슘-키토산 처리는 과실의 성숙 과정을 지연시키지만 경도를 높여주었고, 후숙(ripening) 이후에는 당도를 비롯한 내적 품질에 영향을 주지 않았다.

이 연구에서는 2014년부터 2016년가지 한라산 아고산대 대표수종인 구상나무림, 주목림, 눈향나무림의 탄소분포와 탄소수지를 파악하였다. 식물체 유기탄소량, 유기탄소흡수 량, 낙엽을 통해 임상으로 유입되는 유기탄소량, 임상에 축 적된 유기탄소량은 구상나무림에서 각각 50.58, 3.11, 1.68 ton C ha-1로 가장 높았으며, 주목림에서는 각각 15.62, 1.53, 1.38 ton C ha-1이었고, 눈향나무림에서 2.86, 0.77, 0.64 ton C ha-1로 가장 낮았다. 임상에 축적된 유기탄소량 은 구상나무림, 주목림, 눈향나무림에서 각각 1.67, 0.86, 0.97 ton C ha-1로 구상나무림에서 가장 높았고 주목림에서 가장 낮았다. 토양에 축적된 유기탄소량과 토양호흡량은 각 각 구상나무림에서 41.51, 3.49 ton C ha-1로 가장 높았으며, 주목림에서 129.84, 2.61 ton C ha-1이었고, 눈향나무림에서 175.93, 1.92 ton C ha-1로 가장 낮았다. NEP는 각각 -0.38, -1.08, -1.15 ton C ha-1로 유기탄소를 모두 대기로부터 흡수 하는 양보다 방출하는 양이 많았다. 이상으로 볼 때, 한라산 아고산 산림의 식물체 유기탄소량, 생태계 탄소수지는 낮아 유기탄소 흡수원으로써의 역할이 적지만 산림 토양에 많은 양의 유기탄소를 저장하고 있기 때문에 높은 수준의 생태계 서비스를 제공하고 있었다. 본 연구는 국내에서 연구되지 않은 특이생태계인 제주도 아고산대의 탄소분포와 탄소수 지를 파악할 수 있는 기초자료가 될 것이다.

본 연구에서는 2014년부터 2016년가지 한라산 아고산대 대표수종인 구상나무림, 주목림, 눈향나무림의 탄소분포와 탄소수지를 파악하였다. 식물체 유기탄소량, 유기탄소흡수량, 낙엽을 통해 임상으로 유입되는 유기탄소량, 임상에 축적된 유기탄소량은 구상나무림에서 각각 50.58, 3.11, 1.68 ton C ha-1로 가장 높았으며, 주목림에서는 각각 15.62, 1.53, 1.38 ton C ha-1 이었고, 눈향나무림에서 2.86, 0.77, 0.64 ton C ha-1로 가장 낮았다. 임상에 축적된 유기탄소량은 구상나무림, 주목림, 눈향나무림에서 각각 1.67, 0.86, 0.97 ton C ha-1로 구상나무림에서 가장 높았고 주목림에서 가장 낮았다. 토양에 축적된 유기탄소량과 토양호흡량은 각각 구상나무림에서 41.51, 3.49 ton C ha-1 로 가장 높았으며, 주목림에서 129.84, 2.61 ton C ha-1 이었고, 눈향나무림에서 175.93, 1.92 ton C ha-1로 가장 낮았다. NEP는 각각 -0.38, -1.08, -1.15 ton C ha-1 로 유기탄소를 모두 대기로부터 흡수하는 양보다 방출하는 양이 많았다. 이상으로 볼 때, 한라산 아고산 산림의 식물체 유기탄소량, 생태계 탄소수지는 낮아 유기탄소 흡수원으로써의 역할이 적지만 산림 토양에 많은 양의 유기탄소를 저장하고 있기 때문에 높은 수준의 생태계 서비스를 제공하고 있었다. 본 연구는 국내에서 연구되지 않은 특이생태계인 제주도 아고산대의 탄소분포와 탄소수지를 파악할 수 있는 기초자료가 될 것이다.

국가장기생태사업(LTER)의 일환으로 한라산 아고산대 구상나무림의 물질생산과 탄소분포의 특성을 밝히고자 2009년부터 2013년까지 현존량, 유기탄소분포, 낙엽생산, 임상낙엽량과 토양 유기탄소 축척량을 조사하였다. 식물현존량은 상대생장법에 의해 보고된 물질생산 식을 이용하여 측정하고 이를 이산화탄소의 고정량으로 환산하였다. 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 와 2013년의 현존량은 각각 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31 와 91.48ton ha-1였다. 이 기간 동안의 유기탄소는 지상부 생물량에 35.95, 38.69, 38.96, 39.46, 33.2ton C ha-1, 지하부 생물량에 8.54, 9.2, 9.49, 9.28, 7.97ton C ha-1이 각각 분포하였다. 5년 동안 낙엽 생산을 통해 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46 와 1.20ton C ha-1의 유기탄소가 생태계로 유입되었다. 2010, 2011, 2012와 2013년의 임상낙엽층의 유기탄소량은 2.74, 2.43, 2.00 와 1.16ton C ha-1였고, 토양 20cm깊이까지의 유기탄소 축적량은 55.77, 54.90, 50.69, 44.42 와 41.87ton C ha-120cm-1였다. 이와같이 현존량과 유기탄소량이 2009~2012년까지 매년 증가하였지만 태풍이 있었던 2013년에는 감소하였다. 이러한 현상은 자연적 교란이 한국의 아고산대 생태계에 크게 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다.

Distribution and abundance of birds have close relationship with the characteristics of habitats. Especially in breeding season, stable place to build up nests, food items for offspring and existence of available mates are important factors affecting successful reproduction. Therefore, breeding bird community varies according to the specific breeding habits for each species and environmental characteristics. Mt. Halla is located center of Jeju island and consists of different vegetation according to the elevation. In lowland, Seonheul with 100m elevation has wetlands and evergreen broad leaved forests lies while mixed forest and Korean fir (Abies koreana) community in higher elevation. Mixed forest in Mt. halla was designated as gene conservation forest by Korea Forest Service because of its is high quality of preservation and is located in 1,200m elevation. Abies koreana forest in 1,300m elevation consists of mainly Korean fir (Abies koreana) that is endemic species in Korea, but is susceptable to wind and soil quality because of its shallow and spreading root system and recently being damaged due to the climate change. To investigate breeding bird community in Mt. Halla, bird census was conducted from April to August, 2011 to 2013. A total of 17 species which consists of 17 species in Seonheul, 9 species in the mixed forest, and 7 species in Abies koreana forest were observed during the study period. Community indices such as species diversity, evenness, and richness index were almost consistent yearly but changed according to the study sites. In Seonheul, diversity and richness index were much higher than in others. Mixed forest had slightly higher diversity and richness index than Abies koreana forest. According to the correspondence analysis(CA), bird community in Seonheul showed distinctive difference with that in mixed forest and Abies koreana forest. Similarity in bird community was higher in Seonheul, compared to that in mixed forest and Abies koreana forest. Bird species and individuals were more abundant in Seonheul. Nesting guilds were classified as ground, bush, canopy, hole, brood parasite, and artificial structures. All sites had the same composition of nesting guild across all three years. In Seonheul, variability of nesting guilds was greatest including ground, brood parasite, and artificial structures which were not observed in the other sites. In Seonheul, the number of species that bred in canopy was largest and in mixed forest and Abies koreana forest, the number of species that bred in hole was the greatest indicating most of the bird species used tall trees as nesting sites. The number of individuals in the entire sites tended to decrease yearly. The number of individuals that bred in canopy was greatest in Seonheul but decreased across years as well as in bush and hole. In Abies koreana forest, the number of hole nesters and the birds breed in canopy tended to decrease from 2011 to 2013. Foraging guilds were categorized into ground, bush, canopy, and air. The number of species consisiting foraging guilds was the same from 2011 to 2013 throughout study sites. The most preferred foraging guild was ground in Seonheul(7 species), while canopy in the mixed forest(6 species) and Abies koreana forest(5 speices). Also, the species foraged in the air, the barn swallow and the japanese paradise flycatcher were observed only in Seonheul. The average number of individuals that foraged in canopy, 50 individuals, was greatest in all the sites across all three years and the following was in ground consisting 32 individuals. The number of individuals that foraged in canopy which mainly comprised of great tits, varied tits,and japanese white-eyes, tended to decrease in Seonheul, 80 to 44 and Abies koreana forest, 46 to 24 from 2011 to 2013, except mixed forest in which the number of these increased. In Seonheul, the number of individuals foraged in air tended to increase because of the sudden increment in the number of barn swallows: 24 individuals in 2011 to 52 in 2013 as shown in the number of individuals nested in artificial structures. Since Seonheul provides diverse habitats such as wetlands, various vegetation structures and high coverage of tree layer, many different bird species inhabit. Barn swallows and japanese paradise flycatchers which forage for these flying in the air were observed in Seonheul and it seems that this is because the environment seems suitable for insects. Generally tall trees were most favored as nesting and foraging place in all the study sites. For example, the japanese paradise flycatcher and the fairy pitta which favor dark area seemed to have bred in Seonheul, because of the high coverage of tall trees blocked sunlight enough. Also, Family Paridae such as great tits and varied tits nested in holes in tall trees. Furthermore, Family Paridae, japanese white-eyes and brown-eared bulbuls foraged for insects and fruits on tall trees, occupying the largest portion in terms of the number of individuals in foraging guilds. Despite this high usage of tall trees, these are now being lost in Seonheul and Abies koreana forest. Especially in Seonheul, Pinus thunbergii that infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus are logged out since October, 2013, deteriorating habitat quality. Furthermore in Abies koreana forest, almost half of the Abies koreana has died and 20.7% of them died since 2011 mainly due to the climate change, according to the Mt. Halla research institute. Such environmental change might have caused decrease in the number of individuals that rely on the tall trees for both nesting and foraging place such as white-backed woodpeckers, great tits, coal tits, varied tits and brown-eared bulbuls. From 2011 to 2013, average daily temperature increased rapidly and average maximum temperature in March, right before egg laying period, increased by 4℃ compared to that in 2011. It has been reported that abrupt change in early breeding period could result in decreased reproduction success rate because of mismatch of time between hatching period and time when caterpillar abundance is high enough to feed nestlings. Therefore, the average temperature increase also might have caused decreased individual number of the species in great tits and varied tits.

본 연구는 우리나라 한라산 아고산대에서 구상나무림의 물질생산, 탄소분포와 탄소수지에 대하여 알아보기 위해 수 행되었다. 구상나무림의 현존량은 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 와 2013에 각각 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31와 91.48ton/ha 유기탄소량은 44.5, 47.89, 48.45, 48.74와 41.17 ton C/ha 이었다. 순생산량은 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 년에 각각 11.40, 7.41, 0.05 와 -9.46 ton ha-1yr-1 이었고, 유기탄소 순생산량은 5.13, 3.33, 0.02와 -4.25 ton C ha-1yr-1 이었다. 2009~2013년 연간 낙엽생산량은 각각 2.42, 4.02, 2.94, 5.47, 2.67 ton ha-1yr-1이었고, 낙엽생산량의 유기탄 소량은 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46, 1.20 ton C ha-1yr-1. 연간 임상낙엽량 6.09, 5.40, 4.45, 2.57 ton/ha 임상냑엽량의 유 기탄소량은 2.74, 2.43, 2.00, 1.16 ton C/ha. 토양 20cm까지 의 유기탄소축척량은 각각 55.77, 54.90, 50.69, 44.42, 41.87 ton C ha-120cm-1. 2012년 토양호흡을 통해 배출된 유기탄소량은 2011, 2012년에 각각 4.42, 4.14 ton C ha-1yr-1 이었다. 한라산 구상나무림에서는 2011년에 총 0.01 ton C ha-1yr-1의 유기탄소를 대기로 방출하였고 2012 년에 -8.39 ton C ha-1yr-1의 유기탄소를 대기로 배출하였다.

Development cannot be thoughtless for the environment and is to create a convenient and comfortable environment; thus, we should not take only economic factors into consideration as if automobiles cannot be valued more than human beings. People should be considered first because they are the ones who live in developed space; therefore, nature and people should be the main issue when development is planned. This study is to organize these environment and development problems and suggest the fundamental application principle of 'conservation first and development afterward' by discovering problems and measures through the environmental simulation of the Ropeway that was one of major issues in the local community. It is based on the simulation by using the Arc GIS program and Jeju local data from metrical maps (1/2500이 of the national geography service. In addition, the scale modification has been conducted with the consideration of the size of buildings and measured data of the GIS maps. we have discussed the current situation and problems of damage to scenery caused by development of the ropeway construction on Mt. Halla that is World Natural Heritage and essential to scenery factors of Jeju. The cause of the problems was created by development based on the economic logic with its methods with less regards for the local environment. therefore, it is also important to create urban landscape that fits for Jeju as the first stage of success to becoming Juju Free International City. It is very encouraging that the provincial office has recently formed teams for urban design to keep and maintain its scenery and landscape that fit for Jeju. However, there are several problems to be solved before the effort to keep Jeju’s scenery and landscape makes steady headway. First, the problem of the overlap of administrative regulations should be solved. Second, there should be the consistency of the administrative performance. Third, the establishment of a objective standard for the creation of urban scenery based on culture. Fourth. a mature sense of citizenship is needed because there is a limit to administrative efforts to keep the urban scenery and landscape.

Hipparchia autonoe belongs to the family Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) and is designated as an endangered insect and national monument in Korea. It only inhabits a very restricted area on Mt. Halla but is widely distributed in several Asian countries including Mongolia. A previous study conducted to understand the genetic relationship between Mt. Halla and Mongolian H. autonoe for conservation purposes suffered from a limited number of samples. Therefore, we sequenced the DNA barcode region of an additional 36 H. autonoe individuals, combined them with previous data from 19 individuals, and performed phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. Furthermore, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region was also sequenced from the 36 samples as a nuclear DNA marker. The existence of independent haplotypes, sequence types, and significant FST estimates (p < 0.05) between Mt. Halla and Mongolian populations indicated hampered gene flow between the populations. Nevertheless, an absence of a reciprocal monophyletic group in Mt. Halla and Mongolian populations by cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene- and ITS2-based phylogeny suggests that the genetic isolation of the Mt. Halla population from the Mongolian populations seemed not large enough to consider them independent genetic entities.

제주도에서는 절멸된 것으로 간주되었던 멧돼지들이 최근 한라산 인근지역에서 발견되었다. 본 연구는 분자유전학적 실험기법을 바탕으로 한라산 멧돼지들이 가축돼지들과 이종교배된 것들인지를 조사하였다. 또한 동일 종내에서의 유전적 유연관계와 분자 성판별을 시험하였다. 가축돼지 품종들(Landrace, Large White, Berkshire, Hampshire, Duroc)과의 교배여부는 핵 DNA와 미토콘드리아 DNA에서 4 종류의 분자 표지인자(MC1R, KIT, 조절영역, ND2)를 적용하여 시험하였다. 야생멧돼지 집단의 모든 개체들이 동일한 mtDNA 조절영역 서열을 나타내었고, 그 서열들은 중국 동북부 재래돼지들과 동일하였으나 기존에 보고된 한반도 멧돼지의 서열들과는 다른 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 연구결과는 한라산 멧돼지집단이 중국 재래돼지 품종들과 근연이면서, 기존에 연구되지 않았던 유전적 계통에서 유래한 것으로 사료된다. 분자 성판별 결과 수컷에 비해 암컷이 2 배 이상으로 확인되어, 한라산 야생멧돼지 집단이 팽창하고 있으며, 조절하지 않으면 집단 규모는 극적으로 증가할 것이다.

제주도 한라산의 숨은물벵뒤 습지는 여러 다른 생태계에 비해 접근이 용이하지 않아 생물다양성이 높다고 여겨져 왔으나, 세균의 다양성과 새로운 종에 대한 보고는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 한라산의 고산 습지인 숨은물벵뒤 습지에서 담수 및 토양시료를 채취하여 Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria문에 속하는 세균을 분리하였다. 분리된 세균 중 위의 3개의 문에 속하는 균주의 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서

본 연구는 한라산국립공원의 동 서사면에 자생하는 좀꽝꽝나무 아개체군의 환경특성을 파악하기 위하여 환경요인, 식생 및 토양분석을 실시하였다. 한라산국립공원의 동 서사면 해발고 500m~1600m 내에 설정한 56개 조사지를 대상으로 TWINSPAN 분석결과 주목-산개벚지나무군집, 당단풍나무군집, 개서어나무-굴거리나무군집, 졸참나무군집, 곰솔군집 등 5개의 유형으로 구분되었다. 이 중 좀꽝꽝나무 아개체군의 우점치가 높은 군집은 개서어나무-굴거리나 무군집으로 해발고 600m~1200m 지점에 포함되며, 교목상층의 우점종은 개서어나무(I.P.: 29.82%)이고 아교목층의 우점종은 굴거리나무(I.P.: 26.76%), 관목층은 좀꽝꽝나무(I.P.: 33.08%)이었다. 이곳의 토양은 유기물함량, 유효인산 및 Ca, Mg의 양료가 많은 곳이다. 좀꽝꽝나무 아개체군의 우점치가 높은 곳은 동쪽사면 해발고 600m~800m, 서쪽사면 해발고 800m~1,000m 부근으로 이곳은 냉온삼림대 남부에 해당되는 곳으로 개서어나무의 우점치가 높고 종다양도지수도 0.7427로 낮은 편으로 개서어나무의 극상림을 형성한 안정된 상태로 보인다.