The purpose of this research study is to identify the perceptions of both primary ELL(English Language Learner)s and English teachers on MMP(Multimodal Media Production)-embedded English instruction at a primary English class. In order to answer this question, 182 primary ELLs and 2 English teachers participated in this research. A questionnaire survey was administered to the focal participants and an open-ended interview was conducted with the teachers. The results show that overall perceptions on MMP were comparably high among ELLs, and there was significant difference between genders, grades and English levels in terms of learning interest. The teachers’ interview revealed that MMP would trigger deeper understanding of the lesson and ELLs’ voluntary active class participation by heightening motivation, self-confidence and interest in learning English. In sum, the implementation of MMP-embedded English instruction has positive pedagogical effects for young ELLs since it may promote essential literacy skills in the 21st century as well as help in affective domains.

목적 : 마이봄샘기능저하증(meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD)을 수반하는 염증성 건성안의 감별진단에 대한 ‘TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9’ 검사키트의 유용성을 평가하였다. 방법 : 건성안 이외의 안질환이 없는 20~30대 중 OSDI 설문 검사에 따른 건성안 총 118안을 대상하였고, 결막낭 메니스커스로부터 소량의 눈물을 채취하여 TNF-α, IL-6 및 MMP-9 검사를 하였다. 각막염색과 결막충혈 이 모두 Grade 1 이상인 경우는 염증성 건성안으로, 마이봄샘폐쇄와 마이봄샘구멍막힘이 모두 grade 1 이상인 경우는 MGD 관련 건성안으로 평가하였다. 염증성 건성안 및 MGD와 TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9과의 상관성은 카 이제곱검정(Chi-square test)으로 분석하였고, ‘TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9’ 검사키트의 염증성 건성안과 MGD를 수반하는 염증성 건성안 감별능력은 ROC 커브를 이용하여 민감도, 특이도 및 AUC(Area under the curve)를 구하고 정확도를 평가하였다. 결과 : 염증성 건성안은 TNF-α와 IL-6와 유의한 상관성을 보였고(p＜.050), ‘TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9’ 검사 키트는 MMP-9 검사키트와 80.20%의 높은 일치도를 나타냈으나(p＜.050), 염증성 건성안 감별에 대한 민감도, 특이도, 정확도는 MMP-9 검사키트보다 낮았다. MGD는 MMP-9 검사와 상관성을 보이지 않았고, TNF-α와 IL-6 검사와는 유의한 상관성을 보였으며, MGD 감별에 대한 민감도, 특이도, 정확도는 각각 85.50%, 34.70%, 0.601, 85.50%, 32.70%, 0.591로 나타났다. MGD 수반한 염증성 건성안 감별에 대한 ‘TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9’ 검사키트의 민감도, 특이도 및 정확도는 100.00%, 34.10%, 0.670로 MMP-9 검사키트보다 더 높았다. 결론 : MGD 진단에는 TNF-α, IL-6 검사가 유용하며, ‘TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9’ 검사키트는 MGD를 수반한 염증성 건성안 평가에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether FSH and LH hormone treatment directly or indirectly affect embryo development in embryonic development. To determine this, we compared the development of embryonic cells through the expression pattern of MMPs. As a result, 33.8% of blastocysts were formed in FSH added group, 20.8% in LH added group and 10% in FSH + LH added group. In addition, the activity of MMP-9 was highly detected in the FSH-added group, and the expression of Casp-3 was much lower than that of the other groups. These results suggest that the addition of FSH seems to increase the activity of MMP-9 in embryonic cells, and that LH, on the contrary, may activate MMP-2 activity. In addition, the expression level of MMP-2 in the FSH-added group was high in the Trophoblast cell group and in the LH-added group, the hormone ideal secretion might affect the development of the embryonic cell.

본 연구는 적작약 꽃 추출물의 활성산소 억제와 항염증 및 MMP-1 발현 억제능 효과에 관해 알아보고 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 본 실험 방법으로는 세포 내 ROS 측정을 통한 활성산소 억제효과와 세포 독성 평가 및 항염증 측정, HDF 세포에서의 MMP-1의 발현 억제능 효과를 측정하고자 하였다. 실험 결과, RAW 264.7 세포와 HDF 세포 내에서 ROS로 억제효과를 확인하였고, 세포 독성평가는 적작약 꽃 추출물 5, 10 μg/mL 처리 농도에서 90% 이상의 세포 생존율, 그 외 처리 농도에서는 80% 이상의 세포 생존율을 확인하였다. 또한 RAW 264.7 세포에서의 NO 생성 억제와 HDF 세포에서 MMP-1의 발현 억제능이 유의하게 억제되는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 적작약 꽃 추출물의 세포 내 ROS 생성억제와 NO 생성 억제로 항산화와 항염증 효과, 피부세포에 대한 낮은 독성, MMP-1의 발현 억제를 통한 노화 효과가 확인됨에 따라 기능성 화장품 소재로써의 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

카렌듈라 추출물과 혼용되어 불리고 있는 메리골드 추출물을 인간섬유아세포에서 콜라겐 생성과 MMP-1 발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 HDF세포를 이용하여 세포독성 및 콜라겐 생성과 MMP-1 발현을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, HDF세포에 대한 메리골드와 카렌듈라 추출물의 5 ~ 100 μ g/mL 농도에서 80%이상의 세포 생존율을 나타내어 세포독성이 없었으며, 콜라겐 합성능 측정 결과, 두 추출물 모두 농도 의존적으로 콜라겐 생성능의 증가를 나타냈으며, 메리골드 추출물 100 μg/mL 농도에서 25%, 카렌듈라 추출물 100 μg/mL 농도에서 7% 콜라겐 생성능의 증가를 확인하였다. MMP-1 발현에 미치는 영향 실험 결과, 메리골드와 카렌듈라 추출물 모두 MMP-1 발현을 억제시키는 것을 확 인하였고, MMP-1 발현에 관련 있다고 알려진 p-JNK와 p-ERK의 인산화를 관찰한 결과, 메리골드 추 출물은 p-JNK와 p-ERK 신호전달 경로를 통화여 MMP-1 발현을 효과적으로 억제하는 것을 확인하였 다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 메리골드 추출물의 주름 개선 효능을 확인하였고, 나아가 항노화 효능을 가 지는 화장품 원료로 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Identification of specific marker proteins in cells is useful for isolating cells and determining their cellular characteristics and functions. Based on our previous study showing that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) can be used as a marker for porcine spermatogonia, the expression pattern of MMP-9 was determined in both pre- (5-month old) and post-pubertal (11–month old) bovine testes. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogonia were located near the basement membrane in both testes, while spermatozoa were not detected in the 5-month old pre-pubertal bovine testes and epididymides. Mature spermatozoa were observed in the 11-month bovine testes and epididymides, and MMP-9 expression in 11-month old bovine testes was lower than 5-month old testes, according to reverse transcription-PCR and real-time-PCR data. To determine the specific expression sites of MMP-9 in the bovine testes, immunohistochemistry was performed. Expression of MMP-9 was observed in cells near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in both 5- and 11-month old testes. Furthermore, MMP-9 positive cells expressed protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and deleted in azoospermia (DAZL) that are already known as bovine spermatogonial stem cells markers. In the present study, MMP-9 expression was identified in both pre- and post-pubertal bovine spermatogonia expressing PGP9.5 and DAZL, and located near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Thus, MMP-9 can be used as a marker for bovine spermatogonia, and may provide useful platforms for understanding the interaction between germ cells and extracellular matrix during spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.

밀싹 추출물의 생리활성 및 화장품 소재로서의 가능성 여부를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 세포실험을 통해 밀싹 추출물의 피부 세포에 대한 독성을 확인하고, 피부 세포 미백 활성 및 노화에 대 한 연구를 수행하여 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과 밀싹 추출물 이 HDF, B16F10 세포에 대한 독성이 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 멜라닌 생합성 억제에 대한 효과는 약 한 것으로 확인되었으나, 자외선에 유도되는 MMP-1의 발현을 저해함으로써 피부의 광노화를 억제하는 효과를 통해 광노화에 의한 피부 주름과 자연 노화에 의한 피부 주름을 예방하는데 유의한 효과를 가질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 밀싹 추출물의 기능성 화장품 소재로 사용 시 피부 노화 예방 관점에서의 기능성 화장품 소재로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Cordycepin, a specific polyadenylation inhibitor, is the main functional component in Cordyceps militaris that is one of the top three renowned traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, we performed in vitro experiments to investigate the anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activities of cordycepin using human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Cordycepin were administered and their effects on LPS-induced cell migration and invasion by wound healing migration assay, measurement of TER and In vitro invasiveness assay. Within the concentrations which were not cytotoxic effects, cordycepin caused a concentration-dependent suppression of LPS-induced cell migration and invasion. The anti-invasive activity of cordycepin was also found to be associated with increased tightness of the TJ, which was confirmed by an increase in TER. The activity of MMP-2 in LNCaP cells was dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with cordycepin, and this was also correlated with a decrease in expression of its mRNA and proteins, and up-regulation of TIMPs expression. Additionally, cordycepin repressed the LPS-induced NF-kB activation and phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT. Taken together, these findings suggest that cordycepin inhibited LPS-induced migration and invasion of LNCaP cells by down-regulating the expression and activity of MMP-2, and the possible targets may be NF-kB and PI3K/AKT.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in tissue development and re-modeling. Dynamic morphological changes of tooth germs reflect involvement of these enzymes during odontogenesis. The present study was performed to investigate expression and localization of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which have been known to have type IV collagenase activities, in rat tooth germs at different developmental stages. MMP-2 expression was increased gradually in the tooth germs from cap to crown staged germs at both transcription and translation levels. The localization of this molecule was detected in secretory ameloblasts and preameloblasts. The strong immunoreactivities were occasionally seen along the basement membrane between ameloblasts (or preameloblasts) and odontoblasts (preodontoblasts). However, weak reactivity was detected in odontoblasts and reduced enamel epithelium. The level of MMP-9 expression in the tooth germs was higher in cap stage than in crown staged germs at both transcription and translation levels. They were strongly expressed in both ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Even though reduced enamel epithelium after enamel formation and inner enamel epithelium at the cap stage exhibited weak reactivity, strong reactivity was detected in dental follicles and perifollicular tissues surrounding cap staged germs. These results suggested that MMP-2 may involve degradation of the basement membrane during hard tissue formation, whereas MMP-9 might be involved in remodeling of follicular tissues.

Metastasis is the primary cause of from breast cancer mortality. Cell migration and invasion play important roles in neoplastic metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays an important role in cancer cell invasion. NF-κB is transcription factor important in the regulation of MMP-9, as the promoter of MMP-9 gene contains binding sites for NF-κB. Brazilin, an active component of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan), decreases TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and invasion in MCF-7 cells. Also, brazilin suppressed NF-κB activation in TPA-treated MCF-7 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that the inhibition of TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion by brazilin is mediated by the suppression of the NF-κB pathway in MCF-7 cells. This result suggest brazilin provide a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.

thus, resembles scar tissue. TGF-β1, MMP and TIMP play an essential role in remodeling extracellular matrix during scar formation. This study investigates the pathogenesis of IF with respect to the coordinated expression of factors involved in wound healing. Proliferative activity and expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were observed using immunohistochemistry in 88 cases of IF and 9 cases of normal oral mucosa(NOM). Proliferative activity and expression of TGF-β1 and TIMP-1 were increased in IF compared to NOM. MMP-1 expression was not significantly increased in IF. We propose that IF is caused by increased expression of TGF-β1 and an imbalance in expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1.

Naringenin은 flavonoid구조의 감귤류 과피에 다량 함유되어 있으며 항암 및 항산화 등의 다양한 생리활성을 가지는 것으로 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 HT-1080 섬유육종세포의 전이에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 먼저 Naringenin이 암세포의 이동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 migrationassay를 한 결과, Naringenin이 암세포의 이동을 농도 의존적으로 억제시켰다. 암의 전이에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 단백질분

Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix, which is re lated to infiltrative growth and metastasis of tumor and are regulated by tisslle inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMPs) or cell adhesion molecllles such as E-cadherin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between MMP-2, MMP-9 expressions and clinico-pathologic factors, 끼MP-1 ， TIMP-2, EGFR and E-cadherin expressions. lmmunohistochemical stains were perfom1ed on 55 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the ordl cavity and the results were as follows. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were noted in 30(54.5%) and 22(40.0%) of 55 cases, TIMP-1 and πMP-2 in 21(38.2%) and 33(60.0%), and E-cadherin and EGFR expressions in 35(63.6%) and 26(47.3%) of 55 cases, respectively. MMP-2 expression rdte was slightly higher 띠 cases without recurrence, and 끼MP- 2 expression rate was slightly higher in cases showing more inftltrative growth pattem. 까1e expression rate of EGFR was higher in cases with well differentiation(p=0.OO47), but no posi디ve relationship between the expression rate of Ecadherin and histologic grade was found. Cases with positive reaction for MMP-9 showed an increasing tendency of nega디ve reaction for TIMP-1. π1e expression rate of MMP-2 was higher in cases with positive reaction for E-cadherin and EGFR with no statistical significance. 까1e expression rate of MMP-9 was significantly higher in cases with positive reaction for E-cadherin(p=0.022l). These results suggest that MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expressions are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas, but MMP-2, MMP-9, 끼MP-1 ， and 끼MP-2 expressions might not seem to be a useful prognostic factors because there were no significant relationship between clinicopathologic parameters. EGFR expression showed positive correlation with low histologic grade, so EGFR expression could be regarded as a good prognostic factor. In the progression of sqllamous cell