어류의 번식은 뇌에서 분비되는 다양한 신경호르몬과 뇌하수체에서 분비되는 생식소 자극 호 르몬에 의해 조절된다. 극동산 뱀장어(Anguilla japonica)의 번식도 이 호르몬들의 작용에 의해 조절되지만 성 성숙 시 신경호르몬이 뇌하수체 호르몬을 조절하는 방법은 완전히 밝혀지지 않 았다. 이전 연구에 의하면 progesterone (P4), melatonin 및 serotonin (5-HT) 등과 같은 신경호 르몬이 일부 어류의 번식 과정 조절에 관여하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구에서는 뱀장어의 뇌 하수체를 초대 배양하였고, 안정화된 뇌하수체 세포에 P4, 17β-estradiol (E2), melatonin 및 5- HT를 처리하였다. 이후 처리된 호르몬의 작용이 뇌하수체 세포에서 번식 관련 호르몬인 FSHβ, LHβ, GH 및 SL mRNA 발현에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. 본 연구를 수행한 결과, P4는 뇌하수체 세포에서 FSHβ와 LHβ 발현을 증가시켰고, melatonin은 FSHβ와 LHβ 뿐만 아니라 GH 와 SL의 발현을 증가시켰다. 하지만 5-HT는 이 유전자의 mRNA 발현에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 P4 또는 melatonin이 뱀장어의 초기 성 성숙에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 의미한다.

This paper analyzed the price stabilization before and after the fisheries outlook project for seaweed, flatfish, and abalone. First, the stabilization effect was analyzed through the price variation coefficient before and after the observation project. In terms of the variation coefficient, there was no effect that the price was stabilized through the seaweed outlook project. However, it can be seen that flatfish and abalone have a price-stabilizing effect. Second, as a result of analyzing the price stabilization effect through the improved ARMA-T-GARCH model, it was confirmed that seaweed was not statistically significant while flatfish and abalone had a price stabilization effect by statistically significantly reducing volatility of real prices after the introduction of the fisheries outlook project. Third, as a result of analyzing the factors affecting price stability, it was found that the price of seaweed was stabilized after the WTO, but the Japanese earthquake expanded the price volatility. In the case of flatfish, it was analyzed that the price stabilized after the WTO and the Great Japanese Earthquake. Finally, the price of abalone has stabilized since the WTO and the Great Japanese Earthquake.

블록체인 기술을 기반으로, 환금성이 있는 NFT(Non-fungible token) 또는 가상화폐가 게 임이용의 결과물로서 이용자에게 귀속되는 P2E (Play to Earn) 게임 모델이 새로이 등장하였다. 그러나 게임물관리위원회는 P2E 게임의 사행성 을 이유로 등급분류를 거부하거나 취소하여 국내 시장 유통을 금지하고 있다. 반면 우리나라를 제 외한 많은 국가들에서는 P2E 게임이 활발하게 이용되고 있어 게임위 판단의 근거를 검토할 필 요가 있다. 게임위는 법률상 사행성게임물에 대한 등급분 류를 거부하거나 취소할 수 있는데, 이때 사행성 게임물 판단을 위한 근거규정이 미비하다는 문제 가 있다. 사행성게임물은 법률상 사행행위(베팅, 배당, 경마 등)를 내용으로 하거나 게임의 결과가 우연적으로 결정되는 게임물로서 이용자의 자산 에 손익을 미치는 것으로 정의되는데, NFT 혹은 가상자산이 이용자의 자산에 이익이 된다는 이유 만으로 그 게임물의 내용과 상관없이 사행성게임 물로 규정하는 것은 잘못이다. 또한 이용자의 재 산상 손익을 끼칠 수 있는지에 대한 구체적인 판 단 기준을하위법령에위임하고있으나, 위임받은 법령과 게임위 내규에서는 별도로 다루지 않고 있어 판단기준에 공백이 있다. 한편 게임물의 사행성은 게임물의 등급분류에 영향을 미치는데, 사행성게임물이 아니라면 사행 성이 인정되더라도 등급분류에 따라 게임출시가 가능하다. 게임산업법은 사행적인 게임물의 환전 행위를금지하고있는데, P2E 게임의환전가능성 을 이유로 사행성게임물로 판단하는 것은 잘못된 적용이다. 더불어 경품 등의 제공을 통한 사행성 조장을 금지하고 있는데, P2E 게임 이용자에게 제공되는 결과물은 그 형태와 관계없이 경품 등 에 해당하므로 사행성을 조장한다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 게임물의 사행성 판단에 대해서는 사회⋅ 경제적 상황과 업계종사자의 의견을 반영하여 탄 력적으로 규율하는 것이 바람직하다.

The effect of change in exchange rates on an economy is very important, especially, to a small open economy like South Korea. I explore whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have positive influences on exchange rate-pass through import price of import market for fishery products in South Korea. Competition among FTA partners is enhanced after FTAs are effective. I expect that the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through (hereafter, ERPT) into import price of fishery products (in terms of Korea currency) would be reduced since the import market for fishery products in South Korea is an oligopolistic market. Specifically, I　investigate two research questions with six South Korea’s FTA partners─Norway, Thailand, Peru, U.S., China and Vietnam. First, whether the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through into import price of fishery products from six FTA partners would decrase in the post-FTA era; seconds, the size of reduction has a negative relation with the size of their market share in the import market for fishery products in South Korea if it decreases. The empirical results indicate that the degree of ERPT into import price from other FTA partners than Norway has been reduced after FTA, statistically and significantly; however, I do not find the evidence that the size of reduction is related to their market share. The findings in this study imply that FTAs have negative effects on producers’ economic welfare in South Korea’s fishery industry by reducing the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through as well as reducing tariff barriers.

The domestic professional engineer qualification system has been changed after the enactment of the law in 1963. However, the domestic professional engineers have been unaccepted and unrecognized internationally. In addition, the domestic professional engineer system is operated in accordance with the individual laws of each ministry, but the official qualification examination is conducted by the Human Resource Development Service of Korea. Thus, the domestic professional engineer system has many problems in system itself and operating. In this research, we compare the domestic qualification system with the systems of other foreign countries, and propose how to improve the qualification system. This study limits the scope to the qualification examination for PㆍE. We suggest 3 ways to improve the qaulification examination; (1) The structure of the qualifications, (2) The testing method, and (3) The unification of the qualification system and operation.

Retinoic acid plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. In our present study, we evaluated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on cell proliferation and on the cell cycle regulation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Cell proliferation was assessed using the MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry, and cell cycle regulatory proteins were determined by western blot. Cell proliferation was increased in the presence of a 0.1 nM to 1μM RA dose range, and maximal growth stimulation was observed in cells exposed to 1 nM of RA. Exposure of HGFs to 1 nM of RA resulted in an augmented cell cycle progression. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle regulation by RA, we measured the intracellular levels of major cell cycle regulatory proteins. The levels of cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 were found to be increased in HGFs following 1 nM of RA treatment. However, the levels of cyclin D, CDK 4, and CDK 6 were unchanged under these conditions. Also after exposure to 1 nM of RA, the protein levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 and p16 INK4A were decreased in HGFs compared with the control group, but the levels of p53 and pRb were similar between treated and untreated cells. These results suggest that RA increases cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in HGFs via increased cellular levels of cyclin E and CDK 2, and decreased cellular levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 and p16 INK4A.

우리나라의 남부지역에서 콩의 비닐피복 재배시에 적정파종시기를 구명하고자 본 시험에서 주요 특성 및 수량성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비닐피복재배에서 파종기가 빠를수록 그리고 영양생장기 중 V6 stage 까지는 생육일수가 많이 단축되었으나 그 이후는 단축효과는 점차로 적었다. 2. 콩의 개화에 필요한 평균소요일수는 노지재배에서 컸고 성숙에 필요한 평균소요일수는 비닐피복 재배에서 컸다. 3. 콩의 비닐피복 재배시 R5 stage의 건물중은 노지재배보다 무겁고 엽면적지수도 최적엽면적지수인 5~7의 범위에 포함되었다. 4. 비닐피복 재배시 5월 25일 및 6월 10일 파종에서 콩의 립수가 많고 백립중이 무거워 수량이 높았다 5. 단백질함량은 비닐피복 재배에서 낮고 파종기간 차이가 없었으며 지방함량은 재배양식 및 파종기간 비슷하였다. 한편비닐피복 재배시 지방산 C18:1의 함량은 5월25일 및 6월 10일 파종에서 많았고 C18:3은 재배양식 및 파종기간 차이가 없었다. 6. 아이소플라본 함량은 비닐피복 재배에서 그리고 파종기가 늦을수록 많았다.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have detrimental effects on human health. Among these EDCs, bisphenol A (BPA) binds to estrogen receptors (ERs) to stimulate estrogen-mediated responses. BPA is assumed to disrupt the reproductive and developmental system of humans. In addition, BPA has recently been suspected as a risk of carcinogenesis. Because BPA can cause abnormal estrogen-mediated response in the organism, exposure to BPA may stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancers in human. In breast cancer, cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 are important in G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. In this study, using an MTT assay, we investigated the effect of BPA on proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. In addition, we also analyzed the transcriptional levels of cyclin E and p27 following treatment with BPA using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. As a result, treatment with BPA resulted in significant induction of breast cancer cell growth, compared to a vehicle. BPA caused alterations of cyclin E and p27 mRNA expression. Expression of cyclin E was increased by BPA, while p27 was decreased at 24 h after treatment with BPA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Taken together, these collective results suggest that exposure to BPA induced breast cancer cell proliferation with deregulation of the cell cycle. A further study is required in order to determine the effects of BPA on the carcinogenic process in in vivo models.

In a bid to settle an appropriate training system for teachers, this study intends to draw out implications about professional training of physical education by examining cases of teachers in Gangwon province. To this end, this study conducted in-depth in

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign salivary gland tumor. It is biphasic and is characterized by an admixture of epithelial and spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells in a variable background stroma. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) is a malignant biphasic salivary gland tumor typically composed of clear myoepithelial cells that surround epithelial-lined ducts resembling intercalated ducts. The differential diagnosis between the two tumor may be occasionally encountered because of the shared histophatologic feature. And then, it would be more reliable to differentiate the tumors based on biological behavior such as the expression of distinct intermediate filaments such as cytokeratin, invasiveness- related molecules, and the growth factor receptor to aberrantly facilitate the tumor growth, and the growth fraction of tumors. Therefore, from the 10 cases of PA and 6 cases of EMC, we immunohistochemically examined the differential expression of the cytokine 7 and 14, matrix metalloproteinase-9, C-KIT, and Ki-67 between the two tumor. At the results, there were significant differences of CK7 expression in non-luminal cells (P = 0.000) and CK14 expression in luminal and non-luminal cells of the both tumors (P = 0.025 and P = 0.000, respectively). In the comparison of the biologic behavior, a significantly increased expression of MMP-9, C-KIT and Ki-67 was found in the cases of EMC when compared to those of PA (P = 0.043, P = 0.011, and P = 0.000, respectively). In conclusion, the differences of CK expression in luminal and non-luminal cells between PA and EMC seem to reflect the difference of the origin and the level of the maturation of the tumor cell. Increased expression of MMP-9, C-KIT, and Ki-67 in EMC may represent more aggressive biologic behavior of the tumor compared with benign salivary tumor such as PA. Our results may be helpful to understand the histiogenesis of the two tumors and the difference of biologic behavior and to differentiate them when the limited specimen was submitted. Further study of many more cases of EMC is needed to validate the usefulness of these molecules as the diagnostic aid.

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze how two different groups of students who took P.E. lessons from P.E. teachers and sports instructors respectively during a semester perceived the objectives, contents, learning․teaching method, evaluati

The purpose of this study was to examine the state of the utilization of Web materials among elementary teachers in P.E. class and their satisfaction in a bid to provide teachers and developers of materials with useful information on the improvement of P.

The purpose of this study was to examine the stressors of elementary teachers about P.E. class and the relationship of their background variables to the stressors and coping patterns in an attempt to seek ways of helping them relieve their stress and cope

The purpose of this study was to examine whether there were any changes in motor skills, motor knowledge, and participation level in two different groups that were given feedback based on the results of descriptive visual evaluation and through the verbal