This study examined the quality characteristics of dumpling shells prepared with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% mulberry leaf powder. According to the amylograph data, the composite of mulberry leaf powder-wheat flour samples reduced the gelatinization temperatures, viscosities at 95oC, and maximum viscosity with increasing mulberry leaf powder content. The lightness (L) and redness (a) values decreased with increasing mulberry leaf powder content, whereas the yellowness (b) value increased. In addition, the weight, volume, and turbidity increased after cooking. In terms of the textural characteristics, addition of mulberry leaf powder increased the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and adhesiveness. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the dumpling shells increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of mulberry leaf powder. The taste, chewiness and texture of the dumpling shells prepared with added 4% mulberry leaf powder were preferred. The sensory evaluation showed that the overall preference of the dumpling shell with the addition of 4% mulberry leaf powder was more effective than the control.

This study aimed to investigate quality characteristics of white bread with Tenebrio molitor L. powder (TMP). Because of the proximate composition analysis of the white bread with TMP, the content of protein and crude fat increased slightly in proportion to brown dough, and ash was highest in white breads with 7% added TMP. The bread volume decreased as TMP content increased. The control bread lightness was highest at 78.3, and was negatively correlated with the TMP content. The degree of redness increased with the TMP concentration. The total free amino acid contents were in the following order: white bread with 7% TMP > white bread with 5% TMP > white bread with 3% TMP. With respect to the texture, white bread springiness and cohesiveness with TMP decreased by storage period. The chewiness and brittleness of white breads with TMP decreased significantly with higher concentrations. With extended storage, the bread with TMP added showed lower springiness and cohesiveness; while bread with a lower TMP percentage maintained better chewiness and brittleness. The sensory taste preference was highest for white bread with 3% TMP. Residual appetite scores showed a lower taste preference as TMP content increased and was lowest for white bread with 3% TMP.

This study examined the quality characteristics of cookies prepared with mulberry leaf powder (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7%) substituted for flour. The pH of the cookie dough decreased significantly in response to the addition of all levels of mulberry leaf powder. The spread factor of the cookies also increased significantly with increasing mulberry leaf powder content added to the cookies recipe. In addition, the Hunter’s color L and a values decreased significantly with increasing mulberry leaf powder content, whereas the b value increased. According to hardness measurements, the substitution of 1~7% mulberry leaf powder resulted in increased hardness compared to the control. Moreover, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the cookies was increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of mulberry leaf powder. The sensory evaluation revealed cookies containing 3% to have the highest scores.

This study was conducted to estimate temperature effect on the hatching success of Asian Gypsy Moth (AGM), Lymantria dispar (Linne) in different temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃). The egg masses were collected during winter season and stored in cold room (4℃). The hatching rate was evaluated from the number of hatched caterpillar for period of 50 days. As a result, hatching rates were 89.80, 92.94, 95.51, 62.02, and 18.35% at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. The optimal temperature on the hatching success of AGM egg might be 20~25℃.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Solanum nigum Linne total extract (SNT), Solanum nigum Linne leaf extract (SNL), Solanum nigum Linne root extract (SNR) on liver injury induced by Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in Sprague-Dawley rats. SNT, SNL, SNR of 100 mg/kg concentration was intraperitoneally administered into rats at dose of 1.5 ml/kg for 20 days. on the day 1.5 ml/kg of LPS was injected. Four hours later, they were anesthetization with ether and dissected. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were measured in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in liver homogenate. SNT, SNL, SNR extract inhibited GOT and GPT activities in LPSinduced rats, whereas increased SOD, Catalase and GPX activity in liver tissue of LPS-induced rats. These suggested that SNT, SNL, SNR could be used for functional beverage.

The female sex pheromone of the peach leafminer, Lyonetia clerkella Linne (Lepidoptera:Lyonetiidae), was analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extract revealed a single compound that elicited responses from male antennae. Retention time on DB-l column of EAD-active compound was identical to that of syn-thetic (14S)-14-Methyl-1-octadecene (14Sme-1-18Hy). In field tests, sticky traps baited with synthetic l4Sme-1-18Hy alone were highly attractive to male. Traps with 0.1 ㎎ dose showed the lowest catches, but there were no significant difference in the numbers of moth caught in traps baited with doses of 0.5 and 1.0 ㎎. The results of the field assays for longevity of pheromone traps showed that effectiveness of lures maintained for at least 8 weeks under field condition. The attractiveness of 14Sme-1-18Hy was not affected by the addition of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in lures as an antioxidant. Traps baited with 0.5 ㎎ 14Sme-l-18Hy were successfully used to monitor L. clerkella male flights. Analysis of seasonal trap catches over two years showed that moth flight activity in peach orchards occurred over a period of seven months with six generations in Suwon.

In order to study the effects of Aloe vera Linne treatment on the clinical chemistry in patients with liver disease, seven patients were administered orally with 800-1, 600 mg of Aloe vern Linne four times a day for six months. The high levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GTP and total bilirubin in patients were significantly reduced by administration of Aloe vem L.. The reduced serum albumin/globulin value was increased by Aloe vera L. treatment. But other blood parameters of clinical chemistry values were not affected by Aloe very L. treatment. These data suggest that Aloe very L. can be effective in treatment of the patients with liver disease.

치자나무의 실생묘포장에서 잎을 식해하는줄녹색박각시의 생활사를 1984년부터 1985년까지 남해에서 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 줄녹색박각시의 산란기간은 5월 하순부터 26일간이었고, 평균 20.4개의 알을 기주 식물의 잎 뒷면에 산란하였다. 산란후 14일부터 16일 사이에 부화하고, 부화율은 97.6%였다. 알은 타원형이고, 크기는 지름이 1.01mm 길이가 1.14 mm이고 난기간은 14.6일이다. 유충의 평균 길이는 1령이 1.01 mm, 2령이 0.45mm, 3령이 4.27mm, 4령이 2.22mm, 5령이 5.62 mm이고, 유충의 평균체중은 1령이 2.41mg, 2령이 6.88mg, 3령이 31.31mg, 4령이 107.70mg, 5령이 760.70mg이다. 유충기간은 7월부터 10월까지로 1령이, 12일, 2령이 36일, 3령이 32일, 4령이 16일, 5령이 20일로 총유충기간은 116일이었고, 유충기간 동안에 1마리의 유충이 실생묘 17.18주를 가해하였다. 제5령 유웅이 종령유충으로 평균 15 mm 땅속에 들어가 토립으로 집을 짓고, 그 속에서 번데기가 되어 월동하며, 번데기의 평균 길이는 33.6mm이고, 평균 체중은 2,032mg이다. 성충은 이듬해 5월 중순에서 하순까지 우화하는데, 성충의 성비는 암컷이 42.82%이고, 체색형의 비는 갈색형이 89.93%였다.

배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella L.)의 Fenvalerate에 대한 저항성 유전양식을 살충제 감수성과 해독댓활성 시험으로 조사하였다. 실내감수성계통(S)과 Fenvalerate도태저항성계통(R)의 정역교배에서 얻어진 양 (TEXS♀/TEX은 약량과 사망률 관계에서 감수성 차이가 없었다. 양 (TEXS♀/TEX의 우성도는 살충제 감수성에서 각각 -0.50, -0.46, 해독대사활성시험에서 각각 -0.85, -0.81로 나타났다. 따라서 fenvalerate저항성 유전자는 상염색체상에 존재하며 불완전열성에 의해 지배되는 것으로 나타났다.

Pyrethroid계 살충제 fenvalerate를 공시하여 실내 감수성계통 배추좀나방(Plu tella xylostella L.)을 인위적으로 누대도태한 후 저항성 발달속도와 정도를 조사하고, 이 저항성계통의 타 살충제에 대한 교차저항성 유무와 정도를 검토하였다. 저항성 발달속도는 fenvalerate 24세대 도태계통에서 도태전에 비하여 66.2배 증가하였다. Fenvalerate 도태계통은 pyrethroid계 살충제인 deltamethrin에 145배의 고도의 교차저항성을 나타내었고, alphamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, tetramethrin에 17.4 -45.0배의 교차저항성을 나타내었다. 유기인계 diazinon, dichlorvos, ethoprophos, EPN과 카바메이트계 BPMC, carbaryl, methorny I에서는 2.1-4.3배의 낮은 교차저항성을 나타내었다. 그러나, 유기인계의 acephate, fenitrothion과 카바메트계 carbofuran에 대해서 비교차저항성을 나타내었다.

쌀바구미의 유충을 3기로 구분하여 각종 농도의 Apholate를 처리하여 그의 치사율발육속도산란수불임률 및 그의 지속성 여부를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. (1) 당대 치사율은 농도가 높아짐에 따라 높아 켰으며, 유령기 처리시의 치사율은 노령기 처리시보다 높았다. (2) 차대 치사율은 처리된 성에 따라 차가 있었고 전체적으로 자충 처리시가 자충 처리시보다 높아 치사돌연변이 유기율이 웅충 처리시에 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. (3) 이상의 처리구에서는 우화 성충 중에 각종 기형이 출현하였으며, 그 수는 농도가 높아짐에 따라 컸다. (4) 산란수의 감소는 자충 처리시가 웅충 처리시보다 심하였으며, 이것은 Apholate의 난자형성에 미치는 직접적인 영향이라고 생각된다. (5) 발육속도는 노령기 처리시가 유령기 처리시보다 늦어지며, 그 효과는 농도의 증가에 따라 높아진다. 차대의 생육기간은 자충 처리시가 웅충 처리시보다 길어졌다. (6) 화학적 불임제는 당대의 영향뿐 아니라 차대에도 그 영향력이 지속된다.

도열병균의 분생포자를 다량으로 형성하는 배지를 찾고자 여러 가지 영양분을 차진 한천 및 액체배지에 대하여 분생포자형성도를 시험하였다. 여러 가지 공시 배지 중에서 V-8배양액과 토마토 즙한천배지 상에서 가장 많은 분생포자가 형성되었고, 볏짚배지 상에서 가장 적은 수의 분생포자카 형성되였다. 이와 같이 V-8즙배양액화 토마토한천배지는 도열병균 분생포자형성도에 있어서 과거 연구자들이 최적이라고 보고한 쌀겨한천배지와 효모전분한천배지를 훨씬 능가하였다.

This study aimed to investigate the germination characteristics of Saeilmi unhulled rice affected by different steeping (at 35℃) and germination (at 30℃) time. At first, the 24 h-germinated unhulled rice (GUR) were prepared by germination for 24 h after steeping for 8, 16, and 24 h. Next, the 24 h-steeped GURs were obtained by germination for 20, 24, 28, and 32 h after steeping for 24 h. Sprout lengths of GUR were more evenly distributed as steeping and germination time increased. Among 24 h-GURs, the thiamin, niacin, and GABA contents were the highest in 8 h-steeped GUR while the folate content was the highest in 24 h-steeped one. For 24 h-steeped GURs, their levels varied with germination time: the highest contents were observed in 24 h-GUR for the thiamin and the niacin contents (534.6 and 1,281.5 μg/100 g), in 32 h-GUR for folate (58.93 μg/100 g), and in 20 h-GUR for GABA (16.3 mg/100 g). The glucose content of GUR increased upto 7 times depending on the steeping and germination time: the highest level was observed in 20 h-GUR after 24 h-steeping. °Brix of saccharified solution prepared from GURs increased with germination time: the highest was observed in 28 h-GUR after 24-steeping. These results suggest that nutritional, functional, and saccharification properties of rice could be effectively improved by germination, especially with steeping for 24 h at 35℃ coupled with germination for 24 h at 30℃.

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, organic acids, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of Solanum nigrum Linne fruits according to harvest time. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum fruit, and the free sugar contents varied significantly with harvest time. Organic acid content of S. nigrum fruit showed the highest in malic acid and acetic acid, and the highest content of total organic acids was found in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October 18th and October 25th. For the total polyphenol content, S. nigrum fruit harvested on October 18th was the highest. The strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was showed in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October 11th and October 18th. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the ethanol extract from S. nigrum fruit collected on October 18th and October 11th. Thus, it seems the best to harvest of S. nigrum fruit harvested on October 11th and October 18th.

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, amino acids, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum nigrum Linne based on harvest time. Major amino acids identified by HPLC analysis were proline, histidine, and serine. The highest content of total amino acids were found in S. nigrum aerial parts and roots harvested on July 10th and August 10th. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum, and the free sugar content varied significantly with harvest time. The fructose content of S. nigrum decreased with as harvest time increased. The total polyphenol content of S. nigrum was highest in those harvested on August 30th. The antioxidant activity of ethanol extract from S. nigrum collected at different harvest times were measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of these extracts were assayed via nitric oxide suppression in C6 glioma cells with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the extract from S. nigrum collected on August 30th. Good correlations were observed between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ethanol extract of S. nigrum roots harvested on August 30th.