The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects mixed with Weissella cibaria JW15 strain and black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). In this experiment, JW15 was cultured in De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth at 37% for 17 hr, and the cells were washed twice with sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2). And black soybean was extracted by ethanol or hot boiling water. The immuno-modulatory effects of mixed JW15 and black soybean extract were investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and cytokine (Interleukin-1β and Tumor necrosis factor-α) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells or RAW blue cells. The 0.1 % ethanol and hot water extract of black soybean increased NO, NF-κB, and cytokine production in a concentration dependent manner. The NF-κB activation by JW15 mixed with 0.1 % hot water extract of black soybean (0.26 ± 0.02) was significantly higher than JW15 alone (0.20 ± 0.02). Also, combination of JW15 and 0.1% hot water extract of black soybean triggered IL-1β production of 110.19 ± 4.38 pg/mL, which was significantly greater than the JW15 alone (12.06 ± 7.58 pg/mL). The results of this study indicate that combination of Weissella cibaria JW15 and black soybean extract may have an ability to activate innate immune response synergistically. According to these results, the mixture of JW15 and black soybean extract could hold great promise for use in probiotics.

This experiment was carried out to compare chemical composition, TDN yield of corn-soybean intercropping and corn monocropping forage plants at different harvesting time and obtained the following results. 1. In both cropping systems, the content of chemi

The growth characteristics and yield per unit area of two cropping systems, corn monoculture and 'wrnsoybean intercropping, were compared and the obtained results were as follows; 1.The two cultivation systems were not significantly different in leaf leng

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were investigated to predict its productivity under elevated CO2 levels in the future. Soybean grown for 6 weeks showed significant increase in vegetative growth, based on plant height, leaf characteristics (area, length, and width), and the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter value (SPAD value) under elevated CO2 conditions (800 μmol/mol) compared to ambient CO2 conditions (400 μmol/mol). Under elevated CO2 conditions, the photosynthetic rate (A) increased although photosystem II (PS II) photochemical activity (Fv/Fm) decreased. The maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) was higher under elevated CO2 conditions than under ambient CO2 conditions, whereas the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) was lower under elevated CO2 conditions compared to ambient CO2 conditions. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis shifted significantly by approximately 3°C under the elevated CO2 conditions. With the increase in temperature, the photosynthetic rate increased below the optimal temperature (approximately 30°C) and decreased above the optimal temperature, whereas the dark respiration rate (Rd) increased continuously regardless of the optimal temperature. The difference in photosynthetic rate between ambient and elevated CO2 conditions was greatest near the optimal temperature. These results indicate that future increases in CO2 will increase productivity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, although it may cause damage to the PS II reaction center as suggested by decreases in Fv/Fm, in soybean.

Black soybean teata is helpful to preventing obesity through enhancing energy expenditure and suppressing accumulation in mesenteric adipose tissue. The ethanol testa-extract of Cheongja #3 black soybean (ETCBS) is also have similar effects on obesity. So far, it is not clear whether the ethanol testa extract of black soybean can have effect on the characters of subcutaneous adipose stem cells such as proliferation, activity, and adipogenicity. The doubling time was different between subcutaneous adipose-derived stem (ADS) and visceral ADS cells. By the in vitro culture and passage, the doubling time was increased both of them. The shape was not different between groups and their passages were not cause the change of shapes. In the case of visceral ADS cells, the doubling time was 62.3 h or 40.3 h in control or high fat diet administrated mice, respectively, but not modified in subcutaneous ADS cells. ETCBS administration caused of increased the doubling time from 62.3 h to 84.2 h. ETCBS had suppressive effects on the cellular activity of subcutaneous ADS cells. The intensity of Oil Red O staining was very faint in 100 and 200 mg/mL ETCBS treated groups. The amounts of accumulated triglyceride were also significantly low in 100 and 200 mg/mL treated groups. From these results we know that the doubling times and the effects of ETCBS are different by the anatomical origin of ADS cells. It also suggested that ETCBS may suppress the differentiation of subcutaneous ADS cells into the precursors and maturing of adipocytes.

Due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer throughout most of this century, increased UV-B radiation has affected seriously to plant growth and development as one of nature mutagens. We surveyed differential expressed genes (DEGs) under UV-B irradiation in UV-B tolerant Buseok compared to UV-B sensitive Cheongja 3 through RNA seq analysis using six RNA samples of Buseok and Cheongja 3 with 0.5 hr and 6 hr UV-B irradiation or without irradiation. After excluding 1003 DEGs due to genetic background difference of two genotypes, a total of 872 DEGs orthologous to UV-related Arabidopsis genes were identified. BINGO analysis of the DEGs by 0.5 hr UV-B irradiation showed overrepresentation in signaling and cell morphogenesis. Genes related with apoptosis and immune response were overrepresented in 6 hr irradiated Buseok. In addition, KEGG pathway database was used to identify mTOR signaling and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways. Based on GO and KEGG results, specific focus was given to a serial of genes involved in UV-B defense signaling, besides photomorphogenesis and oxidation reduction-related genes. Several genes playing a role in phosphatidylinositol signaling, such as diacylglycerol kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase family protein, were highly expressed in UV-B tolerant Buseok by 0.5 hr irradiation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 19 and 20 were highly expressed in Buseok under 6 hr irradiation. Furthermore, 51 nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRRs) genes were up-regulated in Buseok under 0.5 hr irradiation.

Soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr] is one of the most important legumes in the world. However, soybean varieties are sensitive to flooding stress and their seed yields are substantially reduced in response to the flooding stress. 192 soybean germplasm collection was screened to identify flooding tolerant germplasm at an early vegetative growth stage (V1). Soybean plants at V1 stage were waterlogged for 4 to 10 days. To evaluate flooding tolerance, survival rate were investigated as a time dependent manner. Jangbaegkong, Danbaegkong, Sowonkong, Socheong2 and Suwon269 showed flooding tolerance, while Shillog, T201, T181, NTS1116 and HP-963 showed flooding sensitivity. We also investigated effects of flooding stress on soybean morphology. The adventitious root development was greatly increased in flooding tolerant plants compared to it in flooding sensitive plants. In addition, root length and root number were analyzed. The significant reduction of root length and root number was observed in flooding sensitive plants. Thus, these results indicate that the morphological changes in roots are important for acclimation to flooding stress. Taken together, the relationship between the morphological changes in the roots and flooding tolerance may be useful in selecting a flooding tolerant soybean germplasm.

We improved the separation of the basic proteins from the soybean cotyledon, Glycine max L. Merr. by searching N-terminal sequences data in proteins isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). After removed Hexane, proteins were extracted from cotyledon with a urea/Triton/2-mercaptoetanol solution. Using this method, the highly reproducible isoelectric focusing (IEF) can formed with polyacrylamide gels with pH 4.0-9.8. The IEF tube gels were used as the first dimension, and proteins were visualized by second-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and identify a number of soybean cotyledon proteins using mass spectrometry in the proteome analysis. These instruments of 2-DE and IEF tube gels were used 27 cm and investigate under various conditions. The total number of spots and features was obtained by PDQuest software (Bio-Rad). In this experiments performed, the IEF tube gels and instruments afforded good reproducibility in the number of PDQuest-detected spots from gel to gel while IPG offered better reproducibility in the total number of manually detected spots from gel to gel. In conclusion, we have separated of the basic 13 proteins in soybean. The glycinin subunit separations are also considered to play important roles in soybean breeding and biochemical characterization. The improved technique will be useful to dissect the genetic control of glycinin expression in soybean.

In order to get information on tocopherol content and composition in fifty-six soybean germplasms were evaluated by HPLC. From the principle component analysis, the first three components accounted for 71.6% of the total variance of tocopherol content in the germplasms. Principal component 1 showed significant correlations with all the morphological markers except 100-seed weight. Soybean germplasms were divided into three groups by the first two principal components. The highest content of α -tocopherol was 38.6~mug per g in Tanner, while that of ~gamma -tocopherol was 195.6~mug in PI 91073. In case of δ -tocopherol, IT 105622 showed the highest value as 29.8~mug . The contents of tocopherol were gradually increased from the late August to late September, which was 10 days before maturity, in Alchankong and PI 96322. The tocopherol content was higher in seeds from the plants sown early than those sown late. Total tocopherol contents of PI 96188, Geomjeongkong 2, and Suwon 183 grown in Gimje were higher than those grown in Iksan, but the difference was not observed in PI 96322. These results suggest that the contents of tocopherol in soybean were affected not only by the genotypes but also by environment.

Cultural practices of Asparagus cochinchinensis in highland area were performed for a potential medicinal crop. These studies were examined to propagation methods, planting densities, nitrogen treatments, and cropping years. The results are summarized as follows. The adequate number of buds per tuberous root was 4 for vegetative propagation because the number of tuberous root harvested was 16.8 and the yield was also the highest, exhibiting 1,060 kg/10a. The suitable planting time for vegetative propagation was later than early April. If the earlier tuberous roots were planted, the less they emerged. The highest emergence rate was obtained from the planting density of 30×20cm as 97.2% while the yield was highest in the 30×15cm density, exhibiting 1,883 kg/10a with emergence rate at 94.9. It seemed that the higher planting density promoted plant height growth and yield in Asparagus cochinchinensis. The highest fresh weight was recorded at 6 kg/10a of nitrogen fertilizer into the sandy loam soil compared to the level of 0, 3, 9 kg/10a. The yield was increased with cropping years. However, the proper harvesting time was the second year of cultivation because the rate of weight increase was maximized in the 2-year-old tuberous root. The yield in the third year was decreased as compared to that of the second year.