Ischemic stroke is caused by a blockage of the cerebral artery, which leads to a severe neurological disorder. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic acid found mainly in plants such as coffee beans, eggplants, and carrots. It exerts a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic damage. Bcl-2 family protein is a representative apoptosis regulatory protein. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL act as apoptosis inhibitors, while Bax and Bad act as apoptosis inducers.The interaction of Bcl-2 family protein plays an important role in determining cell fate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chlorogenic acid modulates the interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins during ischemic injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was performed to induce cerebral ischemia. Chlorogenic acid (30 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline was intraperitoneally injected to adult male rats 2 h after MCAO surgery. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of chlorogenic acid 24 h after MCAO injury, and immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to investigate the interaction of Bcl-2 family protein. MCAO damage showed signs of severe neurological disorders, while chlorogenic acid improved these disorders. Results of immunoprecipitation analysis were as follows. Interaction between Bax and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL was decreased in MCAO injury, chlorogenic acid prevents these decreases. In contrast to Bax, Interaction between Bad and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL was increased in MCAO injury, chlorogenic acid prevents these increases. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid attenuated MCAO-induced increase of capase-9. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that chlorogenic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemic injury by modulating interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins.

Abdominal organs are the most vulnerable body parts under vehicle trauma, and there is high mortality from acute injuries in accidents. There are various ways to reduce this high mortality; one method is Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta, which has recently become very popular as a minimally invasive alternative in the emergent management of patients with non-compressible hemorrhages below the diaphragm. However, high safety factor for patients is applied in actual clinical practice because there is no exact standard for the operating time. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the mechanical behavior of organ tissues for the duodenum, kidney, and liver on the operating time of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta is investigated in order to obtain data needed to establish standards of operating time. In characteristic analysis of organ tissues, uniaxial tensile test and compression test are conducted according to the operating time.

The US Department of Energy’s Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has been operating a molten salt electrorefiner at their facility since 1996. The baseline method for disposal of the radioactive salt is the ceramic waste process which generates glass bonded sodalite loaded with chloride salts. This process starts with the high temperature absorption of the salt into zeolite-4A. The salt-loaded zeolite is then blended with glass frit and heated to form a sintered, glass-bonded sodalite. INL is currently assessing alternatives for disposal of the ER salt because of the lengthy processing times, costly equipment and large volume of waste associated with the baseline process. An alternative process was studied, where protonated zeolite was used instead of alkali metal-substituted zeolite. It was found that the metals contained in the salt can replace the protons in the zeolite which are evolved via formation of HCl. From the standpoint of generating a nuclear waste form, the evolution of HCl gas should reduce the weight of the final waste. It has been estimated that the volume of waste produced from immobilizing the INL electrorefiner salt could be reduced by a factor of three using this process followed by sintering the fission product loaded zeolite. Equipment requirements in the hot cell would be significantly simplified, and the time to process all of the waste salt would be reduced by almost a factor of 4. An investigation into the new process has been presented here.

ORF78 (ac78) of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a baculovirus core gene of unknown function. To determine the role of ac78 in baculovirus life cycle, an ac78-deleted mutant AcMNPV, Ac78KO, was constructed. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that ac78 is a late gene in the viral life cycle. After transfection into Spodoptera frugiperda cells, Ac78KO produced a single-cell infection phenotype indicating that no infectious budded viruses (BVs) were produced. The defection in BV production was also confirmed by both viral titration and Western blot. However, viral DNA replication is unaffected. Analysis of BV and occlusion derived virus (ODV) revealed that AC78 is associated with both forms of the virions and is a structural protein located to viral envelope. Electron microscopy showed that ac78 also plays an important role in embedding of ODV into occlusion body. This study therefore demonstrates that AC78 is a late virion associated protein and is essential for the viral life cycle.

일반적으로 바늘구멍(pinhole)카메라는 사물을 육안으로 바라볼 때 물체들의 중첩현상으로 인하여 시야(view) 이미지을 극히 제한적으로 볼 수이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하여 우리가 원하는 3D 시야 이미지에서 중첩현상으로 보지 못하는 부문을 단일 이미지로 생성을 시켜서 관찰할 수 있도록 개발한 그래프 카메라를 소개하려고 한다. 이러한 기술들은 3D 게임개발에 적용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 다양한 기술을 적용하여야 하는 그래픽 응용표현기술에 적용할 수 있겠다.

To develop an improved baculovirus insecticide with additional advantages, a novel recombinant baculovirus, AcB5B-AaIT was constructed. B. thuringiensis crystal protein gene (cry1-5) and insect-specific neurotoxin gene (AaIT) were introduced into Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of polyhedrin (polh) gene promoter, and AaIT under the control of early promoter of ORF3004 from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus, respectively. About 150 kDa of Polyhedrin-Cry1-5-Polyhedrin fusion protein expressed by AcB5B-AaIT was occluded into the polyhedra produced by the recombinant virus, and activated as about 65 kDa of crystal protein when treated with gut-juice of Bombyx mori. The AcB5B-AaIT showed about 50% reduced LT50 value compared to that of the recombinant virus, Ap1Ac, expressing Cry1Ac against Plutella xylostella larvae. In addition, Spodoptera exigua larvae fed the recombinant polyhedra of AcB5B-AaIT showed about 4 fold higher refusing diet effect compared S. exigua larvae fed the recombinant polyhedra of the recombinant virus, Ap1C, expressing Cry1C. AcB5B-AaIT could be transferred to wild-type baculovirus along with serial passage by the homologous recombination between two polyhedrin genes contained in polh-cry1-5-polh fusion protein gene. These results suggested that the novel recombinant baculovirus, AcB5B-AaIT, could be applied as advanced viral insecticide.

Stroke occurs when local thrombosis, embolic particle or the rupture of blood vessele interrupts the blood floe to the brain. -estradiol 17-valerate has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects when administered before an ischemic insult. Recently, the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia has been studied extensively in rat with various methods. In the present study, we investigates whether -estrodiol 17-valerate can protect against brain injury. RNA sample were extracted from the hippocampus of female rat, reverse-transcription in the presence of [32p] dATP. Differential gene express-ion profiles were revealed (Bone morphogenetic protein type 1A receptor, Protein disulphide isomerase, Leukemia inhibitor factor receptor, cytochrome bc- 1 complex-x core P, thiol-specific antioxidant protein). RT-PCR was used to validate the relative expression pattern obtained by the cDNA array. The precise relationship between the early expression of recovery genes and stroke is a matter of luther investigation. This Study was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation(KOSEF) through the Biohealth Products Research Center(BPRC), Inje University, Korea.

만 18세에서 30세 사이의 남녀 102 명 (204안)을 대상으로 자각적굴절검사를 실시하 였다. 자각적굴절검사는 운무법 (fogging method)으로 실시하였으며， 자각적굴절검사 에서 일반적 방법인 편안가림검사와 양안개방검사방법의 한 가지인 편안 +3.00D 운 무검사를 실시하여 결과를 비교 • 분석하였다. 편안운무상태검사와 편안가림상태검사 결과， 둥가구면굴절력차이는 :t O.50D 이하인 경우가 92.16%, :t0.625D 이상인 경우가 7.84%로 나타났으며， 구면도수차이는 :tO.50D 이하인 경우가 94.12%, :t0.75D 이상 인 경우가 5.88%로 나타났다. 난시도수차이는 :tO.50D 이하인 경우가 98.53%, :t0.75D 이 상인 경우는 1.47% 였으며， 난시축차이는 :t 15。이하인 경우가 87.10%, :t 20。이상인 경우가 12.90%로 나타났다. 난시축차이가 둥가구면굴절력 · 구면도수 · 난시도수의 경 우에 비해 큰 것으로 나타났는데， 이는 대부분 -0.25D 난시도수에서 나타났다. 두 검 사의 선호도 비교에서는 비슷하다고 웅답한 경우가 45.1%, 편안가림상태검사가 편하 다고 응답한 경우가 29.41%, 편안운무상태가 편하다고 한 경우가 25.49% 로， 두 검사 법 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다.

목적: 본 연구는 시각차단연습과 시각허용연습에 따른 수행지각거리와 실제수행거리의 정확성을 비교함으로써 신체적 중재로서 시각차단연습의 잠재적 가능성을 검토하는 것이다. 방법: 골프퍼팅 경험이 없는 36명의 남자대학생이 실험에 참여하였으며, 시각차단집단, 시각허용집단, 그리고 통제집단에 각각 12명씩 무작위로 배정되었다. 사전검사에서 참여자들은 1m 간격의 각 거리(1-15m)에서 1회씩 총 15회의 퍼팅을 수행하였다. 이어서 블록 1, 블록 2, 그리고 블록 3에서는 각각 거리별로 2회씩 총 90회의 퍼팅을 수행하였으며, 사후검사는 블록수행 직후에 사전검사와 동일한 방법으로 실시되었다. 수행지각거리와 실제수행거리의 정확성을 분석하기 위해서 절대오차 값이 계산되었으며, 집단 (3)과 측정시점 (5)의 이원분산분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 시각차단집단과 시각허용집단이 통제집단보다 수행지각거리와 실제수행거리의 정확성이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 하지만 두 처치집단 간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 시각차단연습과 시각허용연습이 지각판단 및 기능수행을 효과적으로 촉진시킬 수 있으며, 특히 시각허용연습과의 병행을 위한 효과적인 신체적 중재로서 시각차단훈련의 잠재적 적용 가능성을 시사한다.

목적: 본 연구는 시각차단연습이 골프 퍼팅의 거리감 및 퍼팅 매개변수 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 시각 차단연습이 골프 퍼팅 학습에 미치는 효과를 검토하는 것이었다. 방법: 골프 경험이 없는 남자 대학생 30명이 피험자로 참여하였으며, 시각차단, 시각허용, 그리고 통제 집단에 무작위로 배정되었다. 사전검사에서 피험자들은 각 거리(1 m, 3 m, 5 m)에서 10회씩 퍼팅을 실시하였다. 훈련중재 과정에서 각 집단의 피험자들은 집단별 중재와 함께 사전검사와 동일한 거리에서 각각 30회씩 총 90회의 퍼팅연습을 5일간 수행하였다. 결과: 반경오차에 대한 분석에서 시각차단과 시각허용 집단은 사전검사에 비해 사후검사와 지연된 사후검사에서 수행의 정확성이 향상되 었다. 가변오차의 경우 시각차단 집단은 반경오차와 동일한 결과를 보여주었으나 시각허용 집단은 사전검사에 비해 사후검사에서만 일관성이 향상되었으며, 사후검사에 비해 지연된 사후검사에서는 일관성이 다시 감소되었다. 시각차단 집단의 거리감 및 퍼팅 매개변수는 연습중재 후 효율적으로 변경되었다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 시각차단 연습이 골프 퍼팅의 학습촉진을 위한 효과적인 중재방법이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

동해안과 접하고 있는 하천의 대부분은 경사가 급하고 유로연장이 짧아 하천의 유황과 흐름에 따라 다양한 지형 변화가 발생하고 있다. 특히 강원도 동해안의 하구는 산지에서 발생한 토사가 하천을 따라 이동하여 침식과 퇴적을 반복하며 하구부에 도달시 퇴적토사가 점차 증가하는 하구폐색현상이 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 하구폐색현상은 홍수시 하천 수위상승에 따른 범람의 위험을 증가시키는 것과 동시에, 갈수기에는 주항에 지장을 초래하는 등 우리 사회생활에 중대한 영향을 미치는 재해를 가져오고 있다. 본 연구의 대상지역인 강원도 삼척시 가곡천 하구부 지형 또한 계절적 영향 및 자연적 요인과 인위적인 요인으로 인해 하구부의 개폐현상이 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하구부의 개폐와 수리특성을 연관 지어 분석하기 위해 가곡천 하구부에 CCTV를 설치하고 모니터링을 실시하였으며 그 결과를 토대로, 홍수기 전·후 및 계절별 지형변화 특성을 분석하였다.

Cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES) is a multiple systemic disease caused by the embolization of cholesterol crystals from an atherosclerotic plaque of a proximal large-caliber artery, which results in the occlusion of distal small to mediumsized arteries. CES is characterized by development of a multitude of small emboli over time, and should be distinguished from arterial thromboembolism, which occurs through the obstruction of medium-sized to large arteries by one or a few large emboli. We report on a case of CES initially presenting as acute limb ischemia following an intervention for iliac artery occlusion.

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have reduced the rate of restenosis and the need for repeated revascularization of target lesions. However, in stent restenosis is still a major issue and very late stent thrombosis seems to occur more frequently with DES. Recently, incidence of stent thrombosis as a fatal complication has increased and dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended for at least 12 months after implantation. Here we report on a case of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to total occlusion caused by very late stent thrombosis and in stent restenosis simultaneously at 42 months after DES implanta-tion.

Everolimus is a secondary medication for metastatic renal cell carcinoma when vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor treatment fails. Everolimus is reported to cause a variety of metabolic complications but complications in the eye are rare. Although serious eye complications have not been reported, secondary complications may result from the metabolic complications. We observed a case in which central retinal vein occlusion occurred, probably caused by metabolic complications following Everolimus treatment of RCC. We report this case.

MMORPG와 같은 게임에서 근접전투가 벌어지는 샷에서 프라이머리 액터들간의 오클루젼이 종종 발생한다. 본 논문은 미디엄 샷(medium shot) 기법으로 오클루젼을 해결하고 오버-숄더 샷(over-shoulder shot) 기법으로 대결구도를 강화하는 미디엄 오버-숄더(Medium and Oversholder, MOS) 기법을 제안한다. 미디엄 샷 기법은 4개의 기준점을 설정하고. 오버-숄더 샷 기법은 측면의 기준점을 가변적으로 위치시키며 오클루더는 두 개의 스피어로 대체한다. 레이와 스피어가 교차하는지 여부로 잠재적 오클루젼 상태가 판별되면 오클루더의 우측 또는 좌측으로 카메라를 이동시키고, 오클루젼이 해결되면 이동을 멈춘다. 실험결과 MOS 기법은 샷당 평균 13.7μs 의 연산시간의 성능을 보였으며, 오클루젼은 평균 9.26% 비율로 뷰어의 시선 장애에 영향을 주진 않았다.