This study was conducted to compare and analyze the crop-livestock circulation indicators, manure compost circulation, nutrient circulation, and carbon footprint of organic and conventional dairy farms. The survey farms were 13 organically certified dairy farms and 12 conventional dairy farms. A field survey was conducted in 2024. The forage crop cultivation area per head (LSU) of organic dairy farms was 1,539.8 ㎡, which was 2.3 times more than the 682.9 ㎡ of conventional dairy farms. The livestock density index, which indicates the number of cattle per acre of farmland, was lower in organic dairy farms (6.4 LSU/ha) than in conventional dairy farms (9.3 LSU/ha). The self-produced feed feeding rate of organic dairy farms was 31.9%, which was 12.6% higher than 19.3% in conventional dairy farms. The domestically purchased feed feeding rate was 11.6% in organic certified farms (11.6% lower than 22.5%). The imported concentrate feed feeding rate was 33.2% in organic certified farms and 37.5% in conventional dairy farms, which showed no significant difference. The area of forage crops in organic dairy farms was 0.15 ha/head, which was higher than 0.11 ha/head in conventional farms. The annual milk production of organic dairy farms was 10,101 kg, which did not show a significant difference from conventional farms. The local circulation and Off-farm transfer rates of compost in organic certified farms were 5.1% and 0.4%, respectively, which were lower than those in conventional farms. The annual surplus nitrogen per cow (LSU) was 92.1 kg in organic dairy cow certified farms, which was 20% lower than 115.4 kg in conventional farms. The carbon footprint per kg of milk was 1.16 kgCO2eq in organic certified farms, which was 28% lower than 1.61 kg CO2eq in conventional farms.

공유결합 유기 구조체(covalent organic framework, COF)는 정밀한 기공 설계와 우수한 구조적 안정성을 동시에 갖춘 새로운 다공성 유기 소재로, 기존 고분자 분리막이 지닌 투과도–선택도 한계를 극복할 수 있는 유망한 대안으로 주목받 고 있다. 본 총설에서는 2차원 COF를 분리막 소재 측면에서 정리하고, 모노머 수준의 분자 설계와 다양한 화학 결합 전략을 통해 기공 크기와 구조를 원자 수준에서 정밀하게 조절함으로써 높은 투과도와 선택도를 동시에 달성할 수 있다는 점을 그 주요 장점으로 논의한다. 용매열 합성, 계면 중합, 나노시트 조립, 혼합 매트릭스 막 등 2차원 COF를 제조하는 방법을 살펴 보며, 이렇게 제조된 2차원 COF 분리막의 응용 분야로서 기체 분리, 수처리 및 유기용매 나노여과, 그리고 이온분리에 대해 다루었다. 마지막으로, COF 분리막의 상용화를 위해 해결해야 할 기술적 과제와 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

The integration of high-capacity active materials onto flexible substrates is essential for advancing flexible sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we report a novel strategy for fabricating high-performance, flexible SIB anodes via the immobilization of molybdenum disulfide ( MoS2) nanoparticles on carbon cloth (CC) modified with metal–organic framework-derived carbon nanotubes (MOF-derived CNTs). In this method, Co-containing zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were assembled on polyaniline-coated CC, followed by CNT growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal deposition of MoS2. The resulting MoS2@ CNT@CC electrodes achieved significantly higher MoS2 loading (15–20 wt%) compared to direct deposition on CC (< 5 wt%). Electrochemical evaluation revealed an initial discharge capacity of 231 mAh g− 1 with a Coulombic efficiency of 94.3%, outperforming MoS2@ CC (150 mAh g− 1, 77.8%) and bare CC (113 mAh g− 1, 74.3%). After 100 cycles at 50 mA g− 1, MoS2@ CNT@CC maintained a stable capacity of 133 mAh g− 1 and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed enhanced redox activity, while mechanical tests showed no significant degradation after 10,000 bending cycles (10 mm radius). These findings highlight the effectiveness of MOF-derived CNTs in enhancing MoS2 loading, conductivity, and mechanical resilience, offering a promising route toward robust and efficient flexible SIB anodes.

With high redox activity, superior conductivity, abundant pores, and large specific surface area, nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon featuring a hierarchically porous structure is regarded as ideal electrode material for supercapacitors. In this work, hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon (PG-PZC50) was fabricated via non-solvent induced phase separation and high-temperature calcination processes. SEM images showed its three-dimensional network structure, with abundant macro- and mesopores distributed throughout. XRD and Raman spectra confirmed the phase purity and graphitic nature of the as-prepared material, while XPS revealed its surface elemental composition, especially the content and doping states of nitrogen atoms. The graphene oxide-induced three-dimensional network, combined with the mesoporous structure of metalorganic framework-derived N-doped carbon particles, creates abundant migration channels and a large adsorption surface area for the electrolyte ions. Benefiting from its hierarchically porous structure and high nitrogen-doping content, the formed PG-PZC50 reached high specific capacitances of 499.7 F g− 1 at 0.1 A g− 1 and 179.6 F g− 1 at 20 A g− 1. Notably, the material also demonstrated robust cyclic stability with no capacitance loss after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. The proposed synthetic strategy provides new ideas for the facile and reproducible construction of nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon with 3D hierarchically porous structure and high capacitive performances.

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 influence regional climate change by scattering and absorbing solar radiation. Recent attention has focused on the long-range transport of OC and EC to high-altitude regions due to their potential role in accelerating spring snowmelt. Although subalpine and alpine areas account for only about 1% of South Korea, these high-elevation zones are highly vulnerable to climate change and provide important insights into how ecosystems may respond and adapt in the future. We collected 29 PM2.5 samples near Nogodan Peak (1,440 m a.s.l.) in Jirisan National Park and 10 samples at Seoul National University (91 m a.s.l.) between March 2022 and April 2024 to quantify OC and EC concentrations. The mean concentrations and standard deviations of OC and EC were 2.0±1.4 and 0.2±0.1 μg m-3 in Jirisan, and 3.6±0.9 and 0.3±0.2 μg m-3 in Seoul, respectively. These concentrations are lower than previously reported values across ~20 sites in South Korea, likely due to the national reduction in PM2.5 during the study period. Given these lower concentrations, the effect of EC on snowmelt might have been small in Jirisan. High OC/EC ratios (Jirisan: 22.1; Seoul: 12.5) may reflect biomass burning or the formation of secondary organic aerosols. As biomass burning is projected to increase under future climate scenarios and may alter the source and composition of carbonaceous aerosols, long-term research is essential to better understand their potential impacts on high-altitude ecosystems.

Biodiversity in paddy ecosystems not only enhances crop production but also regulates ecosystem functions, providing various ecosystem services. Benthic macroinvertebrates are crucial organisms that play vital roles in these ecological processes; however, research on their community dynamics in paddy ecosystems is still limited. This study aimed to examine how the community characteristics and ecological functions of benthic macroinvertebrates differ across various types of organic floury rice cultivation. The findings indicated that Rice Field 2 (RF2) hosted a greater diversity of species compared to the other paddy fields. Over time, both the diversity and richness indices in RF2 and RF3 were significantly higher than those in RF1. Similar trends were observed in the functional feeding groups (FFGs) and habitat orientation groups (HOGs). These results suggest that organic floury rice cultivation practices and proximity to the Doombeong (traditional farm pond) jointly influence the community composition and ecological functions of benthic macroinvertebrates. Consequently, differences in cultivation practices can alter vegetation structure, while the complex habitat provided by Doombeong serves as an important refuge for benthic macroinvertebrate communities, aiding in biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of ecological functions in paddy ecosystems.

This study evaluated the insecticidal effectiveness of eco-friendly crop protection agents against two major pests of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.), Thrips tabaci and Spodoptera exigua. Four biopesticides—dill seed oil, paraffin oil, neem extract, and an anthraquinone (AQ) formulation— were compared to the chemical standard, carbosulfan. Both carbosulfan and dill seed oil achieved nearly 100% corrected mortality for both pests across all observation dates, with no significant difference between them (F5,45=441.88,p < 0.001). Paraffin oil and neem extract demonstrated moderate efficacy, resulting in approximately 31-33% mortality, while the AQ formulation had the lowest mortality rate at 3%. For Spodoptera exigua larvae, dill seed oil exhibited a delayed insecticidal effect: mortality was 0% at 1 day after treatment (DAT), increasing to 44.8% at 2 DAT and 51.7% at 3 DAT (F5,45=8.75,p < 0.001). Neem extract and paraffin oil also showed gradual increases in mortality, although these were not statistically significant. Overall, the findings suggest that dill seed oil is a promising eco-friendly alternative and provide valuable insights for developing pest- and growth stage-specific control measures within integrated pest management (IPM) programs for sustainable onion cultivation.

초순수(UPW) 생산 공정에서는 이온과 유기물의 효과적인 제거가 필수적이며, 그 핵심 공정으로 역삼투(RO)가 활용된다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 RO 막 모듈의 성능을 평가하여 생산수 수질을 비교⋅분석하였다. 실험 결과, 모든 막에서 생산수 전기전도도(EC)는 거의 동일하게 나타나 염 투과 특성이 일정함을 확인하였다. 반면, 생산수 총유기탄소(TOC) 농도는 막 모듈 간 뚜렷한 차이가 관찰되어, 유기물 제거 효율이 막 모듈 특성에 크게 의존함을 보여주었다. 흥미롭게도, 원수의 농도가 높아질수록 생산수 TOC 품질이 개선되거나 저하되지 않는 경향을 나타냈으며, 이는 2차 RO 공정에서 높은 회수율을 유지하면서도 TOC 제거 효율을 저하시키지 않을 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한, 막 성능은 수 투과계수(A)와 염 투과계수(B)를 이용해 표준화하였으며, 이를 통해 막 간의 성능 비교가 가능함을 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 특히 B값이 낮은 막일수록 생산수 TOC를 더 효과적으로 감소시키는 우수한 성능을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 염 투과 성능이 비교적 균일한 반면, 유기물 제거 효율이 모듈 선택의 핵심 기준임을 강조한다. 따라서 A 및 B값을 활용한 표준화된 비교는 유기물 제거에 효과적인 막 모듈을 합리적이고 정량적으로 선택할 수 있는 근거를 제공하며, 초순수 제조 공정의 효율성과 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 보여준다.

폴리벤즈이미다졸(polybenzimidazole, PBI)은 뛰어난 화학적 저항성, 열적 안정성, 그리고 기계적 강도를 지닌 고 성능 고분자로, 유기용매 나노여과(organic solvent nanofiltration, OSN) 분리막의 이상적인 소재로 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 이 러한 이점에도 불구하고, 가교되지 않은 PBI는 강한 유기용매에 노출될 경우 상당한 팽윤, 제한적인 선택성, 그리고 장기 안 정성 저하를 보이는 경우가 많다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해, PBI 분리막의 내구성과 분리 성능을 향상시키고자 다양한 가교 전략이 개발되어 왔다. 본 리뷰에서는 공유결합, 이온결합, 수소결합, 및 기타 가교 메커니즘으로 구분되는 PBI 기반 OSN 분리막의 가교에 관한 최근의 발전을 요약하였다. 특히 가교 화학과 분리 성능 간의 관계에 중점을 두었으며, 마지막으 로 견고하고 고성능인 OSN 분리막을 위한 향후 설계 전략에 대한 전망을 논의하였다.

Carbon electrodes, renowned for their excellent moisture and air stability, present a compelling alternative to unstable hole transport materials and costly metal electrodes. In carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), organic materials play a crucial role in optimizing the surface characteristics and electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes, thereby enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency. By incorporating organic material additives to modulate the pore structure and surface chemistry of carbon electrodes, the processes of photon absorption and electron transport can be effectively promoted, leading to an improvement in device performance. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research progress of organic C-PSCs, covering their device structures, working principles, as well as the modification methods, advantages, and application effects of organic materials in different layers of C-PSCs. Finally, the applications of in-situ characterization and first-principles calculations in this field are briefly introduced, providing theoretical and experimental support for in-depth research. Based on the above research and analysis, optimization strategies such as enhancing charge selectivity, improving the contact between the electrode and the perovskite layer, and enhancing the quality of the perovskite layer are proposed to drive the further development of organic C-PSCs.

Encapsulating living cells within porous crystalline materials has emerged as a powerful strategy for improving cellular stability in chemically or physically harsh conditions. In this study, individual yeast cells were encapsulated with a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals via a biomimetic self-assembly process. Morphological analysis using electron microscopy confirmed the successful formation of a uniform and continuous protective shell around each cell. To evaluate the cytoprotective effect of the ZIF-8 coating, the encapsulated yeast cells were exposed to a range of pH conditions (pH 2~12). Fluorescence microscopy using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining revealed that over 50 % of the ZIF-8 encapsulated cells remained viable in alkaline environments (pH 8, 10, and 12), whereas non-encapsulated yeast cells showed 0 % viability across all tested conditions. The enhanced survival in alkaline media was attributed to the stability of the crystalline ZIF-8 shell, which remained partially intact and provided structural protection. In contrast, acidic conditions degraded the ZIF-8 shell, leading to cell membrane rupture and loss of viability. These findings demonstrate that ZIF-8 encapsulation can significantly improve the chemical resilience and survival of living yeast cells. This strategy holds great promise for applications in long-term cell preservation, transport, and pH-responsive biotechnological systems.

국내 온실원예의 확대와 더불어 스마트팜을 포함한 제어환경농업에서 발생하는 부산물과 폐코이어 배지의 발생량이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 폐코이어 배지를 열분해하여 얻은 바이오차의 작물 생산을 위한 유기질 비료로의 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 폐코이어 배지는 완전히 건조한 후 400℃에서 2시간 동안 열분해하였다. 생산된 바이오차의 pH는 10.2였으며, 총질소(T-N) 함량은 1.24%, 총인(T-P) 함량은 0.33%로 분석되었다. 상추(Lactuca sativa)를 대상으로 5개 처리구를 설정하여 재배 실험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 표준 시비량에 따라 N, P 및 K를 각각 200, 59 및 128 kg ha-1 수준으로 전층 시비한 무기질 비료 처리구(IF, control), 바이오차 5 t ha-1 처리구(BC5), 10 t ha-1 처리구(BC10), 무기질 비료와 바이오차 5 t ha-1 병용 처리구(IFBC5), 10 t ha-1 병용 처리구(IFBC10)로 구성하였다. 실험 결과, 상추의 생체중은 BC5, BC10, IFBC5 및 IFBC10 처리구가 IF 처리구 대비 각각 53.6%, 29.8%, 107%, 98.3% 증가되었으며, 초장은 각각 19.3%, 20.9%, 31.4%, 30.4% 증가되었다. 또한 수확 후 토양의 pH와 유기물(OM)은 바이오차 처리구에서 IF 처리구보다 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 폐코이어 배지로부터 제조된 바이오차가 작물 생장을 촉진하고 토양 특성을 개선하는 효과가 있음을 보여주며, 다양한 작물과 환경 조건에서의 적용 가능성과 최적화된 사용 방안에 대한 추가 연구의 필요성을 시사한다.